Analysis of Sentence Mood in Historical Records

Analysis of Sentence Mood in Historical Records

Ethan Li

Literature is an art that uses language as a tool of expression, so the so-called literary genius is all because of his ability to master language. Now let's further analyze Sima Qian's artistic attainments.

The length of the first sentence

Sima Qian is a man who dares to throw long sentences, such as "Gao, an envoy of the State of Qi who first met, appeared in the Chu army" (Biography of Xiang Yu) * * 15, "Xiang Yu resented not letting Pei Gong go west to save Zhao in the north" (Biography of Gao Zu) * * 19, "Li Yuan's daughter-in-law is Sima Qian is creative in this respect. -at the same time, we can also see his organizational power and control over language.

On the contrary, he also has short sentences. Short sentences are often used in nervous situations. Short sentences used to describe military exploits, such as Cao's home, are close to each other. Xu Jingke stabbed the king of Qin with a short sentence: "The king of Qin painted poorly, but you can see it with a dagger. Because the left hand holds the sleeve of the king of Qin and the right hand holds the dagger. Before he reached the front, the king of Qin was surprised and started from the beginning, his sleeves were broken. Draw a sword, the sword is long, hold its room, when in a hurry, the sword is strong and cannot be drawn. Jing Ke chased the king of Qin, who walked around the column. All the ministers were ashamed, shocked when they died, and lost their degrees. ..... Only when you leave can you worry about your death. Both sides are saying: Wang holds a sword. When the negative sword came out, it struck Jing Ke and broke his left leg. Jing Ke abolished it, but led his dagger to pay homage to the king of Qin. The king of Qin hit caves again, and eight caves were hit. I know something is wrong, but I smile at the post and swear. " This is an extremely tense situation, and Sima Qian also wrote it in tense sentences. His pen and ink can match the situation, which is another example.

His shortest sentence is one sentence: "Xiang Yu can die 100 thousand, Huaiyin first, which is unfavorable, but." ("Biography of Gaozu") "When Zhang Yi came, she thought she was an old friend and sought benefits, but she was humiliated and furious." (Zhang Yichuan) It can't be shorter!

In order to seek rugged beauty, he often uses long sentences and short sentences in his writing:

Go south to evil spirits, enjoy it, and stay in March. I moved to the stage of thirty thousand evil spirits in Guizhou, and I was twelve years old again. Set up a platform to ward off evil spirits, set up stone carvings and praise Qin Deming. -Biography of Qin Shihuang

Hanwang asked the world, but it was king, and Hanwang was frightened. Therefore, Xiang Wang is the language of Hanwang. Hanwang counted, and Wang Xiang was very angry and wanted to fight. Hanwang didn't listen. Wang Xiang Fu Nu shot Hanwang. Hanwang was injured and walked into the elevation. -Biography of Xiang Yu

Confucius was thirty-five years old, and Ji and Zhai had offended Lu by fighting cocks. Zhao Gong led his army to attack Ping Zi, while Ping Zi, Montessori and Uncle Sun Shi attacked Zhao Gong. Zhao Gong's teacher was defeated, and he ran to Qi ... A division leader said to him: "If a gentleman has had it, he must thank its quality;" If a villain has, he will thank you for your article. If you mourn it, thank it for its quality. " So Qi Hou Naigui thanked him for invading Lu Zhi, Wenyang and Yin Gui. ..... Huan son died of qi female music, three days don't listen to politics; The suburbs are not bad for doctors. Confucius followed suit. ..... After living in Yue Wei, Gong Ling and his wife were in the same car, and officials took part in the canal and went out, which made Confucius ride and parade around the city for the second time. Confucius said, "I have never seen good virtue as lewd." So ugly, go to Wei, go to Cao. -"Confucius Family"

Winning as a son today is enough. The winner is also the one who is easy to learn and follow the customs. My son has been riding a car. Since he won in public, it is not appropriate to go too far. Now, my son has passed. However, I want to win my son's name, so I rode the city for a long time and saw my son by the way. The more respectful you are to your son, the city people will regard winning as a villain, while treating your son as an elder will make you a gentleman. -"The Legend of Xinling Jun"

Fan Ju resigned. He is a Japanese observer in Fan Ju, and his ministers are all deadpan and relaxed. Around the screen of the king of Qin, the palace was empty. -Biographies of Fan Ju and Cai Ze

