Five shifts of economic center

1late 9th century, 1875? During the 20 years in 895, the world science and technology center moved to Germany, and the world economic center also moved to Germany. 1830 When the British Industrial Revolution reached its climax, Germany was still a backward agricultural country. Don't want to fall behind, a large number of Germans go to Britain and France to study, and return home after learning. Because Germans attach importance to rationality and application, the German government attaches importance to knowledge, reorganizes the education system, establishes colleges and universities, combines science and education, and hires famous scientists and educators to preside over Berlin University, thus creating a higher education system combining teaching and scientific research. After 1839, a large number of famous scientists emerged, such as world-famous mathematicians jacoby and Gauss, physicist Ohm who discovered Ohm's law in electricity, chemist Justus von Liebig who developed fertilizer technology and organic chemistry urgently needed by agriculture, and Justus von Liebig student Hoffman who made important work in the synthesis of spices, pigments and drugs on the basis of the invention of synthetic pigments by Englishman W.H. Perkin after establishing a large-scale organic chemistry laboratory in Berlin University. Germany pays special attention to the combination of technology and industry, and a group of entrepreneurs are good at applying scientific and technological achievements to production. For example, Krupp developed Germany's steel and weapons industry with the British steelmaking method, and Siemens was both an inventor and an entrepreneur. Germany's coal and coal chemical industry, steel industry, chemical industry, especially organic synthesis industry are far ahead in the world. Germany also pays special attention to comprehensive utilization, and joint ventures have emerged, and a production system of Konzern style has been established. At that time, some enterprises in Germany were already the largest enterprises in the world, and it took Germany only 40 years to complete the industrialization process completed by Britain 100. Germany's economic development momentum has been maintained for a long time, and the industrialization process in Germany has fully proved the assertion that science and technology are the primary productive forces. World War I and World War II seriously damaged Germany's economic foundation, and also suffered serious losses in talents and funds.

/kloc-in the European continent in the 0/9th century, the two centers of France and Germany promoted the general prosperity of the European economy, during which many important scientific research achievements appeared. Faraday (179 1? 867) discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction and made the world's first motor. Maxwell founded a complete electromagnetic theory and predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, which led to the second comprehensive physical theory. The flower of the second scientific revolution watered by British scientists is the fruit of the second scientific and technological revolution in Germany, mainly because German inventors invented practical generators by applying electromagnetic theory, which is equivalent to Watt's steam engine in significance and function, leading to the second electrification. At this time, Germany's science and technology and economy quickly surpassed Britain and France, to a certain extent, thanks to Germany's talents such as Krupp, Siemens and Jens. They are scientists, engineers and entrepreneurs. /kloc-there were three discoveries in the 0/9th century, namely, biological evolution theory, cell theory and energy conservation, and the science has matured. The research of basic science is obviously ahead of production.

United States of America

(20th century)

In the constitution after the American War of Independence, the policy on science and technology was clearly defined. American leaders and successive leaders attach importance to science and technology, and some of them are scientists themselves, such as Benjamin, Franklin and Jefferson, the third president. The American government has long made it clear that education drives scientific research, and adopted special preferential policies for education. In the United States, a batch of university land was granted, and at least one traditional agricultural machinery college was established in each state. Under such circumstances, the great inventor Edison appeared. After Siemens invented the electric motor and Bell invented the telephone, Edison invented the electric light and established the first power plant in the world, which caused an electrical revolution from the world to the whole world. During World War I and World War II, the United States got very good development opportunities. The principle of "takenism" and immigration policy adopted by the United States attracted a large number of talents, and a number of famous scientists were attracted to the United States, such as Einstein who put forward the theory of relativity and Fermi, a famous physicist. In the late 1940s, the United States left many scientific and technological talents from China, such as Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao. After many efforts, Qian Xuesen was able to return to China. People once attributed the practice of the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II to the fact that the United States robbed people and the Soviet Union robbed machines, which shows that the United States attaches importance to talents. The U.S. government has greatly increased its investment in science and technology by using the funds obtained in the war, and its investment in research and development has doubled every four years. During World War II, it increased from 1939 to over $654,380+05 billion. This series of measures has enabled the United States to complete and improve the three technologies of steel, chemical industry and electric power in Europe, develop the three civilizations of automobile, airplane and radio technology, and further lead the third technological revolution, including atomic energy (1942), computer (1940) and space technology (1957). High-tech research results have led to the formation and development of high-tech industrial clusters. During the 40 years from/kloc-0 to 969, the contribution rate of technological progress to economic growth reached more than 60%, indicating that science and technology became the primary productive force more and more after the war. Since 1970s, characterized by microelectronic technology and gene recombination technology, it can be said that the United States has led a worldwide technological revolution, formed a high-tech system with new materials, new energy technology, aerospace technology and marine technology as the forerunner and production technology as the leading factor, and rapidly commercialized and industrialized in the late 1980s, which won a lot of profits for the United States. Although the economic status of the United States has declined compared with that of Japan and Western Europe since the 1970s, the development of information technology in recent years has provided opportunities for industrial restructuring. The implementation of the "information superhighway" has brought about the formation and development of a new global market and promoted economic recovery. It should be said that the American economy is still one of the centers of world economic activities. This situation will remain for a long time.