The remains of Chu-Yue language spoken by Zixing people

The most obvious evidence is that the attribute is placed after the noun (such as "waist, heat, pickles, dried bamboo shoots, burnt rice, raw fish, lettuce, pavilions, wine and sweat, anvil, arms and feet, title, wall circumference", etc.). ); Adverbs are placed after verbs (such as "Go") and adverbs after adjectives (such as "Red Bitter").

Animal names of different sexes are often added later, such as: pig ancient, pig plate.

3. Tone sandhi in Baiyue language family. Such as: Jaga go Gugw.

For example:

A: Where to?

Mahai Lang 'a?

B: Tell me about Caojiadong.

O haicaojiadong.

A: Why go to Caojiadong?

O Haicaojiadong jv Dai Mo?

B: Let's go to Caojiadong to watch spring.

A Hai Cao Ge Dong Gao Cen.

A: Let's go to Caojiadong to have a rest and untie the hull (signboard).

A Hai Cao Jia Dong Dam, come to southwest Ga Bi.

B: It's really embarrassing not to go to Caojiadong.

O ng hai Caogwdong D，zen gei mao sw bi ga ..

Remember to buy yourself a drink tomorrow.

Oh mia yei ji dia cen qio ji

B: Next year.

Oh, Li Meng Zha Li Zhifan, born in Zixing, is the author of Zixing Dialect, Hainan Publishing House, 1996. Zixing dialect is one of the two dialects in southern Hunan. So, which of the seven dialects in China does it belong to? The answer is "seven unlike"!

Because it is similar to Gan dialect to a great extent and has some characteristics of Hakka Gan dialect, Zixing theory is a dialect produced by the fusion of southern Chu culture and western ou culture. With the passage of time, the environment has changed, interacting, mixing, infiltrating, integrating and learning from many dialects. Now it seems specious. Zixing people can't communicate with Jiangxi people, Hakka people and Xiangxiang people in their respective dialects, which is exactly the same as Hakka people from the north can't speak northern dialect. Although it is popular in southern Hunan and influenced by Hunan dialect, it is not Hunan dialect. It is a Hakka dialect area adjacent to the southeast, with some characteristics of Hakka dialect, but it is not Hakka dialect; Because it is adjacent to Guangdong, it also has some characteristics of Cantonese, but after all, it is not Cantonese. It is said that it belongs to Wu dialect and Min dialect, but it is isolated from them. It is said to belong to the northern dialect, but it is located in South China, far from the northern dialect. It is said to belong to southwest mandarin, but people who say this can't understand Zixing dialect; It is said to be a minority language, but its language, vocabulary and grammar all have China characteristics, and people who usually speak Zixing dialect are Han people, while thousands of ethnic minorities in China-Yao people still speak Yao language. Therefore, it belongs to mixed dialects, just like dialects in other counties in southern Hunan, but it is different from any other dialects. It is only popular among Zixing's population of about 300,000 (in 2006) and does not necessarily belong to any of the seven dialects in China. It is only called Zixing dialect in southern Hunan mixed dialect.

Zixing dialect refers to the whole city dialect represented by Xingning dialect. Xingning Town (formerly Chengguan Town) has been the county government for 780 years (1229 ~ 2009). It was originally the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of Zixing County, so its language was easily accepted by people all over Zixing in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, and Xingning dialect naturally became the standard language of Zixing dialect. Zixing dialect, with Xingning dialect as the standard and the whole city dialect as the object.

Zixing is one of the special counties and cities in the "bilingual area" of southern Hunan. Urban residents generally speak two languages, namely dialect and Mandarin. However, the Yao people and the people from Jiangxi and Guangdong who moved in later, together with their original mother tongue, can generally speak three languages, and their place of residence can be said to be a "three-dialect area". Zixing people use local dialect from primary school, which is their mother tongue and the main tool for their internal exchange of ideas; I will learn Mandarin after I enter school, and Mandarin will be used at home and abroad. Those with low education use Mandarin when learning from the outside world.