The king of Qin met Dan, the eldest son of Yan, who was not well, and Dan died of resentment. The person who wants to report to the king of Qin is too young to do so. After the Qin Dynasty, Japan sent troops to cut Qi, Chu and Sanjin in Shandong Province, and slightly invaded the governors. As for Yan. -biographies of assassins

Upon hearing this, Zhang Yiwen said, "Take Yizhi as the land of Hanzhong, please go far to Chu." For example, the state of Chu also set up sophistry in its favorite place because of the minister of Shanxi merchants with thick coins. Chu Huaiwang listened to Zheng Xiu and released Yi Cheung. -Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng

The general is happy, and everyone thinks they will win the general. To worship the general, it is Han Xin, and all the troops are surprised. -"The Biography of Huaiyin Hou"

Li Guang mounted his horse, took more than ten rides and ran to shoot General Hu Baima, then returned to his own ride. Untie the saddle and let all the men lie down vertically. It was already dusk, and Hu Bing finally complained about it, afraid to strike it. In the middle of the night, Hu Bing thought that Han had an ambush beside him, and wanted to take it at night. Hu Jun led the troops away. Pindan, Li Guang belongs to his army. The army didn't know what was widely known, so it followed suit. -Biography of General Lee

Because of the alternation of long and short sentences, it constitutes the scribbled beauty of Historical Records.

Syllables of the second sentence

As we said, Sima Qian's prose is a standard prose, which is regarded as orthodox by ancient writers in China. Why does it make such a face? It turns out that there is another secret, that is, on syllables. It turns out that the syllables of a poem are placed at the end of the sentence, such as:

Endless-falling wood-rustling-falling, endless-the Yangtze River-rolling in.

And the syllables of prose (especially Sima Qian and later trackers) put the syllables of single words in sentences:

Confucius-the second time, showing off-through the market. -"Confucius Family"

Gift-lack-room. -"Confucius Family"

Yan Jun-night-scared. -Tian Dan Chuan

This is today's olfactory teaching. -biographies of assassins

Get along, enjoy each other, be insatiable, hate each other and get to know each other. -"Biography of Wei Wu Qi An"

The king of Qin-the screen-left and right, the palace-was empty. -Biographies of Fan Ju and Cai Ze

Jun-pawn-donation-construction. -Biographies of Fan Ju and Cai Ze

The reason is probably because the last syllable can be lengthened when the poem is to be sung, but the prose needs to be paused, so the non-word syllable can't be paused, and the middle syllable can be lengthened by one beat. In terms of beat, it is two beats; So with the syllables of two words and two beats, there is a neat and changeable beauty.

Third, how to deal with parallel couples.

Sima Qian's prose is treated as parallel prose, so parallel prose is avoided; But symmetry is a kind of aesthetic feeling, especially the aesthetic feeling of China people, which is a temptation for Sima Qian, so he adopted the method of combining parallel prose with prose poetry, which critics in Qing Dynasty also called even essays, or even essays. Only once did Sima Qian use even sentences, that is, as paragraphs.

Let's look at these sentences first:

Try for me to lose the world, what I gain, and the success or failure of the ancient country. -"Li Sheng Lu Jia Biography"

When there is no department and no line, just stop the water plants and everyone will save themselves. They won't attack Diao Dou in self-defense, but they will stay away from the scouts and not be killed. Cheng didn't know that he was marching in the right direction, attacking, and the army was in the Ming Dynasty, so the army could not rest, but he was not killed. -Biography of General Lee

Mr. Jin has been under the door of victory for three years, and there is nothing to say or hear about victory. -"Biography of Ping Yuanjun and Qing Yu"

These are even sentences, but Sima Qian avoided talking about them. The beauty of symmetry is still inside, but the form is uneven.

Let's see:

Expensive is anti-base; Cheap is expensive; Expensive as dirt, cheap as pearls and jade, money wants to run like running water. -Biography of Huo Zhi

When he was a teenager in Luxiang, he attacked and buried the vertebral body, robbed people as traitors, dug graves and minted coins. Ren Xia made friends and retaliated, usurped seclusion, and did not avoid the law. He died like a dog. In fact, they are all for money. -Biography of Huo Zhi

These sentences were originally dual, but the former suddenly added "money is running water", while the latter suddenly changed the four sentences to "die like a dog", deliberately destroying the too neat rigidity and forming an irregular beauty.

