All the knowledge points that must be memorized in junior middle school geography (PEP)

It is not difficult to learn geography in a targeted way according to the contents of senior high school published by People's Education Press.

First, the factors affecting the length of sunshine:

1, long day; 2. Terrain (high terrain, early sunrise, late sunset and long sunshine time); Weather conditions.

The second is the factors that affect the intensity of solar radiation (that is, the factors that affect the weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation)

1, solar height (latitude); 2. Weather conditions; 3. topography; 4. Air density.

For example, why is the solar radiation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau the strongest? (1) Low latitude and high sun; ② More sunny days; ③ High terrain; ④ The air is thin and the atmosphere is clean.

Third, the factors affecting the temperature:

1, latitude; 2. Topography; 3, the underlying surface properties (land and sea location, vegetation status); 4. Weather conditions.

Four, the factors affecting the temperature annual range and its changing law:

1, latitude: small at low latitude and large at high latitude;

2. The nature of underlying surface: the ocean is smaller than the land, the coast is smaller than the inland, and the vegetation is smaller than the bare land;

3. Weather conditions: The places with more clouds and rain are smaller than those with less clouds and rain.

Five, river management measures:

Upstream: the principle of regulation is flood regulation, which is to build reservoirs and plant trees; Mid-stream: the principle of flood control is to store flood separately, by building reservoirs and storing flood separately; Downstream: the principle of regulation is flood discharge and water control, and the practice is to reinforce dikes, dredge rivers and dig rivers.

Six, the cause analysis of river flood disaster:

Natural causes (mainly considered from three aspects: water system characteristics, hydrological characteristics and climate characteristics);

Man-made reasons (mainly from two aspects: vegetation destruction and land reclamation around the lake).

For example, the causes of the Yangtze River flood:

Natural causes:

1, water system characteristics:

(1) has a wide basin and many tributaries;

② The vegetation in the middle and upper reaches is seriously damaged, and the sediment concentration is increased;

③ The middle and lower reaches are mostly plains, with curved rivers, slow water flow and poor water flow.

2. Hydrological characteristics: It flows through the humid area, with abundant precipitation, long flood season and large amount of water.

3. Climate characteristics; In some years, the climate is abnormal, and the heavy rain in the basin leads to flooding.

Two man-made reasons: 1, excessive logging, serious vegetation damage, and increased soil erosion, which led to the reduction of water conservation, runoff regulation, peak shaving and drought compensation in the basin; Sediment deposition into the river raises the riverbed and reduces the flood discharge capacity of the river.

2. Reclamation and siltation around the lake will cause the lake to shrink and the flood peak storage capacity to decrease.

Seven, analyze the reasons why rivers are rich in water energy:

Mainly from two aspects: first, the velocity (located in the step transition zone, the river drop is large); Second, the runoff is large (depending on precipitation, basin area and evaporation).

Formation conditions of ice flood:

The formation of ice flood must meet two conditions: first, there is an ice age; The second is to flow to high latitudes. In China, the most serious ice flood is the Yellow River, which mainly occurs in the upper and lower reaches (that is, the Shandong reach).

Second, the application of diving isobar:

Judging the diving direction: the direction perpendicular to the diving isobar from the high water level to the low water level is the diving direction.

Water table slope (diving hydraulic slope): After determining the diving flow direction, take the water level difference between any two points in the flow direction and divide it by the distance between the two points, which is the water table slope.

Groundwater depth: the intersection of isobar and topographic contour, and the difference between them is the groundwater depth. If the position of this position is not at the intersection of isobar and topographic contour, the elevation of the ground and phreatic surface at this point can be obtained by interpolation, thus the buried depth of phreatic water can be obtained.

Relationship between diving and surface water: according to diving direction.

Reasonable arrangement of water intake wells and drainage ditches by using contour maps should generally be arranged along contour lines.

Three measures to solve the water shortage problem:

Mainly from two aspects: open source and throttling: protecting limited water resources and preventing water pollution; Develop water resources and improve water supply capacity; Strengthen water management, enhance water-saving awareness, improve water use efficiency and control water demand growth; Control population growth.

Eight, the factors that affect the height of the snow line (snow line refers to the altitude of the ice and snow off the assembly line)

There are two main influencing factors: one is the altitude of 0℃ isotherm; The second is precipitation (the factor that affects precipitation is the slope direction, that is, the windward slope has a large amount of precipitation), so the snow line on the southern slope of the Himalayas is lower than that on the northern slope.

Note: According to this feature, windward slope or leeward slope can be judged.

Nine, the factors affecting the mountain vertical band spectrum:

One is the latitude of the mountain (the higher the latitude, the simpler the band spectrum); The second is the altitude of the mountain (the higher the altitude, the more complicated the band spectrum may be).