Among the city's existing population of more than 360,000, according to ethnic groups, there are more than 356,000 Han people who naturally speak Chinese; There are only more than 4,000 Yao people, who speak Yao language. Divided by urban and rural areas, the urban population is1.2000, of which more than 90000 are cadres and workers of various factories and mines. Most of them come from all over the country and speak their own dialects, gradually forming a kind of "factory and mine dialect", which is the main tool for their internal communication. There are more than 240,000 people in rural areas, including about 3,000 people who still speak pure Gan dialect and pure Hakka dialect in northern Guangdong, about 7,000 people. About 1.8 million people speak Southwest Mandarin or Chenzhou dialect. The population who can speak Zixing dialect in the city (including Zixing urban population and residents of three dialect areas) totals about 270,000.

Zixing area is not wide, but the dialect is very complicated. Dongxiang dialect is spoken in the east, Duerdiao in the south, Wenchang dialect in the west, Hokuriku dialect in the north and street sound in the middle. These five dialect areas in the city have their own characteristics. Moreover, there are often different degrees of language differences inside, one mountain and two banks, one river and two banks. For example, Dawan Village in Shuipo Town is only separated from Beixiang by a mountain, with a Dongxiang accent and a Beilu accent. Oujia and Tang Xue in Dawan Village, Yangjia and Yangjiatun in Pingmu Village are separated by a river, and their pronunciation is different. The complicated reasons, such as the barrier between mountains and rivers and inconvenient transportation, certainly have certain factors; More importantly, the changes of the times, social unrest and immigrants from different regions directly affect the mixing and changes of local languages.

Immigrants are prosperous in Jiangxi, Guangdong and our province. However, the people with the largest number and the longest history were first promoted in Jiangxi. As early as Tang, Song and even earlier, they began to migrate. Under the "land equalization system" in the Tang Dynasty, the vast number of peasants lacked land and the burden of "renting mediocrity" was extremely heavy, which caused the people to live in poverty and were forced to flee in large numbers, resulting in "the world was destroyed, and the refugees were wandering and writing pastoral, not for four or five years" (Old Tang Book). The implementation of the "two tax laws", the official tax collection "is very urgent, we must fight it." On the other hand, farmers "tear down houses, cut down trees, and hire wives and children" (Jane Eyre). Corruption in the Tang Dynasty led to "An Shi Rebellion", and finally Wang Xianzhi Uprising and Huang Chao Uprising broke out. The infamous "Battle of Fossil Hill" in the Northern Song Dynasty led to the Fang La Uprising, and so on. So the people in the southeast of our country are in turmoil and constantly migrate to the west. There is a historical fact that "Huguang fills Sichuan" in history, but it is not surprising that "Jiangxi fills Hunan" or "Southwest Jiangxi fills the capital and prospers". From Tang Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, Jiangxi immigrated to Hunan continuously. "However, there are people in South Road who are connected with Yuanji and Tulian. They often move and live there, and they are deeply cultivated and planted, which makes them rich" (Song History Geography). "Yuan" is Yuanzhou, which is Yichun today; "Ji" is Luling, which is now Ji 'an. Yuanji generally refers to the southwest of Jiangxi, and the "recipient" is the southeast of Hunan, especially the areas bordering Jiangxi, such as Youxian, Chaling, Lingxian, Guidong and Rucheng. Naturally, "migration and occupation" bear the brunt. So the residents of these counties still speak dialects similar to Gan dialect. Although Zixing is not adjacent, it is adjacent to Lingxian, Guidong and Rucheng, which can be described as "the first to bear the brunt"!

