1370 historical events

Zhu Yuanzhang took expanding the popularity of auricularia auricula in northwest China as a problem and decided to suppress it. On the third day of the first month of the third year of Hongwu (1370), Xu Da was appointed as General Lu, Deputy General Left, Deputy General Right (that is, Feng), Deputy General Left and Deputy General Tang He. Bird asked the generals, "Yuan Shundi stuck to the Great Wall, expanded Timur's territory and attacked Lanzhou alone. His ambition to take advantage of scale to get out will never disappear. What should you do first when you are ordered to start your career? " The generals replied: "Take Yuan Shundi directly from the teacher, expand Timur, lose power, but give up without a fight." Zhu Yuanzhang said; "Broaden the border between Timur and the enemy, and choose Yuan Shundi instead of him today, which is not a good policy. I mean, the soldiers are divided into two ways, and the general Xu Da is ordered to take the expanded Timur from Xi 'an and Dingxi (Shoushou) of Tongguan Mountain; Li Wenzhong, deputy general Zuo, went to the desert to hunt down Yuan Shundi. So they can help each other and have no time to help. Besides, Yuan Shundi lives in a desert far away. I didn't expect our teacher to come suddenly. If a lonely dolphin meets a tiger, it will be easily eaten. This has two effects. "The generals were ordered to start. On the eighth day of April, Xu Da went all the way out of Anding County, Changgong, and arrived at Shener Valley, facing the trench of Kukuo Timur. On the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, the generals made great efforts to fight bloody battles and defeated Kutemur. They captured Yuan Yongwang, Moon Hee and lord protector Yan, Hanzal of Pingzhang, Hu Linchi and other officials 1865, and more than 84,500 officials died15,280 horses and countless donkeys, cows, sheep and various animals. Kukuo Timur and his wife fled from the Imperial City to Helin, and Guo Ying chased Ningxia, which was too late to return. On May 13th, Li Wenzhong arrived at Yingchang all the way, and learned that Yuan Shundi was dead, so he made a long journey. /kloc-surrounded Yingchang city on 0/5, and/kloc-attacked the city on 0/6. He bought the thorns-Sun, concubines, ladies-in-waiting, official generals, etc. Camels, horses, cattle, sheep and firewood are counted, and he was given an axe in the past dynasties. Yuan Sijun led dozens to ride north, and Wen chased him back to Gyeongju. After Xingzhou, 36,900 people such as Jiang and others were demoted to Yuan. To Hongluoshan, there are more than 16,000 people including Yang Sizu. Then the team returned to Beijing. On June 20th, the third year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang sent a letter to pacify the desert. The Northern Expedition forced the remnants of Yuan Dynasty to withdraw from Yingchang and Dingxi, and the defense in the north of Ming Dynasty was relatively stable.

Serious manners

At the beginning of the world, in order to understand the situation, Zhu Yuanzhang called hundreds of officials to wait around every day, asking people's feelings and consulting gains and losses. Or in the ancient and modern etiquette. Therefore, although the official position is humble, you can also go to the temple to beg. Things that go beyond the class order happen from time to time. On the third day of the first month of the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang said to the minister of Zhongshu Province, "Above the imperial court, etiquette comes first, and between temples, seriousness is the most important. I began to ask ordinary people for advice, but contrary to serious courtship, I brought hundreds of officials into the service and lost the order of the class. Since then, hundreds of civil and military officials have entered the DPRK. Except for the attendants, Zhongshu Province, the prefect's office, Yushitai, the viceroy, and six assistant ministers, the rest of the civil and military officials are all under five, and they are tied for posts. If there is any violation, it will be corrected by the correction officer. "On the fourth day of the fourth lunar month, the inspectors came to the DPRK and asked them to salute according to their grades." Bird said that there are ups and downs in the rank, and there are clearly ups and downs, which cannot be confused. "

