Seek information about Qin Shihuang's merits and demerits.

Although he is a tyrant, the achievements of unifying the six countries, unifying the currency, unified measurement and building the Great Wall of Wan Li cannot be lost! ! ! ! ! ! Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, ending the long-term war-torn situation in China, and initially instilled the idea of "great unification" into the Chinese people, which laid the foundation for China's reunification war in the future. Li Bai's "The King of Qin swept the Liuhe River and looked at what it was like" summarized his great achievements.

Qin Shihuang, named Ying Zheng, was the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty. He later destroyed six countries and unified China. For two thousand years, the evaluation of him has been controversial, so what kind of person is Qin Shihuang?

Qin Shihuang made great efforts to govern and adopted the strategic policy of "making friends far away and attacking near". It took him ten years to destroy the six countries and unify China. After Qin Shihuang pacified the world by force, he carried out a series of reform measures, which played a great role in the unification and development of China's politics, economy and culture.

First of all, he abolished the enfeoffment system nationwide and replaced it with the county system; Under the direct control of the emperor, a whole set of bureaucracy was established from the central government to the counties. On the basis of the original laws and decrees of Qin, it absorbed some provisions of the laws of the six countries and formulated and promulgated unified laws. The nobles before the Six Kingdoms were moved to Guanzhong and Bashu to prevent their separatist activities. It also explicitly prohibits the collection of weapons by the people, destroys the confiscated weapons, and casts 12 gold men.

Then, economically, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business was implemented to foster the development of feudal private ownership of land. In the thirty-first year of the First Emperor (2 16 BC), landlords and yeomen who seized land were ordered to declare the amount of land to the government and pay taxes, and their land ownership was recognized and protected by the government. The national weights and measures system was unified on the basis of weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang. Unify the national monetary system. In order to develop China's land and water transportation, the "car on the same track" was implemented, and the Chidao from Xianyang to Yanqi and Wu Chu and the straight road from Xianyang to Jiuyuan (now Baotou West, Inner Mongolia) via Yunyang were built. Wuchi Road was built in the southwest, and a canal was dug to connect Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River.

In terms of cultural thought, based on the popular characters of Qin State, Biography was formulated and promulgated throughout the country. And using the theory that the five virtues of Yin and Yang in the Warring States period began at the end, Qin gained water virtue, the water color was black, and the final number was six. Therefore, it is stipulated that clothes, banners and flags are still black, and there are six kinds of symbols, crowns and riding systems. Water dominates yin, which represents punishment and killing, so the implementation of criminal law is aggravated on this basis. In the thirty-fourth year of the first emperor, Qin Shihuang severely punished the law, which caused dissatisfaction among scholars and accused Qin Shihuang in succession. Reese, who has been promoted to prime minister, advocates severely suppressing these audacious scholars. He wrote a letter to Qin Shihuang, demanding that the book be burned. That is, all the history books except Ji Qin have been burned, and the classics collected by the people and scholars all over the country and the classics of a hundred schools of thought have also been burned by the government. Anyone who dares to disobey orders and discuss affairs will be put to death. If the official deliberately conceals it, he will be punished by the bookkeeper. Except for a few history books, only books about agriculture, divination and medicine were left. This is a cleansing of China culture, and China culture, like the law, embodies the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty. Burning books just can't stop scholars' mouths, but it arouses greater resistance. People and scholars are extremely disgusted with Qin Shihuang's tyranny, and the remarks against him are all over the world. This made Qin Shihuang fly into a rage and sent the empire to trace it all over the country, and finally arrested more than 460 people. Qin Shihuang ordered a piece to be taken to Lishan Valley and buried alive. Because most of these people are Confucian scholars, they are called "pit Confucianism" by later generations. Burning books and burying Confucianism is a big stain that Qin Shihuang can't erase, which greatly offsets his historical achievements in unifying the country.

After Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, he sent Meng Tian to crusade against the Huns, and linked the Great Wall in the northern part of Qin, Zhao and Yan during the Warring States Period, and built the Great Wall of Wan Li from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west to Liaodong in the east. After conquering Baiyue area, Guilin, Xiang Jun and Nanhai were established. At the end of the first emperor, the number of Qin counties increased from 36 counties at the beginning of unification to more than 40 counties, with the territory of "East to the Haichao, West to Lintao and Zhong Qiang, South to Beihu, North to the River, and Yinshan to Liaodong".

After the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang built the luxurious Epang Palace and the tomb of Mount Li, made five large-scale cruises and carved stones in famous mountain resorts to show off his prestige. In order to live forever, he sent alchemist Xu (that is, Xu Fu) to lead thousands of boys and girls to the East China Sea to seek immortality. It has consumed huge financial and human resources and deepened people's suffering.

