It's time for Japan Dahua to get a new one.

Social and political reform movement in Japan. It happened in 645, so it was the first year of Dahua, hence the name. In 593, after Shoto Kutaishi's regency, he carried out the reform of pushing the ancient emperor, initially established the idea of centralization and imperial power center, and weakened the conservative forces of aristocratic slave owners. But the reform did not touch the people's system, nor did it destroy the aristocratic forces. After Shoto Kutaishi's death, my consort took over the autocratic power of my family, while my father and son rejected the reformist forces, killed the son of Shoto Kutaishi, the big brother in northern Shaanxi, and set up another emperor. In 640, Gao Monk and Nan Yuan, who had studied in China for more than 30 years, were sent back to China (Min Monk returned to China in 632). They brought back the feudal ruling system and ideology and culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties and passed them on to the royal family, which provided an ideological basis for Japanese feudalism.

In June 645, the eldest brother Prince and others killed Su Yi when the North Korean emperor met the envoys of Koguryo, Baekje and Silla, and his father Xia Yi committed suicide the next day. This incident was called change B. After the coup, the emperor abdicated, and the reformists were established. Brother Zhong was the crown prince and minister, and Gao Senmin and Gao Xiang were doctors (consultants), so it was difficult to move the capital to Osaka. According to the laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty and taking into account the old habits of Japan, the new government stipulated a centralized feudal state system. In 646 1 month, the main contents of the reform were announced in the form of imperial edict: abolishing private land and people, implementing the civil rights system of the commons, nationalizing the royal family, local nobles, people in barns and granges, but retaining the handicrafts of the imperial court, and the state gave grain titles to senior officials (according to their grades) above doctoral degree. Determine the administrative divisions and institutions of the central and local governments. The central government is divided into the capital and the capital (around Kyoto), and the local governments are divided into countries, counties and provinces. Prepare military and transportation systems. Officials are appointed and removed by the state, and the hereditary system is abolished. Prepare household registration and accounting (the registration of taxes is stipulated), adopt the method of expropriation and land grant, and determine the amount of land allocated to the people by the class and the amount of land rent and taxes that should be paid. The old tribute system, the new rent tax law, and the system of offering maids (servants) and receiving women (maids) to the royal family.

Laws and regulations grant nobles and officials below the royal family ranks and corresponding privileges. At the same time, establish an identity system that strictly divides good from bad. In 667, he moved the capital near Jiangdajin (now Shiga County). The following year, Brother Zhong ascended the throne as Emperor Tianzhi, and compiled the first written law of Japan, The Order of Near River. Since 653, the new government sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty six times in 16 (one of them was killed on the way) to learn the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the feudal mode of production, which promoted social progress. After the death of Emperor Tianzhi, Renshen Rebellion took place (672). Tianzhi's younger brother, Prince Hai Ren, killed Prince Tomoko and became Emperor Wu of Heaven. In the same year, he moved the capital to Eagle Bird Palace (in today's Nara Prefecture). Emperor Wudi developed feudal centralization of authority, swept away the old forces and posthumous title officials, formulated the Eight-color surname (the hereditary honorific title of the leader of the eighth clan), and fixed the aristocratic status. In 689, in order to prevent the restoration of the old aristocracy, the Pure Imperial Order for Birds was compiled.

More than 20 years later, in the first year of Yu Dabao (70 1), Bubi Fujiwara compiled the most complete code "Dabao Law" in Japanese feudal countries, and finally completed the ideal of transforming into a new imperial country with the prosperous Tang Dynasty as the model. It strengthened centralization and promoted national unity, which was the starting point for Japan to enter feudal society.

On June 645 12 (the fourth year of the Japanese Emperor), the Taiji Hall in Feneban Palace in Japan was built. On this day, the Japanese imperial court is receiving the envoys of the "Three Koreas" and holding a "tribute" ceremony. With a "crunch", the palace doors were all closed, and the eldest brother Prince suddenly drew his sword to assassinate the great nobles, and many nobles present were frightened to disgrace. It turned out that this was a coup launched by Prince Zhong Da and Nakatomino Kamatari for reform.

