Is there any convincing reason why Kangxi proposed to cede Lake Baikal to Russia?

Speaking of Lake Baikal, in fact, the significance of this lake is also very significant. It is not only beautiful, but also full of legends. So what kind of story will this place tell from the Kangxi period? In fact, during the Kangxi period, Lake Baikal was ceded to Russia. Then why? Let's take a look at this problem and analyze it together.

China often said that the four seas are brothers, and the prosperous times of the dynasty are generally called the four seas. Emperors in China have made great contributions and achievements, and are called Wei Jiahai. In China's traditional worldview, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, the West Sea and the North Sea are called the natural borders of the central country. We often see the East China Sea and the South China Sea in newspapers and media, but the West Sea and the North Sea are relatively rare. Only in some history books can we catch a glimpse of them hiding in the corner of history books, waiting for people to find them.

At first, the West Sea referred to Qinghai Lake. Later, the forces of the central dynasty crossed the Pamirs, and the position of the West Sea was assigned to Lake Balkhash, which was captured by Russia in the late Qing Dynasty. The North Sea refers to Lake Baikal, where Su Wu keeps sheep. Huo Qubing chased Mobei in the north, and at the decisive battle, he led his troops to "return to the vast land in the north". However, at this time, Lake Baikal has not been designated as an administrative unit directly under the central government. It was the governor of Anbei in the Tang Dynasty who really governed driving. After the Anshi Rebellion, the headquarters of Anbei was abolished and Lake Baikal became a nomadic station. It was not until the Yuan Dynasty that Lake Baikal was merged into the central dynasty again. After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty did not reach Lake Baikal under the rule of the Northern Yuan Dynasty.

The Northern Yuan regime was quickly destroyed by the Ming Dynasty, and Mongolia was divided into many tribes. Vala and Tatar were powerful and harassed the northern border of the Ming Dynasty, forcing the Ming Dynasty to set up Jiubian Town in the Great Wall and station troops in Mongolia. At this time, Lake Baikal, because of its remote location, became a temporary pasture for Mongolian tribal herders.

Near Lake Baikal, the descendants of the Golden Goose Khan founded the Mongolian tribe in Halka. There are Mongolian Chahar Department and Horqin Department in the east and south of Khalkha Mongolia. In the west of Mobei Mongolia and Monan Mongolia, there is also a gradually powerful Weilat Mongolia.

Manchu was founded in 1636. However, before that, during the pioneering period of half a century, the Manchu government implemented a continuous policy of attacking Ming and Mongolia, which eventually forced Monan Mongolia to form an alliance with Mongolia. 1635, Khan, the Mongolian leader of Moxi, sent envoys to express his obedience to Jin. Although it was nominal, when galdan promoted the position of Taji, the leader of Junggar tribe, to the position of Hanwang in 1676, and established a centralized regime, the Qing Dynasty had every reason to be responsible for it. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty's war against Junggar Khanate was characterized as "counterinsurgency" in the history books.

Let's talk about Lake Baikal. Why are such complicated Mongolian tribes? Because the Nibuchu area where Lake Baikal is located was ceded to Russia, it has a lot to do with these Mongolian tribes.

Although the sky is high and the emperor is far away, in the era of Huang Taiji, it is not to be outdone to see the ancient capitals of Monan Mongolia and Moximeng succumb to the late Jin Dynasty. The three departments of Kerkha sent envoys to North Korea, and each paid a white camel and eight white horses every year, which was called "Nine White Tributes". However, Gurkha did not submit to the Qing Dynasty. The enemy in front of the Qing Dynasty was the Ming Dynasty in the south. Before I could organize the management of Khalkha Mongolia, I encountered a shocking change at 1644.

Almost at the same time, the Russian army began its eastward expedition at 1598. In less than half a century, Russian invaders have penetrated into North Asia along the grassland belt. 1638, tsarist Russia built a fortress in Yakutsk, which became a base for continuing its eastward aggression. Then Russia invaded Buryatia.