For more than 2,000 years, Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by most people, and people criticized him for burning books and burying Confucianism, repairing the Great Wall, building palaces extensively and building great buildings. However, some people praised him as "an emperor through the ages" and affirmed his contribution to reunification, unified measurement and the territory of China. So, was Qin Shihuang a tyrant or an emperor? This is actually your evaluation of him. Different angles have different evaluations, so there are two different Qin Shihuang. In fact, when we evaluate a person, we should affirm that the character of "person" is three-dimensional, that is to say, the character is multifaceted, so we can't draw conclusions unilaterally, and the same is true for evaluating Qin Shihuang. We often say that Emperor Qin built the Great Wall and palaces, wasting people and money. However, in that era of Qin Dynasty, the building technology was not developed. You don't have to use a lot of people's strength, but you should also build a military defense line like the Great Wall, okay? Although it brought pain to the people, it built a solid defense line for the Qin Dynasty to resist the invasion of Xiongnu, and also provided a foundation for future generations. Can't this be called meritorious service? Qin Shihuang's other actions, such as merging the world, claiming the title of emperor, abolishing feudalism, setting up counties, selling weapons, moving to enrich the people, overcoming difficulties, conquering Baiyue, driving away Huns, dredging ditches, sharing the same track with cars, adopting laws, etc., have great influence on the great unity of the country, the establishment of China's political system, the establishment of China's territory and the inheritance of the Chinese nation. However, Qin Shihuang's autocracy, exorbitant taxes and harsh punishments not only led to the demise of the Qin Dynasty after the reunification of China 15, but also led to the autocratic monarchy of China for more than 2,000 years, which made the people of China live an unbearable inhuman life for a long time. We should not just defend Qin Shihuang, a tyrant. It can be seen that Qin Shihuang, on the one hand, was the "one emperor through the ages" who created a unified situation, and on the other hand, he was an autocratic tyrant, which just confirmed the fact that human nature was three-dimensional. Therefore, judging a historical figure is not one-sided, and it is necessary to discuss it from multiple angles in order to return the true colors of historical figures! ! !

Evaluation of Qin Shihuang: How to evaluate the first feudal emperor in China history? Since the death of Qin, it is still a controversial issue. Some people praised him as "an emperor through the ages" (Li Zhi's Book Collection Volume II Catalogue); Some people say that Qin Shihuang "is not as good as the dragon, although he is the fourth or sixth emperor" (Zhang Taiyan's Qin Zhengji); Some people praised Qin Shihuang's reunification cause: "Qin is the master of sweeping Liuhe, and I want to see it!" They all spoke highly of Qin Shihuang's achievements and affirmed his role in history. He is a great historical figure. Others cursed Qin Shihuang for "being greedy for perfection" and "taking tyranny as the beginning of the world" (Jia Yi's New Works of Qin); "The first emperor was tyrannical until his son died" (Volume 8 of Zhenguan dignitaries); "The first emperor was resolute and willing to take punishment as a threat. He is a full-time jailer, and he is lucky to be bored and bored at home "(quoted from Chen's Old News of National History). They all denounced the cruelty of Qin Shihuang's rule and were tyrants. These viewpoints all have some truth, but they are also one-sided because of the different positions and starting points of commentators.

To look at the problem historically is to put Qin Shihuang under the historical conditions at that time, analyze his merits and demerits and study his merits and demerits. To study the historical environment of Qin Shihuang, we should not only pay attention to the general trend of historical development at the end of the Warring States period, but also pay special attention to the historical characteristics of Qin's formation since the founding of the People's Republic of China and its influence on Qin Shihuang. The latter point is that up to now, I have been reluctant to pay attention to the initial situation of the Qin Dynasty. Hey? What's the matter with you? Juechen Hospital? What is left of thistle? Reward? Hey? Sodium? Yu Yu? Commodity name? Shrimp? What is a fat guide?

According to this observation, it should be said that Qin Shihuang was an outstanding historical figure who made great contributions to the historical development of China, and was also a brutal tyrant. His achievements are the main aspects, but they can't cover up his sins; His sins are deep, but this should not erase his great historical achievements.

The most important historical achievement of Qin Shihuang was to complete the great cause of reunification and establish the first feudal centralized state in history.

Of course, the unification of Qin is an inevitable trend of historical development, and the objective situation has created conditions for reunification. Qin Shihuang came to the orchard when the unified fruit was ripe. But this historical inevitability does not mean that the role of individuals is insignificant. Why was reunification achieved by the State of Qin? Why should reunification be completed in 22 1 year BC? In these respects, it shows the personal role of Qin Shihuang.