In addition, the altitude that affects the same band spectrum mainly depends on heat (i.e. sunny and shady slopes).

X. Location of satellite launch base:

Natural factors (meteorological conditions require clear weather, the initial speed of the earth's rotation: it depends on latitude and topography, and the terrain is flat and open); Human factors (vast territory and sparsely populated, convenient transportation, meeting the needs of national defense security).

XI。 Tunnel:

Two problems should be paid attention to when digging a tunnel: first, leakage; The second is the problem of landslides. Therefore, the tunnel should be dug in the anticline, because the anticline rocks arch upward and the groundwater seeps to both sides, so the leakage problem is not easy to occur; Moreover, the anticline is dome-shaped and not easy to collapse.

Twelve, reservoir dam site selection:

Mainly consider the following three aspects: 1, choose narrow river channel or basin and depression outlet (because of small engineering quantity and low project cost); 2. Choose a place with good geological conditions, try to avoid faults and karst landforms and prevent reservoir earthquakes; 3. Considering the situation of land occupation and relocation, minimize the inundation of fertile fields and villages and towns.

Thirteen. Analysis of agricultural location factors;

natural conditions

Land (topography, soil)+climate (light, heat, precipitation, temperature difference between day and night)+water source (irrigation water source)

Note: the transformation of natural factors: through technical reforms such as cultivating improved varieties and improving farming system, the geographical scope of a certain crop will be expanded; In addition, according to economic and technological conditions, people transform natural factors that are not suitable for agricultural production to make them suitable for developing agriculture.

2. Socio-economic factors:

1. Market: Market demand ultimately determines the type and scale of agricultural production. The change of market location and demand has the most prominent influence on agricultural location.

2. Transportation: The improvement of transportation conditions and the development of technologies such as fresh-keeping and refrigeration of agricultural products have greatly expanded the influence of the market on agricultural location, that is, the influence of the market on agricultural location has decreased. Form regional specialized production in the most suitable place, thus forming a regional or worldwide agricultural product production base. For example, the United States, Canada, Australia, France and Argentina have become major commodity grain producers in the world; The Netherlands, Denmark and New Zealand have become the main suppliers of dairy products in the world. Latin America, Africa, Southeast Asia and South Asia have become the production bases of tropical cash crops in the world.

3. Policy

4. Labor force

5. Technology

6, industrial base

Fourteen, how to analyze the climatic conditions of a crop growth:

1, analyzed from both favorable and unfavorable conditions;

2. Analyze from illumination, heat, precipitation, temperature difference between day and night, meteorological disasters, etc.

3. Analyze the climatic conditions of spring, summer, autumn and winter.

For example, try to analyze the climatic conditions of cotton growth in North China.

Advantages: it is hot and rainy in summer, and the rain and heat are in the same period; There is less rain and sunny weather in autumn, which is beneficial to the later growth and harvest of cotton.

Disadvantages: the sowing date coincides with the spring drought, and the irrigation water source is insufficient.

Fifteen. Analysis of industrial location factors;

Natural conditions: location, land and water source.

Second, economic factors; Agricultural foundation, raw materials, fuel, market, transportation, labor force, technology.

Social factors: policy, personal preference, industrial inertia, social cooperation conditions, national defense security needs, social needs, historical conditions and policies.

Environmental factors; Mainly used for micro-layout.

There are many factors in industrial site selection. Among many factors, the location selection of an industry may only need to consider one (or several) leading factors. Therefore, in the realistic location selection, we should first consider the dominant factors or conditions with obvious advantages.

Note: ① The influence of raw materials on factory location is gradually weakening (because the range of raw materials used in industry is wider and wider, and there are more and more substitute raw materials, plus the improvement of traffic conditions); (2) The influence of the market on the factory location is gradually strengthened; (3) Coastal areas, ports along the river, railway hubs and areas along expressways are very attractive to industry; ④ The accessibility of information exchange network is becoming more and more important; ⑤ The influence of labor quality on industrial location is gradually strengthened.

Sixteen, the analysis of regional industrial development conditions:

Analysis of viewpoints:

The conditions for developing industry in a certain place are generally analyzed from the following aspects: geographical location; Resource conditions; Agricultural foundation (agriculture can provide food, non-staple food, raw materials, labor and so on. ); Traffic conditions; Market conditions; Working conditions; Technical conditions; Historical conditions; 9 major aspects such as policy conditions.

Note: ① When analyzing the industrial development conditions of a certain place, we don't need to analyze every aspect. To grasp the local characteristics, we only provide an analytical perspective; ② Analysis should be made from two aspects: favorable conditions and unfavorable conditions.