The Formation of Wang Fu's Official System

In the third year of Hongwu (1370), the official system of Wang Fu was established on the fourth day of the first month. Wang Xiangfu has one physiognomy (positive level 2), one physiognomy (negative level 2), one soldier (positive level 5), two clerks (positive level 7) and one Jishan (positive level 7). Their class ranks below the court officials. On the eighth day of April, Zheng Jiu took the post of Qin Zuoxiang, and participated in politics in Shaanxi, with Wang Ke as the secretary, Wen Yuanji as the secretary, and Gao Xun as Jishan. Wang He is the left photograph of Jin and Shanxi, and Xiong Ding is. And let all kings, ministers and officials choose people to fill their positions. Zhu Yuanzhang repeatedly urged Wang Fu officials and gave them careful guidance. On the seventh day of April, the fourth year of Hongwu, the official made it: Wang Xiangfu was the second grade, and Wuwenfu was the second grade. The chief officer joined the army for five grades, recorded seven grades, received six grades and seven grades, kept six grades and seven grades, and tried six grades and seven grades. Each department has seven items, namely, Dianzi Certificate, Dianbao Certificate, DianYi Zheng Certificate, Dianshan Certificate, Dianfuzheng, Gong Zheng and Yi Zheng, and from the seven items, Dianzi Vice, Dianbao Vice, Dianzi Vice, Gong Vice and; Pastoral husbandry is eight products, and vice versa, recruiting talents and scholars, writing books and keeping notes. In the first month of the fifth year of Hongwu, the prince guarded the palace: each palace was equipped with three guards and a command department, and the guards were equipped with five schools: left, right, front, back and middle schools, with two people in a thousand households and ten people in a hundred households. There are also two fencers, one for every 100 households. On the second day of February in the ninth year of Hongwu, Wang Fu's official system was redefined: Wang Xiangfu had two officials, a military attache and a civilian; About two houses, one Wu house, one; There are two officials, two officials and two clerks. Then Wang Fu's house, the signing department, the consultant and the military residence will be protected. Add four shifts and choose a mature and steady person to take up the post; Wait for four people to read and collect the text. On the third day of April, the palace dining hall, the palace treasure hall and the door officials were also set up. On the fifth day of October in the thirteenth year of Hongwu, Wang Xiangfu and the long history department were dismissed, and the long history department was promoted to be the fifth grade, with a long history on the left and a long history on the right, and a code (the ninth grade). It is more certain that officials such as Gong and Cang are miscellaneous. On August 27th, the 28th year of Hongwu, the official system of Wang Fu was changed, with one long lawsuit, one long history (positive five items), one tender (positive nine items), one trial hall (positive six items), one trial hall (positive seven items), one standard pavilion (positive eight items) and one standard pavilion (from eight items). One person from Fengci (with eight products), one person from Fengci (with eight products), one person from Dianle (with nine products), one person from Dianbao (with eight products) and one person from Dianbao (with eight products); There are two Lushan Mountain (positive eight products), one good doctor (positive eight products) and one good doctor (from eight products); Courtyard courtesy master 1 name (the same as Grade 9), courtesy deputy 1 name (the same as Grade 9), courtesy three (no inflow), Gong Zhengyuan 1 name (the same as Grade 8) and Gong Zheng deputy 1 name (the same as Grade 8); There are four professors in the class, and there are no places (all from nine categories), as well as an ambassador and a deputy ambassador (not in the inflow). Its escort command makes the officers and officers decide the number of soldiers, regardless of the number of members, and the rank and salary are the same in Beijing. The emcees are Kevin·Z (plus five), Yi Wei (minus five) and Dianzhan Six (plus six).

Recognize the vassal as king.

In the third year of Hongwu (1370), on April 3rd, Zhu Yuanzhang took feudal princes as kings and sued the ancestral temple. On the 7th, it was officially canonized and reported to the world. The imperial edict said: I am only the son of the emperor who lives in the elder's office, and I will be in the right position. Other sons should be awarded the title of king, divide the land and support the country. I have ten sons today. At the beginning of my reign, my eldest son was crowned Crown Prince. The philosopher's seal is rewarded after the hero. However, the distinction between seniority and inferiority should be decided as soon as possible. So, on April 7th, the second son Yu was named King of Qin, the third son was King of Jin, the fourth son Di was King of Yan, the fifth son was arrested as King of Wu, the sixth son Zhen was King of Chu, the seventh son Zhu was King of Qi, the eighth Koneko was King of Tan, the ninth son was King of Zhao, the tenth son Tan was King of Lu, and Sun Shouqian was King of Jingjiang. They all got books and treasures, and the arrangement and etiquette of officials were customized. "He added: Fengtian Pingluan is actually born of the people. The ancient law was based on the founding of the country, and the best was used to govern. So, this is a letter, and salty makes it known. On the first day of the first month in the eleventh year of Hongwu, eleven sons Chun was named King Shu, twelve sons Bai was named King Xiang, thirteen sons Gui was named Yu Wang (changed to King Feng in twenty-five years), fourteen sons Mu Ying was named Hanwang (changed to King Su in twenty-five years), and fifteen sons Zhi was named Wang Wei (changed to King Liao in twenty-five years). Change the King of Wu (Su Mu) to the King of Zhou. On March 10 of the same year, it was the national security, and it was the same as Taiyuan. There are 3,748 guards of the King of Qin and 328 guards of the King of Jin1person. On March 11th, 13th year, Peiping, the Kingdom of Yan, gave 5,770 guards and attendants to the middle left and the second left of Yanshan. In October of the 14th year of Hongwu, the Kingdom of Zhou Wang was opened. In October of the fifteenth year of Hongwu, the King of Qi fought Qingzhou. In October of the eighteenth year of Hongwu, Lu Wangtan and Xiang were in Yanzhou and Jingzhou respectively. Zi Wang in December is in Changsha Lake. In the twenty-third year of Hongwu, Chun became a vassal of Chengdu. On April 14th, the 24th year of Hongwu, sixteen sons () were appointed as King Qing, seventeen sons as King Ning, eighteen sons as King Min, nineteen sons as King Gu, twenty sons as King Han, twenty-one sons as King Shen, twenty-two sons as King An and twenty-three sons as King An. In the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu, in December, Wang Gui became a vassal of Datong. In the first month of the 26th year of Hongwu, Wang Su (Mu Ying) moved to Guangning and stayed in Pingliang (moved to Ganzhou in the 28th year). Liao Wang Zhi became a vassal and temporarily stayed in the north of Daling River. Qing Wang (Fang Mu) became a vassal and temporarily lived in Guwei County (Ningxia, where he built his residence for 30 years) in northern Mo Qing. It's all Fan Daning.

