Da Gama (Portuguese navigator and explorer) detailed data collection.

Vasco da gama (about1469-1524 65438+February 24th, Portuguese: vasco da gama), born in Sinesh, Portugal, is a Portuguese navigator and explorer, and a pioneer of European navigation routes around the Cape of Good Hope to India.

Da Gama participated in the war between Portugal and Spain when he was young, and later served in the Portuguese court. 1On July 8th, 497, he was sent by the King of Portugal to set out from Lisbon to find a sea route to India. The ship passed the Canary Islands, bypassed the Cape of Good Hope, passed through Mozambique and other places, and arrived in Kallikat in the southwest of India on May 20 1498. He left India in the autumn of the same year and returned to Lisbon on19/499. Gama visited India twice on 1502 ~ 1503 and 1524, and was appointed as the governor of India. Gamma's voyage to India promoted the development of Eurasian trade. 1869 before the opening of the Suez canal, Europe's trade with countries along the Indian Ocean and China mainly passed through this route. The navigation of this route is also the beginning of colonial activities in Asia by European countries such as Portugal.

1524, Da Gama died in Cochin, India, at the age of 53.

Basic introduction Chinese name: vasco da gama mbth: Portuguese: vasco da gama Nationality: Portugal Birthplace: Portugal Sinish Date of birth: 1469 (1460-70) Date of death:1524 65438+February 24th Occupation: navigator, Explorers' Belief: The main achievements of Christianity: briefly introduce the pioneers who sailed from Europe to India around the Cape of Good Hope, their life, background of the times, their first voyage, interests and disintegration, new order and being born in Sinish, Portugal and dying in Cochin, India. When I was young, I participated in the war between Portugal and Spain, and later served in the Portuguese court. 1497 On July 8th, dispatched by the Portuguese king, the ship set out from Lisbon, searched for Indian sea routes, passed through the Canary Islands, bypassed the Cape of Good Hope, passed through Mozambique and other places, and arrived in Kallikat in southwest India on May 20th 1498. He left India in the autumn of the same year and returned to Lisbon on19/499. Gama visited India twice on 1502 ~ 1503 and 1524, and was appointed as the governor of India. Gamma's voyage to India promoted the development of Eurasian trade. 1869 before the opening of the Suez canal, Europe's trade with countries along the Indian Ocean and China mainly passed through this route. The navigation of this route is also the beginning of colonial activities in Asia by European countries such as Portugal. Life background vasco da gama was a Portuguese navigator at the end of 15 and the beginning of 16, and also a great geographical discoverer. He pioneered the route from Europe to India bypassing the Cape of Good Hope. Because he achieved the pioneering work of arriving in India from western Europe by sea, he is famous in the world and will go down in history forever! 1469, Da Gama was born into a famous aristocratic family in Portugal. His father is also an excellent maritime explorer. He was sent by King Joao II to explore the sea route to Asia. After several setbacks, his grand ambition was not realized, but he died suddenly. Baour, Da Gama's brother, is also a captain who has been engaged in navigation all his life. With Da Gama, he explored India's maritime activities in 1497. To this end, da Gama is a noble son, who was trained in navigation when he was young and was born in a maritime family. Da Gama Western Europe has developed rapidly, and foreign trade exchanges have also developed. Because of the wonderful descriptions of China and India in The Travels of Marco Polo, westerners think that arachis duranensis in the East is full of treasures. However, the original east-west trade route was controlled by Arabs. In order to satisfy their greed for gold, European feudal lords, merchants and navigators began to risk their lives to sail the Atlantic Ocean and open up new routes to the East. In the second half of the 65438-05 century, the ambitious Portuguese king Joao II tried to dominate the world. He sent a fleet to inspect and explore a waterway leading to India several times. 1486, he sent an expedition led by the famous navigator Bartolomeu Miu Diaz to sail along the west coast of Africa, determined to find a route to the east. When the fleet sailed to the sea near the Cape of Good Hope today, a strong storm almost buried the fleet in the belly of the fish. Diaz was forced to return to Portugal. Since then, Europeans have discovered the southernmost Cape of Good Hope in Africa. Less than a few years later, the news that the Spanish fleet led by Columbus discovered the new continent of America spread all over western Europe. Facing the challenge that Spain will dominate the sea, the Portuguese royal family is determined to speed up the exploration of maritime activities leading to India. The Portuguese royal family entrusted this important political mission to the young and adventurous aristocratic son Da Gama. The first voyage of da gama's ship 1497. On July 8th, vasco da Gama was ordered by Portuguese King Manuel I to set sail from Lisbon, the capital, with four small boats 170 sailors to explore the voyage to India. So he followed the route where Dias