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A brief history of British development

In BC, Iberians, cyclists and Celts from the Mediterranean came to Britain one after another. 1-In the 5th century, the southeast of Great Britain was ruled by the Roman Empire. After the Romans retreated, the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in Northern Europe invaded and settled in succession. The feudal system began to form in the 7th century, and many small countries merged into seven kingdoms, contending for hegemony for 200 years, which is known as the "Anglo-Saxon era". In 829, King Egbert of Wessex unified England. It was invaded by the Danes at the end of the 8th century, and from 10 16 to 1042, it was a part of the Danish pirate empire. The Duke of Normandy crossed the sea to conquer England in 1066 after the short-term rule of the English king. 12 15 King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta and his kingship was suppressed. From 1338 to 1453, Britain and France fought a "hundred-year war", and Britain won first and then lost. 1588 defeated the Spanish "Armada" and established maritime hegemony. 1640, Britain was the first bourgeois revolution in the world and became the pioneer of bourgeois revolution. 1May 649 19, the Republic of China was proclaimed. 1660 restored the dynasty, 1668 witnessed a "glorious revolution" and established a constitutional monarchy. England 1707 merged with Scotland, 180 1 merged with Ireland. /kloc-from the second half of the 8th century to the first half of the 9th century, it became the first country in the world to complete the industrial revolution. /kloc-the 0/9th century was the heyday of the British Empire. 19 14 years, the occupied colony was11times larger than the mainland, and it was the first colonial power, claiming to be "imperial". It began to decline after the First World War. Britain established Northern Ireland in 1920, and allowed South Ireland to break away from the rule of 192 1 922 and establish an independent country. 193 1 year promulgated the Westminster act, which forced the autonomous territories to be independent in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the colonial system of the British empire was shaken. In World War II, the economic strength was greatly weakened and the political status declined. With the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the British colonial system collapsed in the 1960s. 1973 65438+ 10 joined the European body in October. 65438+On February 6th, 2005, the same-sex marriage act came into effect in Britain.

Politics: The British Constitution is different from the constitutions of most countries. It is not an independent document, but consists of statutory law, customary law and convention. There are magna carta (12 15), habeas corpus (1679), bill of rights (1689), and parliamentary law (191,etc. Scotland has an independent legal system. The political system is constitutional monarchy. The king is the head of state, the highest judicial officer, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the "supreme leader" of the Anglican Church. Formally, he has the right to appoint and dismiss prime ministers, ministers, senior judges, military officers, governors of various territories, diplomats, bishops and senior clergy of the Anglican Church. He also has the power to convene, stop and dissolve parliament, approve laws, declare war and make peace, but the real power lies in the cabinet. Parliament is the highest judicial and legislative body, consisting of the king, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The upper house (the House of Lords) is composed of royal descendants, hereditary nobles, newly appointed nobles, judges of the Court of Appeal, archbishops and church bishops. 1999 1 1 In June, the House of Lords reform bill was passed. In addition to the 92 remaining members, more than 600 hereditary nobles lost their qualifications as members of the House of Lords. Non-politically appointed members of the House of Lords will be recommended by a special royal committee. The House of Commons is also called the House of Commons. Members are elected by universal suffrage, and the electoral system of small constituencies with the most votes is adopted. The term of office is five years. But the government can decide to hold an election in advance. The government implements the cabinet system, and the leader of the political party who won the majority of seats in the parliamentary elections is appointed by the Queen as the prime minister and forms a cabinet, which is responsible to the parliament.