The formulation of the fifth Lord

In the third year of Hongwu (1370), on the seventh day of June, the five-level Lord system was established: the honor was the first level, and the country was on the pillar, and the country was on the pillar from the first level; Defend the army with the second product, protect the army with the second product, follow it lightly with the third product, and follow it lightly with the third product; Riding captain in the fourth grade, riding captain since the fourth grade; It's a five-level cloud rider, from a five-level military rider. Jue: Zhengyipin Guogong, County Gong, from Yipin County Hou; Positive, from the second county; Positive, from Sanpin County; Positive, belonging to Sipin County; Male from Wu Pin County. On March 16th, the seventeenth year of Hongwu, Wei Chi, an official minister, played: Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, male, although ranked fifth, can't always talk about grades. Today, three generations of the duke and the duke have given gifts to the duke and the duke. Gifts to the duke and the duke are like one product, while gifts to the duke are like two products. Give gifts to children and men as three products. In this way, there is a difference in the decline, and it is not that different. From then on, the five knighthoods were all like one product, which was recognized by Zhu Yuanzhang as a special favor. Therefore, any gift to a patent is like a product system. But princes still use yu fu, and uncles, sons and men still use rhinoceros axes to distinguish them.

The establishment of Qin Tianjian

In the 11th year of Longfeng and 25th year of Yuanzhizheng (1365), on July 26th, Zhu Yuanzhang set up officials in Yingtian, including Taishiling, Taishilian, Taishilian, Captain Lang, Wuzheng, Lingtailang, Bao and his deputy, Hu and Guan Gou. Take Liu Ji as the official order. On the third day of October in the first year of Wu (1367), Taishi Pavilion was changed, with a rank of three, and there were cabinet ambassadors, tongzhi and cabinet judges. In the first year of Hongwu (1368), on October 27th, Taishiyuan was transferred to Tian Jian Department. In February of the following year, Hongwu also established Huisi Tian Jian. On June 13th, Hongwu changed to Qin Wei. For four years, he sent a letter to the prison officer to take charge of Japanese affairs, and he was not allowed to be promoted unless he had special plans. The prison guard was fired. On the second day of September, 14th year, Qin changed it to Zhengwupin, and appointed one person (Zhengwupin) and one person (Zhengliupin). It belongs to the main book hall, the main book 1 person (positive eight products), the official 1 person in spring, summer, autumn and winter (positive six products), 8 people in Lingtailang (from the seventh product), 2 people in Zhang Bao (from the positive eight products), 2 people in Juhu (from the eighth product) and 3 people in Guanhou (from the positive nine products). Twenty-two years, the order was corrected, and Cheng was the deputy supervisor. Hongwu returned to Qin in thirty-one years, and returned to this prison to run for his funeral. His job is to observe astronomy, determine the calendar, occupy waiting time, push steps and so on. All the colors of the sun, the moon, the stars and the clouds are predicted by the supervisor and the deputy supervisor, with different disasters and detailed reports.

Formulate imperial examinations

In the third year of Hongwu (1370), in May, Zhu Yuanzhang issued imperial imperial edicts, and in August, he set up a department to take scholars. The imperial examinations in Ming Dynasty were divided into five subjects, namely, having obtained the provincial examination, taking the senior high school entrance examination and palace examination. Those who succeed in the provincial examination are called juren, and those who succeed in the imperial examination are eligible to take the palace examination. In the three-year exam, the imperial palace exam was personally checked by the emperor, and he passed the exam and was admitted as a scholar. Anyone who has passed the examination of Jinshi can be awarded an official. The content of liberal arts examination is mainly limited to the four books and five classics, and the examination style is generally eight-part essay, with empty content and heavy form, so the imperial examination system in Ming Dynasty is also called eight-part essay examination. Wushu examiners pay attention to skills and courage, and the examination content changes according to the requirements of the current situation. There is a big exam every six years, and the first place in the senior high school entrance examination is Wu Zhuangyuan.