Judging from the surname survey in Zixing City, especially the genealogy of the "big surname" with a large population, the vast majority of Zixing people come from Jiangxi, especially in southwest Jiangxi. For example, Li, who has the largest population in Zixing (more than 30,000 people, accounting for one ninth), has eight founding fathers, all of whom moved from Jiangxi to Xingning to avoid chaos. Li "In the Northern Song Dynasty, the four brothers fled to the world and moved from Jiangxi to Xingning, each with its own inheritance, while Bojinbuqingjiang mussels and pearls chose the head gorge, and their grandchildren multiplied in Sandu Zhongtian, moved to Houyutai, and Boheng went to Wudu Huangtangkeng"; "Li Rao moved from Jiangyou Anfu to Xingning in the Southern Song Dynasty, and then spread widely in Zhuyuan North (now the suburb of Xingning Town) and Qidu (now Boshui)"; "Li Zhaoxing avoided chaos in Yongxin, Jiangxi Province, and by the end of the Song Dynasty, Jingnan Gong was in Buzhai Xingning, and Zhong You moved to Zhujiaping"; Some Li surnames in Dongping Township came from Ninggang County in Qing Dynasty. Wang, Chen, He, Cao, Yuan and Liu, population 1 10,000; Ouyang, Hu, Li, Tang, Zhu, Zhang and Luo, with a population of over 5,000; Jiang, Song, Xiao, Zhou, Tan, Deng, Wu and Cai, population 1000 ~ 2000. There are also Xie and He surnames in Yongxin, Xu in Nankang, Ganzhou, and Zhao and Zhong in Guangxin House (now Shangrao) in northeast Jiangxi. However, some people have different surnames, or more than one surname, so there are many surnames, such as the above-mentioned Li surname is typical. Many surnames include Zixing natives and "outsiders" from all directions, which makes Zixing dialect more complicated.

Immigrants who moved back, that is, immigrants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, still spoke their mother tongue. Such as Shuilong, Yaoshan, Dongtou, Liuxiu and Longlian in the old city, Dongping, Hudong, Jiaoqian and Leqiao in Dongping, Xunping in Longxi, Shangbao in Qingjiang, Gaoshan and Gao Long in Chukou. About 4,000 residents in six villages including Yangxing, Yuanxing, Longxing, Zhuangyuan, Ledong and Huangjia in Huangcao Town, Qinglin and Ping Zi in Tang Shi Township and Pishi Village in Pishi Town still speak Hakka in northern Guangdong. In addition, more than 3,000 people who migrated from Chenzhou, including Pishi Village, Pili Village, Bixi Village, Daotang Village, Shantang Village and Zhoutang Village in Dongping Township, still speak the southwest mandarin Chenzhou dialect. This 1. 1 ten thousand people speak three dialects, that is, they speak their own mother tongue inside, Zixing dialect outside the village and Mandarin with foreigners. As for 1.5 million residents who moved from Chen County to Zixing Gaomi Township in 1984, naturally they still speak Chen County dialect, and many of them can also speak Zixing dialect. These phenomena show that Zixing does have a considerable number of "outsiders", most of whom migrated from Jiangxi, especially southwest Jiangxi. According to legend, the older generation regarded Jiangxi people as "Jiangxi public", and now they are also called "Jiangxi old cousin", which shows that Zixing people have a long history and are closely related to Jiangxi people.

Zixing dialect is related to Gan dialect, especially in pronunciation, which has many similarities. In the later phonological comparison, there is a comprehensive, systematic and clear explanation. The initials are basically the same, and the sound change of Guizi is also very similar. In ancient times, there were voiced stops and fricative stops. Nowadays, Zixing dialect, like Gan dialect, is used to convey air and unvoiced sounds. For example, the buttons "Bang [p]" and "Bing [b]" are composed of contempt, companionship and drawing; Button "D" is guided, swung, delivered and drawn; Buttons "From [dz]" and "Into [d]" are self-made. "Jian [k]" and "Jiang, Jian, Jia and Jiao" are words that have not been palatalized in local dialect. "Xiao [x]" and "Bao [γ]" are mixed with "Not [pf]" buttons; Where the vowel or monosyllable is [u], Zixing dialect will change from [x] to [f] regardless of Mandarin or dialect; "Ri [nz]" is mostly attributed to zero initials, but there is no distinction between "you" and "lai" in Gan dialect, such as: male teacher = blue teacher, angry = old road; But that female teacher ≠ Miss Lu ≠ Huang Li. Zixing dialect, in most areas, is indistinguishable from the local dialect. Except for Tang Shi, Pishi, Shi Peng and Huangcao, all the other towns and villages are n= 1, and Yu Yangping, the voiced initial, has a clear pronunciation and no aspirated sound. For example:

Rake, row, plate, side, robe, culture, basin, Peng,

Friends, grandmothers, skin, parallelism, ladle, poverty, equality and prosperity;

T: Taiwan Province, Tan, Tang, Tao, Teng, Ti, Tian and Tiao,

Pavilion, Pavilion, Communication, Head, Tu, Tuan, Tuo, Dolphin.