discovered the Cape of Good Hope 10 years ago and sailed eastward with twists and turns. Before leaving Lisbon, the Portuguese aristocrats at this time still held a negative attitude about whether to continue looking for India eastward. Manuel I, the new Portuguese king, can only buy and use smaller boats to sail as much as possible, which has won unanimous support from the domestic industrial and commercial circles. Dias, a maritime hero who once found the Cape of Good Hope for the kingdom, also led a small fleet to escort the new Indian Ocean expedition fleet. Experienced, he always escorted Da Gama's fleet to Portugal's colonial fortress on the coast of West Africa, and then parted ways with the younger generation who was about to become a world celebrity. The sailors on Da Gama's first sailing route went through a lot of hardships. After nearly four months and more than 4,500 nautical miles, they came to St. Helezhang Bay adjacent to the Cape of Good Hope and saw a piece of land. Go ahead, there will be a terrible storm. The sailors have no intention to continue sailing and have asked to return to Lisbon. At this time, da Gama insisted on moving forward, claiming that he would never give up until he found India. On Christmas Eve, the fleet led by Da Gama finally rushed out of the stormy waves, bypassed the Cape of Good Hope and sailed into the African coast of the western Indian Ocean. 1497 on Christmas day, da gama came to a towering coastline near latitude 3 1. He remembered that it was Christmas, so he named the area Natal, hence the name natal province, which means "Christmas" in Portuguese. Three ships of D 'Gama1498 65438+1October, the fleet of D 'Gama and his party arrived in Mozambique waters in East Africa. This is the first recorded deep-sea voyage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean in human history, and the desire for legend and wealth gradually emerges. After that, the fleet sailed northward against the powerful Mozambique current and visited the Zambezi River estuary in central Africa. At the end of March this year, after consuming a lot of materials, Da Gama's fleet sank the supply ship accompanying the voyage as usual, and only three ships went into battle lightly. These ships are weak, but they carry all the expectations of the Portuguese for the new world. When the Portuguese broke into the Indian Ocean world, this vast sea area and the surrounding residents were strange and dangerous to them. In ancient times, some Greek and Roman businessmen went to the hinterland of Asia and India to trade, while in medieval Europe, Venetian businessmen who stood at the forefront of trade were very few lucky enough to reach the Far East and return. In the late 3rd century A.D./KLOC-that is, the Yuan Dynasty in China's history, Venetian merchants had already arrived in India and even all the way to the east, as far away as Fujian and other places along the coast of China. However, due to the monopoly of the industry and the strict confidentiality system in Venice and China, most of these trips are submerged in history. One of the few exceptions is the well-known Kyle Poirot, whose Notes on the Orient is the famous Travels of Marco Polo. In his works, the mysterious East is more beautiful and charming, and the utopian travel experience makes Europeans more and more eager for Asia. Nestorianism tribe on the Mongolian plateau, one of the prototypes of John Presbyterian Kingdom, finally made western Europeans, including Portugal, miss the East so much, not because of economic problems, but because of religious plots and geopolitical considerations. Just like the mysterious legend of gold in India and West Africa spread in Europe in the Middle Ages, a story about the existence of a powerful Christian kingdom in the Far East is almost widely known. Modern historians have put forward all kinds of speculations about the origin of this legend: there are all kinds of primitive Christianity that originated in 1 century, from Ethiopia, an ancient Christian country closed in the inland of East Africa, to Deccan Plateau in India, and Libai tribes in Niesto who converted to Nestorianism on the Mongolian Plateau. Medieval Europeans used to call the ruler of this great eastern Christian country "Old John" and hoped to get in touch with him one day and join hands to fight their Muslim enemies from the East and the West. However, these fantasies were quickly and ruthlessly broken by the cruel reality. On April 1 day, the Portuguese arrived in Mombasa, an important port for maritime trade on the coast of East Africa. Muslim residents in the city, like later Indians, knew nothing about these sudden ships. /kloc-Mombasa City in the 6th century When Mombasa residents discovered that these mysterious visitors were actually Christians, the relationship between the two sides deteriorated rapidly. There is no doubt that the most important maritime trade city in this region is dominated by Muslim businessmen, so it is natural to imagine the pagan rejection caused by commercial interests. The Portuguese originally expected this to be a Christian city under the legendary elder John. The ruthless reality made them realize that armed conflict was inevitable after this was a Muslim city. Because da Gama knows that he has a great responsibility and his troops are thin, he dare not fight in Mombasa. After getting rid