City Hall Building on Queen Victoria Square in Birmingham

Political Party: (1) Labour Party: the ruling party. Founded in 1900, formerly known as the Labor Representative Committee, it was renamed as its current name in 1906. The Party came to power at 1945- 195 1, 1964- 1970, 1974- 1979. He won the general election in 1997 and came to power again after the general election in June 2006. In recent years, the Labour Party has been more inclined to the interests of the middle class and alienated from the trade unions. After Blair was elected as the leader of the Labor Party, he put forward the slogan of "New Labor Party, New Britain" politically, canceled the fourth clause on public ownership in party constitution, and advocated reducing government intervention, strictly controlling public expenditure, maintaining stable macroeconomic growth and establishing a modern welfare system economically. It advocates actively participating in international cooperation, taking a positive attitude towards European integration, joining the euro and maintaining special relations with the United States. Party member, with nearly 400,000 people, is the largest party in Britain. (2) Conservative Party: the main opposition party. Formerly known as the Tory Party founded in 1679, it was renamed in 1833. The party was in power for four consecutive times from 1979 to 1997, and became the dominant political party in Britain in the 20th century. /kloc-0 was defeated by the Labour Party in May 1997 and June 2000/kloc-0. The supporters of the Conservative Party generally come from the business and wealthy classes and advocate a free market economy. By strictly controlling money supply and reducing public expenditure, we can reduce inflation. Advocate restricting trade union rights and strengthening "law" and "order". In recent years, he put forward "compassionate conservatism" and paid attention to social problems such as education, medical care and poverty. Emphasis is placed on safeguarding British sovereignty, opposing "federal Europe" and joining the euro, advocating the establishment of "Atlantic identity" and strengthening the special relationship between Britain and the United States. Emphasize that NATO remains the cornerstone of British security and defense. There are more than 300,000 people in party member. (3) Liberal Democratic Party:1March 1988 was composed of the majority of the former Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party that supported the merger with the Liberal Party. It advocates continuing to maintain the cooperative relationship with the Labor Party, pushing the Labor Party to implement the proportional representation system in local elections and lower house elections, and adopting a more "progressive" policy than the Labor Party on issues such as public services, social justice and environmental protection. At present, party member Party has about 654.38 million+party member, making it the third largest party in Britain. In addition, other political parties in Britain include: Scottish National Party, Plaid Party and some political parties in Northern Ireland, such as Ulster United Party and democratic unionist party. Social Democratic Party, Labour Party, Sinn Fein Party, etc.

Economy: Britain is one of the world's economic powers, and its GDP ranks among the best in western countries. The proportion of British manufacturing industry in the national economy has declined; The proportion of service industry and energy is increasing, among which commerce, finance and insurance are developing rapidly. In 2002, the British economy ranked fourth in the world and was the second largest overseas investor in the world. Private enterprises are the mainstay of the British economy, accounting for more than 60% of GDP. Service industry is one of the standards to measure the developed degree of modern countries. Britain's service industry accounts for 77.5% of its total employed population, and its output value accounts for more than 63% of GDP. Britain is the country with the richest energy resources in the European Union, and is also the main producer of oil and natural gas in the world. The main energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear energy and hydropower. Iron ore reserves are 2.7 billion tons, coal recoverable reserves are 4.6 billion tons, oil reserves are 7 billion tons, and natural gas reserves are 654.38+0.226-3.8 trillion cubic meters. Britain is the first country in the world to meet its 26 million users of electricity and natural gas.

A new financial center in the east London docklands.