Maritime ban

The Ming Dynasty began to implement a maritime ban, forbidding China people from going to sea and emigrating.

Von Ada Azhe

Ming Taizu named A-A-A king of the city.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Zhanpo had a bad relationship with the Yuan regime, and had a war with it during the Yuan Shizu period. After the establishment of the Ming regime, Zhipeng E (known as Ada A in China's classics) had a very close relationship with it. According to the records in Ming History and Shi Minglu, on the 20th day of the first month of the second year of Hongwu (1February 26th, 369), Ming Taizu informed Zhancheng to be the emperor. On the fourth day of the second lunar month (1369 March 12), Zhipeng 'e sent an envoy Hu Duman to pay tribute and send tigers, elephants and local products. On the 6th of Wei Xin (March 14), Ming Taizu wrote a letter to Zhu Peng 'e, saying "Thank you very much for your sincerity" to thank him for his kindness. In the same year1February (0370 1370 65438+ 10/1), Ming Taizu sent Guan Gou Gan and Lu Jingxian to occupy the city, and was named the city king. Later, during the rule of Zhipeng Hubei, the two sides often sent envoys to each other. In the twenty-first year of Hongwu (1388), in April of the lunar calendar, Ming Taizu ordered Dong Shao to condemn him for occupying the city of Wang Qiang as a tribute to Zhenla, but he was called back because the envoy of Zhanpo arrived first. Later, he sent a special envoy to apologize, and the two countries resumed their previous relations. In 1390, according to the records of ancient books in China, the Ming Dynasty thought that the leader of Zhan Po would kill Ada and control the political power, so Ming Taizu refused to pay tribute to the envoy sent by Luo Ai and broke off relations for seven years.

Limoges Massacre

During the Hundred Years' War, riots broke out in the French city of Limoges in the British-occupied area. At that time, the terminally ill Black Prince Edward (1330- 1376) and his younger brother John of Gaunt (1340- 1399) led the British army to break the city, killing 3,000 residents. The atrocities caused more riots in French cities, and the British army fell into a passive position.

The Hanseatic League defeated Denmark, concluded the Treaty of Stralsund, and monopolized the Baltic trade.

The Treaty of Stralsund (German: Friede von Stralsund) was signed on May 24th, 1370, which ended the war between Hanseatic League and the Kingdom of Denmark and marked the peak of its power.

The war began in 136 1 year. Danish king Valdemar IV conquered the important cities of Hanseatic League, such as Skone, Herun, Godland and Visby. 1362, the Hanseatic League's counterattack was defeated by the Danish fleet in helsingborg, and it was forced to sign the Treaty of Voldingburg, and a lot of privileges were deprived. Unwilling to accept the treaty, the Hanseatic League established its fleet through the Cologne League in 1367, and re-established its alliance with Sweden. In the next war, Valdemar IV and his Norwegian son-in-law Haakon VI were completely defeated.

The negotiation of Stralsund Treaty was conducted between Henning Podbusk, general manager of Denmark, Jacob Plescoff, mayor of Lubeck of Hanseatic League, and wulff Ram, mayor of Stralsund Beltram. According to the treaty, Visby was released. In addition, Denmark was forced to guarantee the free trade rights of Hanseatic League in the whole Baltic Sea. The treaty gives the Hanseatic League a monopoly position in fishing in the Baltic Sea. The Hanseatic League also has veto power over Danish candidates for the throne.

The great Lan Ganheng proclaimed himself emperor.

The kingdom of Sukhothai (now Thailand) became independent from the Khmer Empire, and Langanheng the Great proclaimed himself emperor.

The third generation king of Sukhothai Dynasty in Thailand, Lan Ganheng the Great (Thai: about 1239- 1298), was called Ganmuding in the history of China.

Lan Ganheng's father, Sri Yingsharotti, was the founder of Sukhothai Dynasty. His brother Ban Meng was the second king of Sukhothai dynasty. After the death of 1278, Lan Ganheng succeeded to the throne. /Kloc-When he was 0/9 years old, Lan Ganheng fought with his father against Samucha, the monarch of Gongde City. After the defeat, Sri Indra's soldiers fled one after another. Only Lan Ganheng drove away the elephant and persisted in fighting, turning defeat into victory. So his father named him Gan Heng, which means brave. Later, people called him Ganheng, because Kun was the title of king in Sukhothai period, Lan means "great" in Sanskrit, and Ganheng means "brave and great monarch".

Lan Ganheng's greatest contribution is that he transformed Pali and Jimiwen popular in Sukhothai, and created Thai initials in 1283. About 13 17, Lan Ganheng died and is said to have disappeared into the Chao Phraya River.