As for several things at the same time, deliberately changing the syntax, resulting in a rigorous prose, there are the following examples:

The first difficulty is made in Chen She; Abuse and destroy Qin, since Xiang's; Set things right, punish evil and promote good, pacify the sea, practice the emperor to death, and become a Han family. -"On the occasion of Qin and Chu"

Therefore, Yu Xing originated in Xiqiang, Tang originated in Bo, and Zhou Wang also attacked Yin with him. The prosperity of Qin is in Yongzhou, and the prosperity of Han is in Shu Han. -Chronology of six countries

Here, he never uses sentence arrangement or even ten days, just to keep his romantic style. -Sloppy beauty!

Now it depends on the occasion when he uses even sentences, that is, cooking a meal with two lines:

Since the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, there has been less money. County officials often cast more money than Tongshan, and the people also stole money, which is too numerous to mention. More money, lighter, less material benefits, more expensive. -"leveling book"

Since Ping married Zhang's daughter, she has used it to benefit Rao and traveled more and more widely. -Premier Chen's Family

Chu and Han have been at loggerheads for a long time. Ding Zhuang has been working hard in the army, and the old and the weak have taken refuge in Cao Cao. -Biography of Xiang Yu

Sometimes, although you don't even use sentences, you also use double pens to collect them:

The prince of Zhao thought he was virtuous, so that he was not humiliated by the princes and worshipped him as a doctor. Qin didn't give Zhao the city, and Ye Zhao didn't give Qin Bi. -Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru

At that time, Ji Bu, with many governors, was able to turn the rigid into the soft, and Zhujiajian became famous by this name. ..... When really, JiXin get up the courage, promise, trying to smell the guanzhong. -Biography of Ji Bu and Luan Bu

Probably this way of receiving food makes people feel that there is a steady and balanced beauty. Sima Qian not only knew the disadvantages of being too neat, but also made good use of it. So he didn't use even sentences, not less than, but more than.

The fourth function is in the whole article structure.

Pause with even sentences, which is one of the functions of Sima Qian's syntax in the whole article structure, is actually more than that. Because of the structure of the article, Sima Qian's syntax has changed. Let's look at it from three aspects:

He also made silver and tin into platinum. Think that the sky is like a dragon, the earth is like a horse and people are like turtles. Therefore, there are three kinds of platinum: first, it is heavy, and second, it belongs to the dragon, which is called "white selection" and reaches 3,000; Second, the weight difference is small and square, and its text is horse, straight 500; Three times, it's very small, and it's a turtle, straight 300. -"leveling book"

The phrase "I thought the sky was like a dragon" was brushed aside. This is a whole sentence, very round and energetic. To such as:

..... Raise to should, the number should be waiting. At that time, the king of Qin Zhao was forty-one years old. At that time, in the state of Qin, the name of Qin was Zhang Lu, but Wei didn't know that he had been dead for a long time. Wei Wenqin's eastward expedition to Korea and Wei, the envoy of Wei must be Qin. When Fan Ju heard about it, it was a little trip, a place to walk between our clothes and a place to see JOE. -Biographies of Fan Ju and Cai Ze

"Fan Ju is in Qin" is also the first sentence. This pen is very interesting, can tell stories, and has some management in structure. The most common way to use a pen is to use the word "when it is":

At that time, Chu Bing was crowned a vassal, and the vassal army saved the giant deer from more than ten walls and did not dare to fight. When the State of Chu attacked the State of Qin, the governors looked from the city wall, and all Chu soldiers treated one as ten. When the Chu soldiers moved, the princes and armies were all afraid. -Biography of Xiang Yu

When it is, the princes are virtuous and have many guests, and they dare not add troops to Wei for more than ten years. -"The Legend of Xinling Jun"

However, the role of "Party History" is sometimes not only to raise a pen, but also to cover it, so critics in Qing Dynasty call it "Teton" and because it has the power to restrain it, it is also called "repression".

