In history, there was an incident of "Huguang filling Sichuan". How did this happen?

Huguang's filling in Sichuan refers to a large-scale migration in the Qing Dynasty. According to research, residents of more than a dozen provinces such as Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangxi are also among the immigrants. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, Sichuan experienced wars and its population dropped sharply. Therefore, a series of measures have been taken from the central government to the local governments to attract immigrants, among which Huguangxing Province has the largest population. Taking Chengdu as an example, the Overview of Chengdu in the late Qing Dynasty recorded that "Chengdu people today are all from other provinces"; Among them, Huguang accounts for 25%, Henan Shandong 5%, Shaanxi 10%, Yunnan Guizhou 15%, Jiangxi 15%, Anhui 5%, Jiangsu and Zhejiang 10%, Guangdong Guangxi 10%, and Fujian.

Sichuan soldiers and civilians tried their best to persist in the long-term war of resistance against gold, and finally won the great victory of preventing the gold soldiers from entering the Sichuan basin, and then persisted in the war of resistance against Mongolia for half a century. The war was basically fought inside the basin. Mongolian troops entered Chengdu three times, and Mongolian Khan Mongo was also wounded and died in the fishing city. The long-term tug-of-war has caused great losses to people's lives and property. From the whole Sichuan area, there is even a record that "Shu people suffered many disasters, countless deaths and injuries, and there was nothing in a thousand miles" ("Yu Ji: Epitaph of Lady Shi Shicheng", see Volume 20 of Daoyuan Xuegu). There are inevitably some exaggerated elements in these words, but there is no doubt that the economy is extremely broken and the population has dropped sharply. Because in the tug-of-war of nearly 50 years, in addition to the destruction of war, agricultural production has withered due to long-term war, and food is in serious shortage. "Woye thousands of miles, inaccessible, no fixed abode. If you don't plow, you can't harvest in autumn and plant in spring "(see Wu Changyi's introduction above), which was an inevitable reality at that time. In addition, in the Song Dynasty, many government troops took advantage of the fire to rob, or "plundered the people's wealth" or "burned in the official clan", so that "the chaos is worse than the enemy's disaster" ... Therefore, it is said that there are more enemies in the field than foreign enemies, and this disaster cannot last for one day "("Wu Changyi: On Four Things to Save Shu "). These records were written by Shu people at that time and should be credible. Due to the above reasons, the population of Sichuan in Yuan Dynasty dropped sharply to less than one tenth of that in Southern Song Dynasty. See the previous chapter "Nationalities and Population" for specific figures. Faced with such a serious broken situation in Sichuan during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty did not take measures to organize immigration by the government except reclaiming land to ensure the basic needs of military food. Without labor, production cannot be resumed. Therefore, in the Yuan Dynasty, Sichuan's economy didn't recover obviously during the period of 100. According to the book Statistics of Household Registration, Fields and Land Taxes in China in Past Dynasties written by Liang, the tax paid by Sichuan provinces to the central government in Yuan Dynasty was the third lowest among the non-ethnic minority provinces in China, accounting for only 0.96% of the national tax revenue. In addition, according to the data of Food Records of Yuan History, among all provinces and regions in Sichuan, wine tax accounts for the third lowest, vinegar tax accounts for the first lowest, and business tax accounts for the third lowest. Compared with the Southern Song Dynasty, which accounts for about one third of the total income of the Southern Song Dynasty, this situation can hardly be reduced.

At the end of the yuan dynasty, the fire of the peasant uprising of the Red Scarf Army burned everywhere. Ming Yu Zhen, a subordinate of Xu Shouhui, led the army into Sichuan, and later claimed to be the King of Gansu and Shu in Chongqing, and later changed to Yuan and proclaimed himself emperor. Ming Yuzhen was a native of Suizhou, Huguang (now Suixian, Hubei), and his troops were basically farmers in Hubei. Ming Yuzhen not only brought more than 100,000 troops, but also brought a large number of farmers with a small land and a large population into the sparsely populated Sichuan area to cultivate agriculture. This should be the beginning of the famous "Huguang fills Sichuan". For example, in the Preface to Liu's Genealogy, it is said: "When the Yuan Dynasty was in chaos, Hunan people often came to Shu together" (see Volume 4 of Collection of B Weng's Family). Yu Zhen's "Daxia" regime in the Ming Dynasty only existed for two generations and nine years, and was unified by the Ming Dynasty established by Zhu Yuanzhang. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Huguang immigrants continued to flow into Sichuan. In the 14th year of Hongwu in Ming Taizu (138 1), the population of Sichuan increased to1460,000, and foreign immigrants, especially Huguang immigrants, accounted for the main part of the population increase in this period. As Wang Weixian's "Nine Immortals Memorial" in Volume 5 of Guangxu's Tongchuan Official Records said: "Yuan Fa, wherever the army and horses come, only those who do something will be slaughtered. Shu people such as Yu Jie and Yang Li can't survive, and Sichuan suffers alone. Zhongjiang County was opened in the early Ming Dynasty, with seven or eight indigenous households and the rest from other provinces. " These immigrants will soon become Sichuanese. In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), Dedi Zhang, the governor of Sichuan, recorded a review of the elders in Sichuan in an essay: "Chachuan Province is a relic, and most of its ancestral homes are Huguang people. The old people who visited the countryside said that every time Sichuan was robbed in the past, there would be no soil, and mainlanders had no choice but to fill in the place. " (Historical Materials of Ming and Qing Dynasties, 10th edition, Book of the Ministry of Housing, 20071/month16th) So-called "Huguang filling Sichuan", a large-scale immigration movement began in this way, and reached its first climax in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Sichuan suffered a catastrophe. This area has been in a state of large-scale war for a long time: peasant leader Zhang Yu 1639 launched an uprising in Sichuan at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and 1644 established the Daxi regime after entering Sichuan for the second time. The landlord armed forces, the Qing army and the Nanming army attacked the rebel army together. In November of the following year, Zhang was killed in Xichong, killing more than half of the people in Sichuan. From 1647 to 1650, the Ming army fought for power and profit, and the war continued; From 1650 to 1659, the rest Zhang entered Sichuan and fought fiercely with the Qing army in northern Sichuan. From 1660 to 1664, the Qing army suppressed the insurgents and searched for the remnants of the Ming army; 1673 to 1680, Wu Sangui, king of the Qing army, rebelled and invaded Sichuan. The "San Francisco Rebellion" between the rebel army and the Qing army lasted for seven years. These wars lasted for more than 30 years. The landlord killed the peasant uprising, the peasant killed the reactionary landlord, the Manchu killed the Han people, and the Han people killed the Manchu people, "leaving no chickens and dogs."

The reason why Sichuan has to "fill in" is because the population is extremely sparse and needs to be enriched. Sichuan suffered the most from the 30 years of war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. 1644, Zhang led a peasant uprising and entered Sichuan. /kloc-proclaimed himself emperor and established political power in 0/2, with the title of "Daxi" and Chengdu as "Xijing". Sichuan became the land of four wars: the Ming army killed indiscriminately, the Qing army killed indiscriminately, the local strongmen killed indiscriminately, the rural hooligans killed indiscriminately, and Zhang was also suspected of killing indiscriminately. Then the war between Nanming and Qing army; And Wu Sangui's war with the Qing army after anti-Qing. The people of Sichuan have suffered wars and massacres again and again. According to official statistics, there are only 70,000 people left in 1668 Chengdu, Sichuan. In some counties, the loss rate of registered permanent residence is only 10% or 20% of the original population. The remaining population of Sichuan Province is about 600,000.