Obviously, this is influenced by Xiang dialect.

Zixing dialect has two more rhymes [u, iu] than Gan dialect, but lacks rhyme [oi] and vowel [n]. The rest are basically the same, but the attributes are different. The law of phonetic change is also similar to that of Gan dialect, especially Zixing Mandarin.

In some areas of Gan dialect, there are only four tones, and the ancient entering tone disappears, which belong to flat tone and falling tone respectively. Zixing dialect, on the other hand, has five tones, retaining the ancient tones without differentiation. Different from the ancient entering tone, the ending of the stop tone [-p, -t, -k,-ι] has disappeared and become a negative tone. According to the vowel rhyme of nasal vowels, there are three vowels [-m, -n and-η] in Guang Yun, and only [n] (two parts of "cold scar") and [-η] (three parts of "Tang, Geng and Dong") in Gan dialect, and there is no [-m] ending. Zixing dialect has neither [-m] nor [-] suffix. No matter whether we take mountains or salt, or guns or deep guns, we will collect [-η] tails. Tone values are very different, except that the tone values of the two words are bass 2 1 1, and the other tone values do not match. It is worth noting that the tone-removing and tone-entering values of Yinping and Zixing dialects in Gan dialect and Zixing south township are 2 15, and those of Yangping and Zixing south township are 2 13, and the tone-removing and tone-entering values of these three dialects are all 2 1. Other hue values are far from each other.

From the perspective of sound, rhyme and tone, the most prominent feature of Zixing dialect is Gan dialect, which originated from Gan dialect and was influenced by Xiang dialect and local indigenous mother tongue.

Language changes are not rapid. It is very easy to change from Jiangxi dialect to Zixing dialect, but it is very slow to change from Jiangxi dialect to Zixing dialect. However, after a thousand years' vicissitudes and a few hundred years' course, language will always evolve. After Jiangxi people entered Zixing, when they settled down and interacted with people, they were naturally influenced and integrated by the local indigenous languages, and Zixing indigenous people were of course infiltrated and integrated by Jiangxi people's languages. Over time, a unique Zixing dialect has been formed. Due to the gradual contact with the outside world, especially with Chenzhou, which is developed earlier in politics, economy, culture and transportation, it is close to some counties and towns in southern Hunan in pronunciation, and more is the component of Southwest Mandarin, especially its Mandarin. However, after all, many Zixing people migrated from Jiangxi, and they are adjacent to Lingxian, Guidong and Rucheng counties, which speak Gan dialect, so it is inevitable to retain some characteristics of Gan dialect, which naturally forms an extremely complicated and unique situation of Zixing dialect, and Zixing dialect has similarities and differences with many dialects in surrounding counties.

In order to break through the complicated fetters of local dialects and achieve the purpose of exchanging ideas, Zixing, like other counties in southern Hunan dialect area, has also seen the rise and popularization of Mandarin, which is used by a few people, such as officials and literati. This kind of "Mandarin" has obvious local accent and is called "Zixing Mandarin" by foreigners.

Since 1949, with the changes of society, the development of economy, the progress of culture and education, and the emergence of new things, a large number of foreign cadres and workers have come to Zixing, and a large number of Zixing people have gone abroad to study and work, as well as the popularization of Putonghua, radio and television. Zixing dialect has undergone great changes in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. For example, the original "early rice, late rice" is now used "early rice, late rice"; "Teaching, end of class" used to be [kauxu, xoko], but now it is [tcaucio, ciako]. This is that dialects and old readings have decreased significantly, while Putonghua and new readings have increased significantly. New words such as "robot, tractor, TV, computer, audio-visual education, gas stove, pressure cooker" are timely reflections and truthful records of the emergence of new things in various fields.