In 200 1 year, the total power generation reached 332 million kwh, of which 90 million kwh was supplied by nuclear power plants. The British coal industry has been completely privatized. The forest area is 2.79 million hectares, accounting for about110.5% in Britain, including about 8.7% in England, 0/6.9% in Scotland, 0/4.1%in Wales and 6.1in Northern Ireland. The main industries are: mining, metallurgy, machinery, electronic instruments, automobiles, food, beverages, tobacco, textiles, paper making, printing, publishing and construction. In addition, Britain's aviation, electronics and chemical industries are relatively advanced, and emerging technologies such as submarine oil exploitation, information engineering, satellite communication and microelectronics have also made great progress in recent years. Britain attaches importance to the research and development of new and renewable energy. Britain and Africa are not rich in energy resources, and the main industrial raw materials depend on imports. Britain has developed nuclear energy for decades, and there are currently 14 nuclear power plants for power generation. 200 1 manufacturing accounts for about 17.5% of GDP, with more than 3.7 million employees, accounting for 14.5% of the total employed population. The main agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery are animal husbandry, food industry, horticulture and fishery. Service industry, including financial insurance, retail, tourism and business services (providing legal and consulting services, etc.). ) has developed rapidly in recent years. Tourism is one of the most important economic sectors in Britain. The annual output value is more than 70 billion pounds, and tourism income accounts for about 5% of the world's tourism income. Different from countries that pay attention to scenic tourism, British royal culture and museum culture are the biggest attractions of tourism. The main tourist attractions are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff, Brighton, Greenwich, Stratford, Oxford and Cambridge. Britain is the fourth largest trading country in the world, accounting for more than 5% of the total world trade, and exports of goods and services account for about 25% of GDP. Britain mainly exports machinery, automobiles, aviation equipment, electrical and electronic products, chemical products and petroleum, and mainly imports raw materials and food. Britain is also the sixth largest overseas investor and the sixth largest foreign aid country in the world. London is the largest international foreign exchange market and international insurance center in the world, and it is also one of the largest financial and trade centers in the world.

Military: The time for building the army is about1mid-7th century. The queen is the nominal supreme commander of the British army. The highest military decision-making body is the "National Defense and Overseas Policy Committee", which is chaired by the Prime Minister and includes the ministers of national defense, foreign affairs, interior affairs and finance. When necessary, the chiefs of staff of the national defense and the three armed forces attended the meeting as nonvoting delegates. The Ministry of National Defense is the executive organ of national defense, the administrative department of the government and the highest military command organ. Britain is a founding member and a major member of the NATO group, with independent nuclear power. The core of national strategy is to actively participate in world affairs and safeguard Britain's international status; Relying on and using NATO's collective defense forces to defend the security of Europe and Britain and expand Britain's influence in Europe; Actively strengthen ties with Commonwealth countries and protect their extensive overseas interests. 1After the Labour government came to power in May 1997, the national defense policy was adjusted; Continue to rely on NATO's collective defense force as the basis of British security; Actively promote the establishment of a European rapid reaction force; Maintain a strong conventional force; Maintain a nuclear deterrent; Emphasis is placed on building the army by quality, building a joint rapid reaction force, focusing on improving the rapid response capability of the British army to various crises and emergencies, and striving to safeguard the strategic interests of the traditional British sphere of influence in Europe and overseas. The voluntary military service system is implemented, and the service period ranges from 3 years, 6 years, 9 years, 12 years, 15 years, and the longest is generally 22 years. Britain implements an armed forces system that combines regular troops and reserves. In July, 2004, the British government announced the largest military adjustment plan in recent ten years, adjusting the armed forces structure and military equipment of the armed forces of the army, navy and air force, so as to increase the flexibility and maneuverability of the troops in long-range operations, so as to better meet the needs of modern wars and effectively deal with the global threats of 2 1 century. According to the figures provided by the British Ministry of Defence, the total strength of the British army is about 205,600, including army 10.95 million, navy 42,400 and air force 53,700. The defense budget in fiscal year 2004-2005 was about 29.7 billion pounds, and it is expected to increase to 33.4 billion pounds in fiscal year 2007-2008.

Diplomacy: Britain is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, one of the five major nuclear powers in the world, and an important member of international organizations such as the European Union, NATO, Commonwealth and Western European Union. We advocate strengthening relations with the United States, attach importance to developing relations with other big countries, and strive to improve relations with China, Russian, Indian, Japanese and other big countries. Strive to maintain traditional ties with Commonwealth countries and maintain and expand its influence in developing countries. Actively participate in global affairs, maintain a strong national defense force, and emphasize free trade. Strengthen international cooperation on environmental protection, human rights and sustainable development. Make human rights the core of its foreign policy.