"Pick up a Pen" is narrated in the text, thus linking the context. Sima Qian often uses slow pen on this occasion:

Chong thought it was not surprising to treat a surname su; The number of letters and the language of Xiao He are unique to Xiao He. -"The Biography of Huaiyin Hou"

(Su Qin) Thank you for leaving. Zhang Yi came, thinking that he was an old friend, seeking benefits, but he did not see humiliation and anger. He missed the princes and suffered from Zhao alone, so he entered Qin. -"Zhang Yichuan"

Duke Huan said, "I went north to explore the mountains and lead me to solitary bamboo;" Cut Xixia, wade in quicksand, tie a horse trailer, and climb the low-ear mountain; Go south to Zhaoling and climb Xiong 'er Mountain to see Jianghan. Car will be three, car will be six or nine, governors rule the world together, governors do not violate me. Why are the orders of the past three generations so unusual? "So Guan Zhong can't quit when he sees Huan Gong, because he has something to do. -The Book of Meditation

The "wonders of the world", "Zhang Yi is here" and "Guan Zhong sees Huan Gong's resignation" are all written in a slow pen. Sima Qian used to write a new look and temperament in the middle of an article, and he also started writing as a slow pen.

As for the total pen, Sima Qian usually ends up with a pen after much trouble. For example, Syria's military achievements:

After taking part in the work, all the next two countries, 122 counties, two kings, three items, six generals, one Damo 'ao, county magistrate and one Sima Hou, respectively. -"Cao Family"

For example, Syrian descent:

King Li appointed Duke Wu of Quwo as the monarch and vassal of the State of Jin, so he merged with the land and got it. Duke Wu of Quwo reigned for thirty-seven years, also known as Duke Wu of Jin. Emperor Wu of Jin is the capital of Jin State. Before he ascended the throne, Quwo was thirty-eight years old. Wu Ming, the great-grandson of Jin Muhou, and the great-grandson of Duke Huan of Quwo. Uncle Huan began to seal Quwo. Wu Gong, Zhuang Bozi also. From the time when Uncle Huan sealed Quwo to the time when Wu Gong destroyed the gold, all 67-year-olds died as vassals. Wu Gong waited for Jin to be two years old, died, and spent the New Year with Qu Wo. He died after 39 years on the throne. -"Jin Jia"

Both. These knots, if taken out alone, may not be wonderful, but they are also beautiful in the whole text. This general ledger of the Kim family is particularly detailed and vigorous. Another example is the Huns Biography:

From simplicity to headman, it has a history of more than 1000 years. It gets smaller when it gets older. Don't separate. Still going on, its world is not available. But when it comes to modu chanyu, the Huns are the most powerful, and they all obey the barbarians in the north, while the south and China are enemy countries, and their titles have been handed down from generation to generation, but they can be obtained and remembered.

This is also a good ending, but it is not easy to read the whole article in one breath and appreciate his overall verve.

The most important thing for an article to attract people's attention is the beginning and the end. Because "first" is the beginning of impression, if it is not good, it will make people unwilling to read on; "Tail" is the end of impression. If it's not good, it will destroy the good impression that people got before. Sima Qian has taken care of everything in this respect. He used various methods to achieve this goal, and the above is just one of them. As for collecting pens, it is because people often relax in order to avoid fatigue.

Fifth, be good at writing dialogues.

Sima Qian can write about various people's different temperament and various things on different occasions in the dialogue. Let's try:

Lv Hou was terrified and didn't know what to do. People may say, Lv Hou said, "Let Houshan plan and get credit." He told Hou Luze to rob him, saying, "You have always been a counselor, and now you want to change your monarch. Why not lie on the pillow? " Liu Hou said, "At first, I was in a hurry. Fortunately, I used my policy. Today, I will settle down and exchange my love for the prince. What are the benefits of more than 100 people, even though I am a minister? " Lv Zeqiang said, "Plan for me." Liu Hou said, "It's hard to argue. Four people in the world can't do it. When they were old, they all thought it was slow to bully others, so they fled into the mountains, which was not for Chen Han. However, there are four people here. If you are sincere today, you can make the prince write a book, be modest and be safe. Because you made the debater firm, you should come. Come, miss the guest, always enter the DPRK, and when you see it, you will ask different questions. Ask, if you know these four saints, you will help them. " -"Stay at Houjia"

This was written in a leisurely manner. Look again:

* * * yi cheung, plundered hundreds. If you refuse to accept it, release it. His wife said, "Hey! How can I be so humiliated if I don't study and lobby? " Zhang Yi said to his wife, "Do you think my tongue is still there?" His wife smiled and said, "There's the tongue!" The instrument said, "That's enough." -"Zhang Yichuan"

This is a conversation between husband and wife in the family and cannot be confused with a conversation between friends. And:

The crown of the messenger belongs to Wei, and let the son of Wei say, "The winner is married, and the son's righteousness can solve the people's difficulties. Today, Handan has returned to Qin at dusk, Wei can't save it, and it is difficult to worry about the people. Besides, you beat him and abandoned him to surrender to Qin, but you don't feel sorry for your brother and sister? " -"The Legend of Xinling Jun"

This is another kind of dialogue between relatives, which cannot be applied to other members of the family. Look again:

Zhao Xiangguan and Gao He are both over 60 years old, so they are also guests. I was angry all my life, but I was angry and said, "My king, be nice to the king!" " Wang said, "Heroes in the world rise side by side, and those who can stand first. Today, the king is very respectful to Gaozu, but Gaozu is very rude. Please kill him for the king. " Zhang ao pointed to the blood and said, "What did you say wrong? Moreover, people died first, relying on the high-impedance to rejuvenate the country, and relying on the descendants of Germany. Qiu Hao was also a high-impedance. May you have no retreat! " More than a dozen people, including Guan Gao and Wu Zhao, said, "This is our fault. The elders of my king are not virtuous. Besides, we are just men, and now we blame Gaozu for insulting my king, so we want to kill him, so why pollute the king? Make things happen to the king; Sitting alone is a failure. " -"Zhang Er Chen Yuchuan"

One is honest and the other is enthusiastic. This conversation can show two personalities. For example:

Then he sat up suddenly, and Xie Lusheng said, "I have lived among barbarians for a long time and lost my manners." Because he asked Lu Sheng, "Who am I, Xiao He, Cao Can, Han Xinxian?" Lu Sheng said, "Wang Sixian." He replied, "Who am I, the emperor?" Lu Sheng said, "The emperor prospered Bo, punished Qin and Chu, promoted good and eliminated evil, and succeeded the five emperors in ruling China. China has a population of several hundred million, and Wan Li is the richest place in the world. People are prosperous, everything is rich, and political dominance has existed since ancient times. Today, there are only a few hundred thousand kings, all of whom are barbarians and rugged mountains and seas. For example, Han has a county, why is Wang not as good as Han? " The captain smiled and said, "I can't afford China, so I'm here. Make me live in China, and why the canal is not like Han "is a great pleasure of the land. -"Li Sheng Lu Jia Biography"

The Zhujiajian family took a bus in Luoyang and met Ruyin Hou Tenggong. Tenggong stayed in Zhujiajian for a few days. Because Teng Gong said, "What is the great sin of Lu Bu? What's his emergency? " Teng Gong said, "The number of cloth is due to the embarrassment of Xiang Wang, so it must be obtained." Jia Zhu said, "What do you think of Lu Bu?" Say, "Even saints." Jia Zhu said, "Every minister is for his own use. Jixia belongs to Ji Xiang. Minister Xiang can do evil? Today, if you win the world, you only need one person to complain about yourself. How can we show that the world is not wide? Ji Bu's sage, Korea's urgent need, neither north nor south. Husband avoid strong men to the enemy, now Wu Zixu so whip king's tomb. Why don't you take it easy and say evil things? " You Yin Hou Tenggong knew the hero of Jia Zhu. He wanted Lu Bu to hide in his position, so he said, "Promise." -Biography of Ji Bu and Luan Bu

The former case shows his heroism, and the latter case shows people's tone of voice, which is not easy to figure out because they have a deep understanding of social life. And:

Wendi passed by and asked Tang, "How can an old man be? Is the home safe? " Tang Ju is right about reality. Emperor Wen said, "I was born in the last generation, and I was still a grain supervisor. I said that General Zhao was a wise man and had fought under a giant deer. Today, every meal I eat means that I am not in the giant deer. " What does father know? "Biography of Zhang Shizhi and Feng Tang"

The queen mother was angry and refused to eat, saying, "I am here now, and everyone borrows from my brother;" After I am one hundred years old, I will be all fish. And Dinin can be a stone man? This special emperor recorded that after 100 years old, was he a trustworthy person? " -"Biography of Wei Wuqi, An"

Captain Baling was drunk, so he stopped. Guang Qi said, "So General Li also." Wei said, "The general is not allowed to walk at night. Why?" -Biography of General Lee

The following is a talk about the old man, the tone of an old woman, and a drunken man. How appropriate!

In the dialogue he wrote, we can see his age, gender, occupation and where he is. As for his ability to write spoken and unfinished sounds, it is well known.