Zixing dialect is one of the two dialects in southern Hunan. So, which of the seven dialects in China does it belong to? The answer is "seven unlike"! Because it originated from Gan dialect to a great extent, it has many characteristics of Gan dialect, but with the passage of time, the environment has changed, interacting, mixing, infiltrating, integrating and learning from many dialects. Now specious, Zixing people and Jiangxi people can no longer communicate by speaking their own dialects, which is exactly the same as Hakka people from the north can't speak northern dialect. Although it is popular in southern Hunan and influenced by Hunan dialect, it is not Hunan dialect. It is a Hakka dialect area adjacent to the southeast, with some characteristics of Hakka dialect, but it is not Hakka dialect; Because it is adjacent to Guangdong, it also has some characteristics of Cantonese, but after all, it is not Cantonese. It is said that it belongs to Wu dialect and Min dialect, but it is isolated from them. It is said to belong to the northern dialect, but it is located in South China, far from the northern dialect. It is said to belong to southwest mandarin, but people who say this can't understand Zixing dialect; It is said to be a minority language, but its language, vocabulary and grammar all have China characteristics, and people who usually speak Zixing dialect are Han people, while thousands of ethnic minorities in China-Yao people still speak Yao language. Therefore, it belongs to mixed dialects, just like dialects in other counties in southern Hunan, but it is different from any other dialects. It is only popular among about 270,000 Zixing people and does not necessarily belong to any of the seven dialects in China. It is only called Zixing dialect in southern Hunan mixed dialect.

Zixing Mandarin and the local dialect are characterized by the same sound, rhyme and tone, but their ownership is different.

The number of initial letters is exactly the same as that in the reading list, but the returned parts of words are different. As far as every word is concerned, the first letter is similar. All the ancient voiced initials have been cleared up, which is similar to Gan dialect. Most of the mothers of "Bang" and "Duan" can pronounce clearly, and only a few can breathe. In Mandarin and local dialects, vowel [n] is pronounced as vowel [l], which is similar to Xiang dialect. Anemarrhena asphodeloides is all mixed with sperm mother [ts], and a little breathing gas. Most mother-in-law and mother-in-law [TS'] are mixed together, and a few are pronounced mother-in-law [ts']; Most Japanese vowels [nz] become zero consonants, a few become vowels [l], and most vowels become consonants. Seeing the mother [k], some of them still retain the mother [k], and the other part has palatalized into the mother [tc], so does the red soft voice; [f][x] Mixed, Mandarin is the same as dialects. If the rhyme or vowel is [u], the vowel [x] and the non-vowel [f] are mixed. In Mandarin, the initials "Ying", "Yu", "Yi" and "Wei" are generally zero. In Zixing dialect, the initials "Ying" and "Yu" are also zero. However, some words such as "forbearance, face, self, pride and forehead" of the suspected mother still remain [η], while some words such as "Yan, Yi, Yu, Yi and Ye" of the suspected mother become [Wei, Wu, Wang and Wang "of the micro mother still retain the Ming mother in the local dialect [m].

The vowels of Putonghua and dialects are exactly the same, and most of them are the same or similar to Putonghua. But like initials, every word is far away from Mandarin and dialect. It is quite different from the evolution law of middle ancient sounds. As far as dialects are concerned, the original fake photos are partly changed into fruit photos, such as "mom" reading [momo]; Part of crab photography becomes false, such as "growing vegetables" [tsats 'a]; The flowing part becomes a crab, such as "missing" reading [tsailai]; Three shots of changing fruit, falling flowers and crabs in the mountains, such as reading "Difficult to Stop" [lolo], reading "Negotiation" [ta η p' a η] and reading "Cotton Thread" [MICI]; The photos taken have changed a little, for example, the "rattan stool" reads [ta η ta η]; The salty, effective and flowing pictures are replaced by crab pictures, such as "overlapping" reading [tit' i], "bridge shaking" reading [tc' ii] and "staying" reading [TCI Li]; The part of the stalk is changed into a lens, such as reading [TS 'e η me η] in Qingming; If the fruit is taken, it will be taken, such as Camel [Lutu]; The unchangeable part of the mountain is changeable, such as "random calculation" [Lu Su]. There are some similar changes in local dialects, but this phenomenon is limited to some Yin Hong in Putonghua.