of the temporary gathering of Muslim ships, they continued to sail north and transferred to Malindi, an enemy city of Mombasa, on April 14. Although the local rulers are also Muslims, they are friendly to the Portuguese for the purpose of cracking down on competitors. This broken and antagonistic political pattern was the normal state of the entire Indian Ocean coast at that time. The Portuguese also quickly realized this situation, and took advantage of it cunningly, playing a game of cliques in the open sea. Malindi is only their first stop to understand this political situation. Malindi, the ruler of Malindi, not only allowed Da Gama to build a small fortress for trade and navigation in his city, but also gave Da Gama a gift: Ahmed ibn Majid, a senior navigator. The navigator, who was born in Oman, Arabian Peninsula, was a famous navigation expert at that time. The Navigation Guide to the Western Indian Ocean compiled by him is still of some use value at present. /kloc-Kallikat city in the 6th century, he will lead the Portuguese from afar to cross Indian waters for the first time. Sailors have been on the monsoon route for more than 2000 years. It was under the guidance of this experienced navigator that the Portuguese fleet set sail from Malindi on April 24, and made use of the unique southwest monsoon in the Indian Ocean in the first half of each year to go straight to the Indian coast. Finally, on May 20th, 1498, we arrived in Kallikat, the most powerful port city on the southwest coast of India. And this port happened to be the place where Zheng He, a famous navigator in China, passed and moored more than half a century ago. This is the first time that western European ships have sailed to this mysterious land since the Middle Ages. Today, the name of Da Gama will be remembered on the monument of world history forever. The Indian Ocean chart in Maged's hand became the information source for Portuguese to explore and conquer the whole Indian Ocean region. Kallikat Port was greeted by a Portuguese pioneer who landed unexpectedly. Due to the diversity of religious culture and the complexity of trade activities, Kallikat people did not show the strong hostility of Mombasa residents at first. In the three months after Da Gama met with Satsumahayashi, Da Gama's small expeditionary force stayed in Kallikat, seeking trade and further probing into Indian intelligence. However, during this time, the life of Da Gama and his subordinates was not smooth. Although Kallikat's aborigines and kings are Hindus, most of its trade with the West has been monopolized by Muslims. Because the Muslim merchant class intervened on the grounds of attacking competitors, it was easy to provoke the relationship between Satsumahayashi and da Gama and his party. As a result, the Portuguese began to be strictly monitored and controlled, and they were not even allowed to go home by boat. Some members of the arriving delegation were detained by the authorities. At a loss, Da Gama still didn't want to use his weak strength to lightly fight the enemy, but he soon found a countermeasure. When several Hindu nobles boarded the ship and tried to trade, Gama decisively ordered them to be detained and made a gesture of anchoring and sailing. Samoan immediately exchanged these important hostages with the Portuguese who had been detained before, and allowed the Portuguese fleet to set sail immediately. Before he left, Da Gama received a letter from Satsumahayashi to Manuel I: He was willing to establish trade relations as long as he could get gold, silver, coral and red cloth. This short and blunt pleasantries still inspired da gama and his party. 1498 On August 29th, Da Gama left several contacts to set up their first commercial station in India, and then set sail for home with his fleet. After Kallikat's northern neighbor, Kan Nanor, the Portuguese finally conducted friendly trade there and obtained spices, cinnamon and five or six Indian slaves. The attitude of local rulers towards Portugal is basically consistent with Malindi's antipathy towards Mombasa. After all, opponents in the same alliance or camp cannot be monolithic. On the way back to Lisbon, Da Gama's fleet passed through Malindi and built a monument here, which still stands today. The fleet was unlucky when it returned. Many sailors died of illness on the way, including Da Gama's younger brother. In the end, there were only two ships left. 1July, 499, the Beriau returned to Portugal, and the flagship of da gama arrived in Lisbon on1September 9, 499. Only half the sailors survived when they set sail. Interests and disintegration Portugal's second fleet went to India with the success of 1498 da Gama, Portugal's domestic enthusiasm for sailing to India rose again. 