Japan is a country composed of several big islands and several small islands. In ancient times, one of the characteristics of this island country was that internal contradictions had to be solved by itself, and it was difficult for external forces to interfere. At that time, the ocean was still the biggest obstacle for people to communicate with the outside world, so its own reform was extremely necessary. After the 3rd century A.D., a huge political power, Yamato State, appeared in Honshu, Japan. Yamato was originally confined to the Yamato area in the central part of Honshu Island. In the continuous expansion, Yamato gradually occupied the surrounding areas, and its territory became larger and larger. In the 5th century, this country has unified most parts of Japan, and today's Japan has developed on this basis. The supreme ruler of Yamato is the Emperor.

In the process of expansion, Yamato continuously occupied the surrounding land and people on it and distributed it to the royal family and big noble. Yamato divided the land into two parts: warehouses and granges. The former belongs to the royal family and the latter belongs to the nobility. At the same time, the working people are also divided into two parts, a small part is slaves, mainly used for housework, and the other part is people, mainly used for productive labor. The Ministry of Civil Affairs is a special phenomenon in the process of Japan's national formation. In the process of Yamato's foreign conquest, some obedient tribes and conquered tribes were collectively settled down, retaining the original tribal organizations and continuing to live in the original land, many of which still retained the original blood relationship; In addition, there are some departments that specialize in professional production, and their workers are also called Ministry people. According to the classification, those engaged in agricultural production are called Tanabe and Mibu, and those engaged in handicrafts or other industries are collectively called Ministry of Industry. In the quality department, it is divided into sewing department and Kanuchibe according to different industries. People engaged in special labor in big noble Farm are all named after their owners. People have their own families and means of production, and can have a small amount of family property. The owner is not allowed to kill or buy or sell people at will, but he can give them as gifts like slaves. So there is no difference between priests and slaves. At that time, people and slaves accounted for more than half of Japan's population. There are a large number of civilians between the nobility and the people, and their status changes because of the change of property, and they are in danger of becoming people at any time. After Yamato basically unified the whole country, it lost its geographical environment of continuing to expand outward and began internal competition. Some of the larger nobles tried their best to control the central government alone and gain greater benefits from it. Before the 6th century, powerful government departments controlled state affairs. Later, the emerging Su family became strong, defeated the ministers, gained control of the central government, and supported the emperor who was in his favor. The Su family is arrogant, and the small and medium-sized nobles below are also crazy about annexing land and brutally exploiting the people. Many civilians have also been deprived of land, land and wealth are constantly concentrated, and social contradictions are unprecedented. In this case, slaves, ministers and civilians rose up and evaded taxes. In the 6th century, the whole society was in a state of chaos. The ruling class has to consider how to find a better ruling method to replace the outdated ministerial system. Therefore, the reform of learning from China appeared in Japan. Reform starts from the top. Suwo rice (? -570) is a representative figure of reform. He was the minister of two emperors and was in charge of finance in the imperial court. He himself has a lot of contacts with Japanese who come to China, and has a good relationship with mainland immigrants. At that time, China, which was separated from Japan by a sea, had a high degree of social development, and it became fashionable for some upper-class aristocratic youths to learn from China. As early as the 5th century A.D., Japan had close contacts with Liu Song in China's Southern Dynasties and Baekje in North Korea, and advanced culture, science and technology from the Asian continent continued to enter Japan. In 555, Suwomi set up warehouses in five counties in northern Hebei, but many people escaped. Later, he tried the method of compiling accounts, and the effect was very good. The people rarely ran away. This practice was rewarded by the emperor. Using the method of establishing hukou, the people who were enslaved by the Ministry in the past were changed from households to small producers. These small producers pay tribute directly to the country every year, and actually become free national farmers. However, the idea of reform was opposed by the die-hards in the imperial court. Wu Bu Yuwei is big noble, who is in charge of the military. He tries his best to maintain the old ruling style. The incident that triggered the direct conflict between the two sides was the issue of Buddhist belief. In 522, King Baekje presented Japanese Buddha statues and Buddhist scriptures. In the imperial court, Emperor Qin Ming asked the ministers if they could worship Buddha. Inazo advocated worshipping Buddhism and unifying national thoughts with Buddhism, but Yu Wei firmly opposed it. He believes that Buddhism will bring disaster to Japan, so it is better to worship the god of the original clan. Half a century later, two opposing forces met again. In 587, with the death of Ming Chengzu, Suwomazi, the son of Inami, and Wu Yu, the son of Yu Wei, fought a decisive battle because of the succession to the throne. Takeshi was defeated in the battle of clothes folding. Sue, my daughter controls the court. First, Emperor Liposei was established, and later in 592, his niece was established as Emperor Tugu. In 593, Emperor Tuigu appointed the stable, the son of tomorrow's emperor, as the prince. He was the regent of the dynasty, namely Shoto Kutaishi. Shoto Kutaishi knows China culture very well and appreciates China's unified national system. He strongly advocated strengthening imperial power and actively prepared for reform. In 603-604, he carried out the "ancient reform" and successively formulated the "Twelve Orders of the Crown" and Article 17 of the Constitution. The 12th rank is awarded to individuals according to their abilities and merits, which is a non-hereditary official position, crowding out those hereditary nobles, increasing the power of the emperor and making the government bureaucracy of the country take shape. Article 17 of the Constitution stipulates the code of conduct for Japanese subjects based on China's Confucianism, three basic principles and five permanent principles. It is clearly stipulated that "the country has no two monarchs, the people have no two masters, the rate is good for the people, and the king is the mainstay". The constitution also advocates that peace is the most important and class antagonism should be reduced. In 594, the emperor issued an imperial edict to promote Buddhism. In order to improve Japan's international status, Shoto Kutaishi, while strengthening ties with China, no longer regarded him as a minister, but adopted a title of reciprocity. He also sent a large number of overseas students to China. However, Shoto Kutaishi's reform is only a preparation, and it has not been vigorously promoted. The die-hards are still quite powerful. In 622, after his death, the Su family was afraid that further reform would damage Su's monopoly on state affairs, so they killed their son, Prince of Northern Shaanxi, and the reform that had just begun died.