There are five tones in Mandarin and dialects, and the tone values are the same, namely, flat tone (), rising tone (), rising tone (), falling tone () and entering tone (), and most of them belong to one. First of all, there are only some words with flat tones in dialects. However, there are great differences in tone values among the five dialect areas, especially the "Du 'er Tone" in Nanxiang dialect. Compared with the tone value of "street tune" in Xingning dialect, the upper tone 2 15 is the same as the fourth tone, the fifth tone 44 is the same as the first tone and the fourth tone 2 13 is the same as the fifth tone. In addition, the second tone of Chukou dialect "North Road Tone" is "treble", which is about 3 degrees higher than the level tone value of Xingning dialect.

Phrases with more than two words in Zixing dialect become light tone after continuous reading (dots indicate both light tone and light tone), such as flowering [k' aixo], sunny day [tits' eη], Dongfeng [toηfoη], first [tii], front [TC' itai], watching TV [k] according to the structure of words, the above verbs and subjects.

A prominent feature of the word "quite" in the local dialect is that the old and new pronunciations are different. In modern times, especially since 1949, with the needs of social development, the number of people learning Mandarin has increased rapidly, so there are more and more new words in dialects. There are seven kinds of different reading: different sounds, different rhymes, different tones, different sounds and different tones. Here are some examples (some words are old pronunciations and the words behind them are new pronunciations). Such as "cooked [Su]" and "cooked [Su]"; "Teach [Xu]" and "Study hard [cio]". Mandarin is new, not old.

Polysemy of words is also a major feature of the local language. For example, the word "[tata]" is usually used to mean "father" in local dialect, but it can also mean "uncle, uncle, uncle" and so on. The word "[aitsei]" usually means "mother", but it can also mean "aunt, aunt, aunt" and other elders. These two words are preceded by the words "aunt, aunt and uncle" to show the difference.

The quantifier "Zhi" in dialect is equivalent to more than 20 quantifiers in Mandarin, such as "Zhi, Tai, Bu, Che, Ge, Shu, Ke, Ba, Pi, Tiao, Kou, Zuo, Jia, Chuan, Suo, Zhang, Mei, Deng, Pian, Tou and Dong". And "ge" [ku] is equivalent to more than ten quantifiers such as "position, frame, wheel, door, piece, vice, face, top, bar, block, only, mouth and tail" in Mandarin.

The verb "[TC' io]" contains words such as "eating and drinking" in Putonghua, such as "eating and drinking", which are all called "eating" in Zixing dialect.

As for grammar, dialects and Mandarin are mostly the same or similar, but there are also obvious differences:

Two-in-one appellation is only available in dialects, but rarely in Mandarin (dialects are before slashes, Mandarin is after slashes, and Mandarin is in brackets):

Mother's parents

Stepfather Lao Zi/Stepfather (Stepfather)

Wife, husband and wife [tciokoηlaukuaη]/ father-in-law [liofu] (father-in-law)

Mother, mother

Also, the words grandfather (father), wife and mother (mother-in-law), uncle and father (brother-in-law), wife and brother (brother-in-law) and brother-in-law all belong to this category.

It must be another feature of Zixing dialect grammar to express it with single negation. For example, the two words "[Ci Fu]" (affirming first and then denying) and "returning to the former" (denying first and then affirming) have different structures and expressions, but they all use single negation to express affirmation. For example, adverbs added in words such as "first start", "first meeting", "first talk" and "first talk" can be replaced by "not first" or "first return" in local dialects.

There are obvious differences in grammatical structure, and dialects are also unique, such as:

No one is allowed to sit on the truck/cargo (the owner is a guest)

Don't come unless you come.

There are still many differences between dialects and Mandarin in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Here are just some outstanding examples to prove it.