1500, Manuel sent the second fleet to India in history. The expedition led by Cabral has a total of 13 ships, which is much stronger than the previous expedition fleet commanded by Bida Gama. With the support of such a powerful fleet, Cabral had no need to be afraid and timid in the negotiations with Mombasa and Kallikat. However, the port does not cooperate with Muslim businessmen in the market. They joined forces to boycott the Portuguese who had just landed, and also bribed local Indian vendors to make Indians lie that there was no spice stock. Caraboul then ordered a raid on an Arabian sailboat moored in the port, and found a large number of spices that Indians had previously claimed were missing. This action also led to thousands of local Muslims and Indians attacking the Portuguese on land. The 70-member business group sent by Caraboul lost 50 people in the siege. The commander-in-chief who had been fed up immediately ordered the fleet to shell Kallikat City. Unwilling to waste time directing Caraboul, Caraboul found Indians who sympathized with them. At his suggestion, Caraboul's fleet sailed south to the port city of Cochin, which has a competitive relationship with Kallikat. The Portuguese successfully traded in this port with superior conditions, just as Da Gama did in Cannonor last time. Cochin in16th century. Then, after receiving the news, Quelon, a port in the south, extended an olive branch to the Portuguese. Cabral conveniently set up two commercial stations in Cochin and Quellon, and together with Canano, three cities jealous of and opposed to Kallikat's commercial hegemony, turned against Portugal. /kloc-Quelon in 0/505, like Malindi in East Africa, the Portuguese emerged as the destroyer of the old pattern and quickly gained the favor of the disadvantaged. They don't have to worry about the lack of ports and trading partners in India. 150 1 year, Caraboul's fleet finally returned to Portuguese mainland. The three ambassadors arrived in Lisbon on these ships together. They are diplomatic representatives of Cochin, Keelung and Kan Nanor, and each of them carries a letter from the local ruler to King Manuel I. These three cities are important trading ports on the southwest coast of the Indian Ocean, but they have long been suppressed by the most powerful Cutler. The emergence of powerful Portuguese made the rulers of these places see hope. The Indian Ocean world, which is drifting away from Caraboul, is still vast and dangerous. The number of opponents who are hostile to the Portuguese is dozens or even hundreds of times that of them. But the gap in this broken world was discovered by newcomers, and the interests brought them together soon. 1502 the new order of katinaud and the map of the new world1502 in February, vasco da gama once again led the fleet to start the second Indian expedition, with the aim of establishing Portuguese maritime hegemony in the Indian ocean. The new fleet has as many as 23 warships. When the fleet passed through Kilva, da Gama treacherously detained the emir of the country on his own ship, threatening him to surrender to Portugal and pay tribute to the Portuguese king. After Da Gama's second voyage, the Indian fleet arrived in Kallikat, and Satsumahayashi continued to pursue its consistent uncooperative attitude. Da Gama, after asking Satsumahayashi to compensate the trading post and personnel losses, stopped being so restrained as when he landed for the first time and ordered the fleet to shell Kallikat City for the second time. The fleet is in the waters near Namir. Da Gama captured Meryl, an Egyptian merchant ship from Mecca, and burned all 300 passengers, including women and children. According to a Portuguese witness, "... after a long battle, the commander burned the ship by cruel and inhuman means, killing everyone on board." He sent a strong signal to the Indians that the Portuguese navy would take over and rebuild the local trade order. In order to weaken and attack the interests of Arab businessmen in the Indian Peninsula, Da Gama ordered the rulers of Kallikat City to expel the Arabs there, and then defeated the Arab fleet in a battle in the nearby waters. For Satsumahayashi, it is even more unacceptable that the Portuguese expedition is no longer satisfied with trade and extortion. After Da Gama returned to China, a total of five ships remained in Cochin and Clone, becoming the first permanent fleet of modern Europeans in Asia. Portuguese Overseas Fleet These warships not only have to protect Portugal's commercial stations in two cities from the end of 1502 to the beginning of 1503, but also perform the important task of blocking the Red Sea during the trade season before returning to China. Muslim merchant ships will be blocked in the Red Sea all summer and cannot enter the Indian Ocean, so the spice trade will be exclusive to Portugal. These military forces have been supported by local allies in India and Africa. In the whole process, the army does not occupy a large proportion, and interests and diplomacy are the winning ways for Portuguese commanders like da Gama. 1503 In February, da Gama returned to Portugal with 13 in the northeast monsoon of the Indian Ocean, and returned to Lisbon on 10 in June of the same year. It is said that the net profit of oriental treasures such as spices, silk and precious stones plundered by Da Gama during this voyage actually exceeded 60 times the total cost of the second voyage. In his later years, when Da Gama completed his second voyage to India, he received an extra reward from the Portuguese king and was made an earl in 15 19. 