At that time, the Qing dynasty was faced with a severe internal and external situation, and the rebellion of San Francisco in the south involved a lot of energy in the Qing dynasty. When Wu Sangui's power was in full swing, the nobles of the Qing Dynasty all thought about returning to the customs. At this time, although some people in northern Xinjiang reported that foreigners invaded the Qing court, the Qing dynasty could only engage in foreign wars first, but if the Russians could understand the truth, they would not be called Russians. In the second year after the San Francisco Rebellion, 1682, Kangxi began to organize troops to recover the Northeast. 1685- 1686, the Qing army defeated the Russian colonial army twice in jaxa, forcing Peter I's sister to send a peace envoy. The Qing Dynasty allowed Russian troops to retreat to Nebuchadnezzar.

Why did the Qing dynasty do this when it was in hot pursuit? This is because before the Qing dynasty, a greater threat from the west has arrived.

1676, the Junggar department of Moxi Mongolia rose up and established the country. 1678 occupied southern Xinjiang and became a powerful regime in the western regions of the Qing Dynasty. Gordan is a generation of men. He wants to restore the glory of Genghis Khan, enter the Central Plains and compete with the Qing Dynasty. To achieve this goal, we must first unify the Mongolian ministries. So, in 1688, galdan led his troops over the Hangai Mountain and launched a large-scale attack to spit out Xie Khan, forcing the various parts of Mongolian Khalkha to move southward.

Under the coordination of the living Buddha Zhebu Zundanba, the three departments of Khalkha Mongols who moved south were unwilling to surrender to the villain galdan who was intrigued behind them, so they sent people to Kangxi to send them down.

At this point, Lake Baikal has fallen into the hands of Gauldin. On the north bank and east bank of Lake Baikal, it is the area controlled by Russian colonial army. Local nomads often do business with these colonists and exchange needed goods, which enables Russian colonists to persist in Lake Baikal.

Therefore, after Kangxi won the battle of Chahar and received messengers from three tribes in northern Kharka Mongolia, he found a problem:

1. Gordon is an ambitious man. He wants to unify Mongolia and then invade the Central Plains.

2. Galdin's sphere of influence borders the area controlled by Russian troops, and the two enemies may merge.

1688, Kangxi sent ministers who made peace with Russia to Mobei Mongolia, which is hostile to galdan, and returned to Beijing to discuss the place and time.

The war with Gauldin was inevitable, so Kangxi wanted to appease Russia as soon as possible, so that Russia would not support Gauldin behind his back. At that time, the Qing dynasty had no control over the land in Mobei, and now it is a fait accompli in Nebuchadnezzar. The Qing dynasty adopted the practice of recognizing the status quo, in exchange for stopping its aggression against East Asia and remaining neutral when the Qing dynasty put down the Junggar rebellion in the future.

At this time, Russia only retained a piece of land on the north bank and east bank of Lake Baikal, about 200,000 square kilometers. The Qing Dynasty was also generous to Gordan and made a gesture of accommodating others. However, the southeast and south of Lake Baikal remained the territory of the Qing Dynasty.

Lake Baikal is really completely occupied by Russia. It was the Chaktu Treaty signed by 1727 during the Yongzheng period. Due to the fierce quarrel between the Russian colonial army and immigrants in the border areas, the Qing Dynasty repeatedly warned that it had no effect, so it cut off economic and trade exchanges with Russia, causing heavy losses to Russia and had to sit at the negotiating table. At that time, Russia had disputes with Sweden, Poland and Turkey in Europe, and its national strength was greatly damaged. Originally, in the heyday of Kang Yong, the national strength of the Qing Dynasty was in a strong position. However, due to the ignorance and shortsightedness of the negotiators, the Russians occupied 65,438+10,000 square kilometers of land originally belonging to China in the southeast and south of Lake Baikal through this paper agreement.

Russia's "border people" are indescribably happy with this treaty, because they see that this treaty has not reduced their land area, but has expanded it. Some places have expanded the area of a few days' trip, and some places have expanded the area of a few weeks' trip, which has brought many benefits to Russia. "In particular, this is the fruit of winning without a fight. Since then, the North Sea in China has been separated from the inherent territory of China and has become the "Lake Baikal" for the Russian population.

Therefore, the responsibility for the loss of Lake Baikal was attributed to Kangxi, and it was not until the Yongzheng period that Lake Baikal completely disappeared from Chinese territory.