The origin of dialect island

Migration in history is the direct cause of the formation of dialect island. All immigrants related to the army or war are military immigrants. For example, in the 13th year of Ming Dynasty (1448) in February, Deng Fa, Shaxian County, central Fujian Province, had an uprising of soldiers, and the rebels captured more than 20 prefectures and counties in a few months. In the first month of the following year, the Ming Dynasty appointed Hou Ningyang as the general of conquering the south, and led 50,000 troops from Beijing camp, Jiangxi and Zhejiang to Fujian to suppress the rebels. In order to prevent the "resurgence" of the rebel army, the Ming Dynasty left Chen Mao's army in Yanping (now Nanping City), and the officers and men of the capital settled down and became military immigrants from north to south. More than 500 years later, a considerable number of its descendants still speak "Tuguan dialect", which is the northern dialect island of Nanping City.

Rulers of past dynasties have to deploy heavy troops to guard the pass, city or river with important strategic position in the military. In the eleventh year of the Republic of China (1922), Qin Jiangzhi wrote: "In the sixth year of Yongzheng, Fuzhou general Cai invited the establishment of Fuzhou Sanjiangkou Navy Banner Camp ... and sent officials and their families to join the Han army in Laosiqizhai." According to another record, this naval flag battalion consists of 13 officials, 30 leaders and 470 soldiers. Plus family members, northerners who came to Qinjiang in those years had more than 140 surnames, and the total population should be more than 1000. Today, its descendants still use the northern dialect, forming the northern dialect island in Qinjiang Village, Changle.

Every time there is a war, ordinary people are homeless and have no land to farm, so they have to leave their homes and move, which also forms military immigrants. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Fuzhou fell, and a large number of Fuzhou people went up the Minjiang River and moved to Nanping, Shunchang and other places, and many people settled down. Yangkou Town, Shunchang County is still called "Little Fuzhou", which is an island of Fuzhou dialect. At the same time, during the Anti-Japanese War, the Guangdong provincial government moved to Shaoguan, and a large number of "Guangfu people" also poured into Shaoguan city, making the vernacular in Shaoguan city basically replace the "old Shaoguan dialect" and become the main communication language. However, the surrounding countryside still mainly speaks "old Shaoguan dialect" or Hakka dialect, and the city became an island of vernacular dialects. Political persecution is an important reason for political migration. In the first year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1662), Zheng successfully recovered Taiwan Province Province, which he thought was the base of anti-Qing, but he died that year. In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), the Qing army unified Taiwan Province Province, and Zheng Chenggong's relatives began to be persecuted by the Qing court. One of them sneaked back to the mainland and lived in seclusion along the coast of Zhangpu County in southern Fujian. Xuan was discovered and fled to Xitai Village, Minhou County. So far, Zheng residents in this area are still speaking their self-proclaimed dialect "Xian 'an dialect". Another example is the dialect of Sichuan Mandarin, which was brought by large-scale immigrants from Huguang in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, partly because of the political persecution of the Ming government. [1] The Mandarin dialects that entered Sichuan with Huguang people in those years were also scattered among the indigenous dialects in the form of dialect islands. Only with the continuous influx of northerners into Sichuan, Mandarin has become the dominant dialect in Sichuan.

Political migration also includes population migration caused by official demotion and criminal exile. Maihua, Sanya City, at the southernmost tip of Hainan Island, is a dialect island with about 12000 people, surrounded by Wen Qiong dialect and Qiongya dialect in the Min dialect system. In the Ming Dynasty, "Zheng Deqiong's Taiwan Records" recorded that "Mairen and Hakka (it is said that the locals in Hainan Min dialect call them) are all in Yazhou, and they have been descendants of officials since the Tang and Song Dynasties." These relegated officials "are unlikely to come from the same place or the same era, and their professional experiences before moving to Guya State are unlikely to be the same." Therefore, today's wheat language has obvious mixed nature; [2] There is a dialect in Zhaodong, Zhaoyuan and Tailai counties of Heilongjiang Province-Zhanhua dialect, which is slightly different from the local northeastern mandarin. The users of Zhan dialect are descendants of Zhan Ding and his family in Qing Dynasty. Standing Ding's ancestral home is mostly in Yunnan, and most of them are subordinates, dependents and their families of Wu Sangui, one of the "San Francisco" in Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Wu Sangui was named King of the Day, guarding Yunnan, 53rd Flag Troop and green camp 10 Battalion. In the 13th year of Kangxi (1674), Wu Sangui rebelled, and in the 20th year of Kangxi (168 1), it was pacified by the Qing court, and its troops were sent to Heilongjiang without death. According to Zhang Boying's Records of Heilongjiang, "all the stations and Ding are produced in Yunnan, and Wu Sangui is a traitor in Shanhaiguan." [3] It can be seen that Zhanhua Dialect Island in Heilongjiang Province originated from political immigrants from Yunnan during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty. When one side's economic life cannot be guaranteed, the residents of the other side will move away. This is an economic migration, and it is also possible to form a dialect island in a foreign land. Wanyao, located in the south bank of Ningde Bay in eastern Fujian, is a Minnan-speaking island with a history of more than 200 years. "From the history of Quanzhou ceramic industry, we can infer the reason why Wanyao people moved from southern Fujian to Ningde ... During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the ceramic industry in Jinjiang, Nan 'an and Yongchun in southern Fujian gradually declined. The ancestors of Wanyao people moved to Ningde from Quanzhou, Nan 'an and Yongchun in the early Qing Dynasty. It is precisely because the porcelain materials in Jinjiang and Nan 'an gradually dried up that the porcelain industry began to decline and move out. " 〔4〕

There are dozens of Hakka dialect islands in Sichuan Mandarin area, with a total population of 654.38+0 million. Most of their ancestors migrated from Chaozhou, Huizhou, Jiaying, Shaozhou and Nanxiong in the early Qing Dynasty. Eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong are vast and sparsely populated, and the soil is barren. Coupled with the Yongzheng period, years of drought and flood, people were forced to make a living in different places. It coincided with the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Sichuan, which was traumatized by war, "the people exhausted and abandoned the land" [5]. The Qing government encouraged mainlanders to enter Sichuan for reclamation with preferential policies. As a result, Hakkas from eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong migrated to Sichuan on a large scale. (See "The Complete Works of Ganzhuang Luogong", Volume 7)