But the idea of reform has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Sue's monopoly was opposed by the ruling and opposition parties. 12, in June, 645, the prince, together with others, suddenly attacked and assassinated Su I, a representative of the Su family, and immediately organized troops to defend it closely in Nara. 13, desperate father was forced to commit suicide. /kloc-in 0/4, the reformists formed a group with Prince He, the eldest brother of the reformists, as the core, deposed the emperor supported by the Soviet Union, and made his brother's uncle succeed to the throne as a light prince, saying that he followed China's example, established the title of "Dahua" and moved the capital to Osaka (today). On the first day of the first month in 646, the new regime promulgated the "Imperial Decree of Conversion", which was fully implemented throughout the country. In order to make the reform go smoothly, the new regime carried out population registration and land property inspection nationwide. The Dabao Law was promulgated in 70 1 year, which fixed the reform in the form of law. Large-scale innovation is a gradual process, which has gone through about half a century, and the reform plan has been continuously improved and revised in the implementation. After the reform of Dahua, Japan abolished the Ministry of Civil Affairs economically and established the feudal state-owned land system. Politically, the hereditary privilege of aristocrats was abolished and a centralized country centered on imperial power was established. Militarily, the conscription system is implemented, with a five-guard mansion in the capital and a corps in the local area. All the troops are under the unified command of the central government.

Large-scale innovation partially liberated the productive forces, improved Japan's ruling system and laid the national development direction of Japan. From then on, Japan began to enter the feudal society.