Two examples:

Example 1: Analysis of the industrial development conditions of the four coastal industrial bases in China: ① They are all located on the eastern coast of China, with convenient maritime transportation and opening to the outside world, and railways, highways, water transport and pipelines connect all parts of the country, facilitating the exchange of materials, personnel and information; ② The local and neighboring areas are rich in resources or raw materials, such as iron and oil in central and southern Liaoning, coal, iron, oil, sea salt and cotton in Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan; ③ Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan and Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou regions have strong scientific and technological strength, and the industrial base in central and southern Liaoning is good. The Pearl River Delta, close to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Southeast Asia, is the hometown of overseas Chinese and has the advantages of attracting foreign investment, advanced technology and management experience. There are many open cities and special economic zones in the four bases, which enjoy preferential policies for economic development.

Exodus 2: What are the advantages of establishing a large steel enterprise in Shanghai? Why haven't steel enterprises been established in Hainan?

Shanghai has no coal and iron, and lacks raw materials and fuel. Developing the iron and steel industry has the following advantages:

① Excellent geographical location and convenient transportation. Shanghai is located at the mouth of the Yangtze River, the midpoint of the shipping between the north and south coasts of Chinese mainland, where the two railways, Beijing-Shanghai and Shanghai-Hangzhou, meet, and it is a land and water transportation hub. Convenient sea transportation and cheap river transportation can import coal and iron from the mainland and abroad to develop the coastal steel industry.

② Close to the consumer market. Shanghai is the largest comprehensive industrial base in China, and the Yangtze River Delta Industrial Zone where Shanghai is located is also the largest comprehensive industrial zone in China. The development of various industries needs to consume a lot of steel, and the establishment of steel enterprises can reduce transportation costs and expenses.

(3) industrial water is convenient. Shanghai is located at the mouth of the Yangtze River, and a large modern Baoshan iron and steel joint venture is built on the bank of the Yangtze River, which is very convenient for industrial water use.

④ Strong technical strength and confidence. Shanghai has a long history of industrial development. It is an old industrial base in the coastal areas of China, with intensive knowledge and technology, developed higher education and technology. It can produce high-quality, sophisticated and new products for China, and train and transport advanced technical and management talents for national iron and steel enterprises.

Although Hainan Island is rich in iron ore resources, there are no large iron and steel enterprises due to energy shortage, late development, backward technology and narrow market. Since 1986 Hainan was established as a province, it has become the largest special economic zone in China. With the gradual deepening of reform and opening up, Hainan's steel industry will also rise.

Seventeen. Location factors affecting the city:

A natural factor:

1, terrain:

Most big cities in the world are located in plain areas. Because the plain area is flat and fertile, it is easy to cultivate, which is beneficial to transportation and saves construction investment. It is an area with concentrated population distribution and an ideal environment for urban development.

(2) In tropical areas, the lowlands are sultry and the living conditions are unfavorable, and cities are mostly distributed on the plateau.

(3) Mountain cities are generally distributed along river valleys or relatively open lowlands.

2. Climate: Most cities in the world are located in coastal areas with moderate temperature and precipitation in the middle and low latitudes.

3. rivers; The influence of rivers on urban location is mainly reflected in the functions of water supply and transportation. Cities are most likely to appear at the beginning or end of river transportation, at the confluence of rivers or at the mouth of rivers.

(2) Socio-economic factors:

1, natural resources;

2. transportation;

3. Political, military and religious affairs;

4. Technology and tourism.

Eighteen, traffic network center line location factor analysis method:

Including socio-economic factors-decisive factors; Natural factors-restrictive factors; Technological factors-safety factors.

1. Considering natural factors, it can be summarized as follows;

(1) Terrain: the terrain is flat and there are few restrictions on the selection of traffic routes; The terrain is undulating, and the railway needs to build holes and bridges; The project is difficult, and roads and pipelines need to extend along contour lines to extend the mileage; The swift river is not conducive to navigation; But it has little impact on aviation.

(2) Geology: karst terrain-collapse prevention and leakage prevention; Geological instability-strengthening foundation, avoiding faults, etc.

⑶ Climate: rainstorm, flood, frozen soil and debris flow-roads and railways; Meteorological disasters (gale, fog, etc.). ) Water transport and aviation.

(4) land; There is little arable land, especially fertile land.

2. Considering human factors, it can be summarized as follows:

(1) Reasonable layout of transportation network-distribution of passenger and freight volume on transportation line, so as to obtain the maximum economic benefit.

(2) Economy: the economy has developed-the passenger and freight volume has increased greatly and the funds are sufficient; On the other hand, traffic construction-speeding up the circulation of materials and promoting regional development.

⑶ Funds-Minimize bridges and tunnels, shorten mileage and save investment.

(4) Population distribution-try to contact towns and densely populated areas to maximize benefits.

5] Pollution-trunk lines should not pass through urban areas and stay away from important cultural relics.

(6) politics; Beijing-Kowloon Line-maintaining the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong; Railway entry into Tibet-strengthening aid to Tibet and consolidating national defense.