Sixth, I am interested in making sentences.

Generally speaking, an art will never succeed if it has no intention to succeed in a work of art. It can be said that "language is not surprising and never dies" is the attitude of all artists. Sima Qian consciously created his art, we can see from his sentence:

So Zou Zi is more important than Qi. Yi Liang and Wang Jiaoying, guests and hosts of the ceremony. Zhao Shi, Ping Yuanjun left the table sideways. If Yan, who is a late pioneer, please make a list of disciples' achievements, build the Jieshi Palace, and visit the teacher in person. -Biographies of Mencius and Xun Qing

This is just a description of the popularity of Pien Tze Huang. You can see that the popularity of every place he writes is different. This example, or you can literally say; Look again:

Old father Lv Hou said, "Madam, you are a nobleman in the world." When your two sons saw Xiao Hui, they said, "Madam, this man is so expensive." Yuan Lu is also very expensive. My father left, my great-grandfather came from the house next to him, and there was a guest in the Empress Lu. My mother and son are both very expensive. Gaozu asked, saying, "Not far." Just chase, ask my father. The old father said: "The wives and children of the villagers are all like gentlemen, and gentlemen love each other." -Biography of Great Grandfather

This is not an effort in writing, it is a line drawing, and this same face, four people, different sentences, measured. Look again:

At that time, Tianzi wanted to be a rooftop, and no one was there. Wen Shu asked the lieutenant to take off his soldiers, which required thousands of people to do. Yue, worship as a temple. Migration is a correct internal history, and governance is like this. Evil is less forbidden. If you lose your official position by sitting in the law, you will be reinstated as the right assistant and do the work of the lieutenant as usual. -Biography of cruel officials

This is the same meaning, but he has to change his pen and ink to write. It is really impossible to say that he has no intention of making a work of art.

It seems that Sima Qian noticed the so-called literary spirit of ancient writers in China. Let's try to compare:

Gao Zu said, "The public knows one, but not the other. I am not as good as an ovary, because I am a winner thousands of miles away. I'm not as good as Xiao He, because I can help the country and the people, and I get paid. Even if it is a million-strong army, we must win the battle and attack it. I am not as good as Han Xin. These three are outstanding people, and I can use them, so I take the world. " -Biography of Great Grandfather

How many people have been trapped since Emperor Gaozu, and Liu Hou is often an able person? Can this be said to be not heaven? The master said, "Although I am not as good as my ovaries, I am a thousand miles away." I think his plan is huge and grand. When I see his photo, he looks like a woman and a good girl. Gai Confucius said, "Judge a person by his appearance, and lose his feather." Stay with Hou. -"Stay at Houjia"

One is "better than a thousand miles away" and the other is "better than a thousand miles away", because the former is three times parallel, and the language situation is slow; The latter is urgent because Zanli has a small space and many twists and turns. Compare again:

King Huai advised Wang Xing, "Why not abandon the joy of Qin?" So he went to see Zhao Haoqi of Qin. -"Chu Family"

Zi Lan, the youngest son of Wang Huai, advised Wang Xing: "Why do you want to reject Qin Huan?" Die pregnant with the king. -Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng

The same event, the former is written in fact, but the latter has some lyrical meaning. This is because the latter added a "young child" to Zilan, which made the opinion even more insignificant. But after listening to it, I became more and more aware of ignorance, and simplified "why not be happy with Qin" to "why not be happy with Qin", which means more pure, and

Sima Qian's next sentence is to be like a battle-hardened soldier, and never shoot in vain. The biography of Sima Yi begins by saying that "Sima Yi is a descendant of Tianwan". At first, we thought this sentence was normal, but it was not. It turns out that this article is a fragment of the history of Tian Ji's struggle to establish political power in Qi. This is the reason why Si Marui had to stay away from Qi Liwei at the beginning, and also because Qi Weiwang Tianhe later admired Sima Yi's art of war.

Sima Qian is a painstakingly-managed artist, who has no ordinary pen to pay attention to all the spirits.

The beauty of the seventh pitch

Sima Qian's timbre is beautiful. Now, list the easiest ones to find:

One is round and muddy. As the biography of the cruel officials said: "Han Xing, who breaks the shackles, is a beggar, carving the shackles for simplicity, and the net leaks the fish from the boat, while the official is in charge of the shackles, not a traitor, CoCo Lee Ai' an. From the point of view, it is not here. " It is full of ancient meanings and subtleties, just like the three generations of Ding Yi ware or the calligraphy of Jin people.