Qin Shihuang's contribution to reunification, in addition to making decisions of great historical significance, also lies in making good use of people and being brave enough to make up for it. Some critics praised Qin Shihuang's "military command ability", and there is not much basis for this evaluation. Compared with his predecessors such as Qin Mugong and Qin Wugong, Qin Shihuang almost never directed the war directly; However, Qin Shihuang made more brilliant achievements than his predecessors, except for the luck caused by history, mainly because he was good at employing people and brave in change. On the eve of China's reunification, Qin gathered almost all the first-class military strategists and politicians in China. There are Wang Jian, Wang Ben, Liao Wei, Li Si, Yao Jia and Dunwei. Most of them are not from Qin, but they are all fighting for Qin. All military offensives and political strategic plans to defeat the enemy were formulated and realized by them. The role of Qin Shihuang is to give full play to their role, listen to their advice and be brave in correcting mistakes. For example, when Chu State was destroyed, it began to misuse Li Xin. After the failure, he immediately changed course, invited Wang Jian to go out and delivered all the soldiers in the country to Wang Jian. As a result, he won. This kind of situation, if compared with the situation that unbelief in Li Mu and disinformation led to national subjugation, can be seen that Qin Shihuang, as a monarch, was good at employing people and had the courage to make up for it, which had a great impact on historical development.

Qin Shihuang's contribution also lies in laying the foundation of a multi-ethnic feudal country. Some policies and measures implemented after Qin's reunification not only affected the feudal society in the next two thousand years, but also affected the present, such as the unification of characters. The unified measures and systems adopted by Qin Shihuang were bold innovations in the historical development at that time. He not only changed the political culture of the separatist regime, but also made the feudal society and economy develop smoothly. But also changed the inherent historical tradition of Qin in many ways. For example, the State of Qin has always been regarded as a backward area in the West by the Central Plains countries, and Qin Xiaogong is also troubled by this. Although the forces of Qin entered the Central Plains after the Prince of Zhao, the main ruling areas and base areas have not yet left the customs. By the time of Qin Shihuang, its territory had reached an unprecedented level. Faced with this situation, Qin Shihuang created various systems on the basis of the Qin system, but he was not confined to the inherent systems and traditions of Qin, which shows that his political vision was far-reaching. Most of the systems formulated by the Qin dynasty were inherited later, which can prove that these systems and measures were adapted to the historical situation at that time. Qin Shihuang, who created these systems, could not have done this if his political vision did not go beyond the limitations of Qin in the western frontier.

In the history of Qin State, Qin Shihuang is an important figure in the development history of Qin State after Qin Mugong and Shang Yang. In the history of China, Qin Shihuang was also a representative figure who initiated an era.

But Qin Shihuang was still a rare tyrant. Qin Shihuang's cruelty can't be explained only by the general reason of "the nature of the landlord class". Tang Zhen once said: "Since Qin Dynasty, emperors have been thieves" ("Hidden Book Language"), and this view is correct. But the "thief" Qin Shihuang seems to be more tyrannical and guilty than other emperors. He is not only extravagant, but also causes the suffering of the broad masses of people; What is conducive to reunification is measures. Although it was beneficial to social development in the long run, it became a catastrophe at that time, such as the construction of the Great Wall. For decades, hundreds of thousands of people were recruited to do extremely heavy work. From the following records, we can see how terrible the pain caused by the burden of swinging labor is. Yang Tinglie, a A Qing writer, wrote in Fang County Records that a hairy "hairy man" was discovered. It is said that their ancestors were migrant workers who escaped the labor of Qin Shihuang to build the Great Wall. Because they hide in the deep mountains and forests, they are covered with long hair. It is said that when they met the long-haired man, he asked you first, "Is the Great Wall finished?" Is Qin Huang still there? He replied, "The Great Wall is not finished, and Qin Shihuang is still there! "Long-haired men will scare away. Of course, this record can only be regarded as a folk legend. However, if there is no such cruel reality in history, this terrible legend will never appear. It reflects that what Qin Shihuang did was based on the cruel exploitation and oppression of the broad masses of working people, which far exceeded the degree that society could bear, making it difficult to maintain the simple reproduction of society, so even some measures conducive to historical development caused disasters to the people at that time.

The cruelty of Qin Shihuang's rule is closely related to the historical tradition of Qin State. Qin was founded as a nomadic people. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Qin has been in an environment of fighting against the enemy. "Qin people suffer hardships" is caused by history, and the "cruelty" of the rulers is also consistent with the cruel reality of this war. From Qin Xianggong to Shang Yang and then to Qin Shihuang, its ruling methods have been extremely cruel: "Yi San ancestor" and "Yi Jiuzu", which are extremely rare in other vassal States. There are hundreds of martyrs recorded in Qin alone. Qin Shihuang completed the plan of the former monarchs to unify China, and at the same time, the cruel rule of Qin reached its peak. However, emphasizing the tradition of Qin does not mean exempting Qin Shihuang from personal guilt. His cruel personality, ambition and success, especially after reunification, are important reasons for aggravating people's disasters. Because of this, and because he pushed the social economy to the point of collapse at that time, the Qin Dynasty became an extremely dark dynasty in history.