(7) Science and technology-for example, the technology of building railways on frozen soil has been solved.

Attention; Analysis method of highway route selection;

(1) General principles of national highway route selection; The basic trend of the line is mainly direct transportation, taking proper care of important economic points along the line, shortening the length of the line as much as possible and saving operating time.

⑵ General principle of route selection of local roads: Local roads mainly meet local economic development and residents' needs, and pass through local residential areas, railway stations and docks as far as possible.

(3) The general principles of highway route selection:

(1) Considering the natural, socio-economic and scientific factors from a macro perspective:

(2) From the microscopic point of view, it is to seek a balance between the maximum traffic volume, the shortest route and the minimum occupation of cultivated land.

Nineteen. Location factors of the midpoint in traffic network;

1. The location selection of transportation points is also influenced by socio-economic, technological and natural factors, but the leading factors of different points are different. For example, for ports, natural factors play a decisive role; For railway stations, bus stations and airports, socio-economic factors play a leading role. Generally speaking, the following factors should be considered when selecting points:

Railway stations, bus stations and airports need to consider the site conditions, traffic conditions and the concentration of passenger flow and cargo flow.

Ports need to consider natural conditions (waters, land), economic hinterland, cities, etc.

2. Factors affecting the location of the port:

(1) Water conditions (including navigation conditions and berthing conditions)

River port: along the river, water depth, slow flow and wide river-providing fresh water and space.

Harbor: coastal, deep, easy to dock, sheltered from wind and waves.

(2) Port construction conditions:

The geological stability, flat terrain and proper slope are beneficial to the layout of construction land and port equipment.

(3) Hinterland conditions:

Economic hinterland: the size of the economic hinterland affects the passenger and cargo flow and the rise and fall of the port.

Economic nature; Determine the nature of the port (comprehensive port, professional port)

(4) Relying on the city: the city provides the port with the advantages of people, money and materials, which is beneficial to the port construction and development.

5] Policy conditions:

free port

Open ports to the outside world

Attention; For ports, natural factors determine the location of ports; Socio-economic factors affect the rise and fall of ports.

Application: Taking new york Port as an example, this paper analyzes its main location factors: ① Hudson River provides fresh water for the port, which is a good deep-water port to avoid the wind, ensuring the width of the entrance channel and the space needed for a large number of ships to berth; (2) The Hudson Estuary is flat and wide, which provides favorable conditions for port equipment, architecture and reasonable plane layout in new york; ③ The economic hinterland of new york Port is the most industrially developed area in the northeast of the United States, and there are many railways leading to all parts of the United States; (4) new york Port is based on new york City, and new york City is the largest industrial and commercial city and foreign trade port in the United States. The advantages of manpower, financial resources and material resources have a good role in promoting the construction and development of the port.

3. Factors affecting the location of the airport:

The general principle of bus station location is to maximize the convenience of passengers. Specifically, the following four factors should be considered: ① road width; ② Contact with local traffic; ③ Contact with traffic outside the city; (4) the number of projects.

4. Factors affecting the location of the airport:

(1) Natural conditions: The airport is strict with natural conditions; ① topography; The terrain is flat and open, and the slope is appropriate to ensure drainage; ② Geology: Good geological conditions; ③ Climatic conditions: less fog.

(2) social factors; It is necessary to have convenient transportation links with the city.

⑶ Economic factors: It needs to be built in economically developed areas.

Twenty, typical cases and location selection of transportation midpoint and line:

1, similarities and differences in site selection of Beijing-Kowloon Line, Nankun Line and Qinghai-Tibet Line

⑴ Comparison is made from five aspects: improving road network, economic development demand, population and urban distribution, natural conditions and science and technology.

(2) Outstanding similarity: socio-economic conditions are the dominant factors, while natural conditions are the limiting factors (mainly topographic and geological conditions).

⑶ Different status: Beijing-Kowloon line is the national north-south trunk line, while Nankun line is the southwest sea passage. The Qinghai-Tibet railway is conducive to developing the frontier and strengthening the ties between Tibet and the mainland.

⑷ Different natural conditions: Beijing-Kowloon Line highlights five major water systems and crosses mountains and rivers; Nankun Railway crosses karst terrain; The Qinghai-Tibet railway needs to cross the alpine climate zone, and its geology and landform are complex.

2. Analysis on the location factors of the pipeline construction of "West-to-East Gas Transmission";

⑴ The main purpose of building the "West-to-East Gas Pipeline" is to transport natural gas from the Tarim Basin in the west and its areas along the line to the eastern coastal areas where energy is scarce, and finally to Shanghai.

⑵ The main location factors of site selection along the line: the distribution of oil and gas fields, population and cities along the line (west section).

Over the mountains along the way, burst the Yellow River and crossed many rivers.