The second is rhyme. For example, in a passage in the biography of Xinling Jun, "Wang Wei angered his son and stole his military code, and the son also knew about it, while Qin Cunzhao made his army belong to Wei, and the son stayed in Zhao alone", and the "son also knew about it" was just like, how charming. The Biography of Zheng Ji said that in every dynasty, between waiting and being waited, the elders in the world were not ignorant, their leaders and officials were honest, and they often thought they were virtuous to themselves. Among them, "sincerely taste their words" is also impressive. In the biography of Qu Jia, "Wang was angry and left out in the cold, Qu was jealous of Wang's refusal to listen, flattering and concealing the truth, and evil songs were harmful to the public and could not be tolerated, so he wrote Li Sao with sadness and Zen." This is simply a poem. The so-called charm is both calm and aftertaste. It is a miracle that there is so much poetry in the narrative.

The third is to sing a sigh. Wen Di works in Liu Xi in "Jiang Hou Zhou Bo Family". "When he left the military gate, all the officials were surprised. Wendi said,' Wow, this is really a general! Those who beat up the army horse and the army of stabbing men can capture them if they beat them with their ears; As for Yafu, you can get it and do evil? "I was surprised by Zhou Yafu for a long time." In "Closed Sutra", Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty said, "Wow! I am as sincere as the Yellow Emperor and treat my wife like a shoe. " In the Biography of General Li, "Those who dare to be human will be favored by the prince, and benefit from it, and Li Ling will decline later." In the biography of Shang Jun, "I said that the emperor Wang Zhidao had more than three generations, but you said that I couldn't stay long, and the sages became famous all over the world. Can Anneng City stay for hundreds of years and become an emperor? " Therefore, I speak of you with the skill of strengthening the country, and your words are loud and clear. However, it is difficult to compare with Germany in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties! "All these places have the beauty of singing and sighing.

The fourth is wandering. This can be seen in the Biography of Southwest China, the Biography of Dawan and the Book of Enchanting Zen, among which such sentences are the most, so I won't list them one by one.

The fifth weight. The most representative passage in Biography of Assassin is that Jing Ke and Gao Jianli are crying in the city.

Sixth, the feet are slippery. No matter how hard and happy Sima Qian writes, he must also write very happily, and the divine taste is very incisive. Let's look at these examples:

Lu Wan, rich people, high-impedance Tongli. Lu Wan fell in love with Emperor Mao and gave birth to a boy. Gaozu and Lu Wan were born on the same day, and the two families celebrated with goat wine. But Gao Zu and Lu Wanzhuang both studied books and fell in love. Li Zhongjia and Jia love each other, born on the same day, they become strong and love each other, and the two sheep like wine. -Biography of Han Wangxin and Lu Wan

There is nothing in the country, unless there is a flood and drought disaster, then people give enough to their families and eat everything, while the surplus goods and wealth in the state treasury, the money in the capital are too much to teach, and the millet in Taicang is too much to eat. -"leveling book"

So I cried after the sinus, crying and crying. I waited around to cry and help the queen to grieve. -"Spouse's House"

Although the husband's family is rich, it has lost power and influence, and the guests in the Qing Dynasty have benefited and declined. And Wei Qihou lost power and influence, but also wanted to rely on Guanfu to hold the rope to approve those who were abandoned after his lifelong admiration. Guanfu is also a famous imperial clan of Liehou who relies on Wei Qi. They are both very important to each other. They swim like father and son. We are very happy with each other and hate to know each other. -"Biography of Wei Wu Qi An"

With these, many scholars returned to Meng Changjun. The guests in Meng Changjun have no choice but to meet them. Everyone thinks that Meng Changjun is close to him. -Biography of Meng Changjun

When Ping Yuanjun heard this, he went to Ping Yuanjun to defect to his son, and all the scholars in the world defected to his son, who dumped his guests in Ping Yuanjun. -"The Legend of Xinling Jun"

These are full of pen and ink. The so-called full of spirit, the so-called full of pen and ink, all refer to this writing.

The success of a work of art must be partly good, and the combination is good. Just like a big building, it is necessary, if not sufficient, for the whole building to be strong and beautiful. Sima Qian just poured spiritual energy into this brick and tile!

(Originally published in China Monthly, No.56, 1947)