(Excerpted from Zixing Dialect in Li Zhifan) Bao Houxing, Yan Sen (1986), Atlas of Chinese Language (1989) and Preface to Hunan Dialect Research Series (1999) all belong to Gan dialect.

Zixing dialect is considered as Gan dialect.

Gan dialect is a dialect in Jiangxi. From north to south in eastern Hunan, including Linxiang, Yueyang (East), Pingjiang (Duo), Liuyang (Duo), Liling, Youxian (Duo), Chaling (Duo), Yanling (Northwest), Anren, Yongxing, Zixing, Leiyang and Changning, a long and narrow Gan dialect has been formed. It is really worth discussing why the Gan dialect area was formed in eastern Hunan.

There are many factors that form dialects, such as social, historical and geographical factors, such as population migration, mountain and river barriers and so on. , as well as the language itself, such as the imbalance of language development, the interaction and influence between different languages, etc. The main factors for the formation of Gan dialect in eastern Hunan should be the mutual contact between languages and the migration of population.

Hunan and Jiangxi are not only geographically connected, but also closely linked since ancient times. Sima Qian's Historical Records of Foodstuffs records: "Hengshan, Jiujiang, Jiangnan, Zhang Yu and Changsha are all southern Chu." Zhang Yu in the Han Dynasty included most of Jiangxi today, that is to say, as early as the era of Historical Records, Jiangxi and Hunan were regarded as the same region, and the languages of the two places naturally had close interaction.

Hunan was a barbarian land in ancient times and the hometown of Miao Yao. People are afraid of it and dare not come to settle down. From the Han Dynasty to the end of the Ming Dynasty, Hunan was vast and sparsely populated, and traditional agriculture was not fully developed. Years of war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty led to "a ruin thousands of miles away, like a piece of green phosphorus, with bones everywhere." "Killing hundreds of thousands of men and women", such a tragic military disaster, made most rural areas in Hunan barren, Hunan's population greatly reduced, and there is even a saying that "thousands of miles away, no one lives". Changsha County Records also said: "The vast territory is rich in resources, and the people and stars are scarce." Liling "according to legend, there are only 18 indigenous families, and the rest no longer exist." We should recruit people to cultivate seeds, absorb the immigrants from around and let them multiply gradually.

Before the Five Dynasties, Hunan immigrants mainly came from the north, and as a result, a mandarin area was formed in northern Hunan.

After the Five Dynasties, people from other provinces moved to Hunan, mostly from the east, mainly Jiangxi Province. According to relevant statistics, from the Five Dynasties to the Northern Song Dynasty, nine out of ten people from other provinces moved to Hunan. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, Jiangxi accounted for five-sixths; The Ming dynasty was the heyday of immigrants, and Jiangxi nationality was still the main body. "Liling County Records of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty": "All the exiles convened by Hong came from other provinces, especially people." According to the statistics of neighbors, there were 296 nationalities who moved from Jiangxi to Liling County in the Ming Dynasty. Chaling County Records: From the Yuan Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there were frequent population movements in the territory. This genealogy shows that during this period, people moved from Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui and other places, and 30 surnames evolved into clans. "Among them, Jiangxi also ranked first. The saying that "Jiangxi fills the lake" handed down from generation to generation is also a proof.

Jiangxi people seek development abroad because Jiangxi is "vast in territory and sparsely populated". Neighboring Hunan has become one of the first choices. The hinterland of central Hunan is a place where Hunan developed earlier, with relatively developed economy and high population density. Jiangxi people who moved to Hunan chose the eastern part of Hunan, which is vast in territory and sparsely populated, and does not travel long distances.

Jiangxi immigrants also brought their language-Gan dialect. Because Jiangxi immigrants are mainly concentrated in eastern Hunan, which is sparsely populated and inhabited by immigrants, they have retained their mother tongue and formed a Gan-speaking area in the north and south of eastern Hunan. After all, in Hunan, with the passage of time, Xiang dialect has laid a deep imprint on the Gan dialect in eastern Hunan, which has caused the difference between the Gan dialect in eastern Hunan and that in Jiangxi today. Lidong Chen (2002) cited it as a dialect.