1524 was appointed deputy king of India. In April of the same year, he went to India for the third time as the governor of Portuguese India, arrived in Goa in September, and soon fell ill. 65438+ died in Kallikat in February. Evaluation da Gama led a fleet of four ships and about 170 sailors from Lisbon to explore the route around the Cape of Good Hope to India. Da Gama is undoubtedly a powerful leader, but people's evaluation of his character is "arrogant, violent and cruel". Da Gama is an excellent navigator, but not a competent diplomat. He prefers to solve problems by violence. Thanks to the efforts of many Portuguese explorers, including Da Gama, who was in command on the ship, after nearly a hundred years of exploration, slaughter and plunder, Portugal, an oriental colonial empire spanning half the world, was finally established. In order to monopolize the trade interests between Portugal and the East, the Portuguese royal family once blocked the news that European powers could reach India by bypassing the Cape of Good Hope. On the other hand, the Portuguese royal family secretly planned to block other routes in the Indian Ocean. To this end, it launched a naval battle against Arabs. 1503, Portugal defeated the Arabian fleet in the Indian Ocean. For a time, the Portuguese fleet became the dominant position in the Indian Ocean. From the Tolde Sira Treaty signed by Portugal and Spain in 1494 to the Zaragoza Treaty signed again in 1529, a small country like Portugal with a population of only10.5 million actually included the East Atlantic, the West Pacific, the whole Indian Ocean and it. Due to the discovery of new sea routes, Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, quickly became an overseas trade center in Western Europe from the beginning of16th century. Businessmen, missionaries and adventurers from Portugal, Spain and other countries gathered here and set sail for India and the East to plunder spices, treasures and gold. This waterway brought great economic benefits to the western colonists who plundered the wealth of the East, primitive accumulation of capital. No wonder westerners still remember D 'Gama's contribution to opening up new waterways in India until 400 years later 1898. However, da Gama must point out that the opening of the new waterway is also the beginning of the colonial plunder of the eastern countries by European colonists. In the following centuries, due to the succession of western powers, the countries along the Indian Ocean and the countries in the western Pacific successively became colonies and semi-colonies. The opening of Da Gama's new air route to India has finally brought profound national disasters to the people of all countries in the East. In the short term, it has the greatest impact on Portugal. By controlling the new trade route to the East, this country in a remote part of the civilized world quickly got rid of the hat of poverty and backwardness and became one of the richest countries in Europe. The Portuguese soon established a powerful colonial empire around India. They have outposts in India, Indonesia, Madagascar, Africa and other regions, which is of course to consolidate their concessions in Brazil and colonies in West Africa. Even before da Gama, they had a concession in Brazil and established a colony in West Africa. Until the first half of the twentieth century, several of these colonies were controlled by the Portuguese. In the long run, the influence of Da Gama's voyage in vasco da gama is not in Europe or the Middle East, but in India and Southeast Asia. In fact, India has been a very closed-door country for most of its history, and its only important external influence came from the northwest, but Da Gama's voyage brought India into contact with the European civilized world by sea. The influence and power of Europeans gradually rose in India. Until the second half of the 9th century, the whole continent was ruled by British monarchs. As far as Indonesia is concerned, it was first influenced by Europeans and then completely controlled by Europeans. It was not until the middle of the twentieth century that these areas gained autonomy. Commemoration In order to express the deep memory of this famous navigator, Portugal issued vasco da gama commemorative gold coins, which were designed by Jo & atilde and minted by the Portuguese Mint. Coins have a fineness of 99.9%, a diameter of 12mm, a weight of 1.56g and a circulation of 20,000 pieces. The front is set against the sea, with the national emblem of Portugal at the top left, denomination at the bottom right and country name at the edge; On the back is a portrait of vasco da gama and an abstract line drawing of the ship, with its name and date of birth and death on the edge. In addition, Portugal also built an Ada Gamma class frigate to commemorate Da Gama. Historically, Portugal was a maritime power. Its colonial flag spread all over the world with its powerful fleet. But it is also a country oppressed by other maritime powers. The Portuguese can't forget that glorious and shameful history. A number of outstanding navigators and explorers emerged in Portugal in the15 ~16th century. This Portuguese complex is fully reflected in the naming of the latest class frigate by the Portuguese navy. In the early 1990s, three first-class frigates newly purchased by Portugal came into service one after another. The Portuguese named them after the most famous Portuguese navigator and explorer in the15th century, which strongly expressed their nostalgia for the history of that maritime power. The three ships are the vasco da gama, the Alvarez Cabral and the Colt Real, and the ship numbers are F330, F33 1 and F332 respectively. This class of ships is also called "vasco da gama" class, or "Da Gama" class for short.