The first chapter is the study of Xunzi and Gongsun Chou's urgent translation of Mencius.

Mr. Wang said: I can't learn. Green is taken from blue, and green is blue; Ice and water can do it, but it is colder than water. Wood is straight in the rope and is considered as a wheel. Although it is violent, it is natural to let it stand still. Therefore, the wood is straight by the rope, the gold is sharp, the gentleman is knowledgeable, and he saves himself every day, so he knows clearly without fault. So, if you don't climb the mountain, you don't know the height of the sky. Don't face the deep stream, I don't know the thickness of the ground; I didn't know the greatness of learning until I heard the last words of my late king. The sons of Gan, Yue, Yi and Xun were born in unison, long and different, and naturally educated. The poem says, "Dear Sir, there is no constant rest. Jing * * *, good is integrity. Listen to God and you will be blessed. " God is greater than Tao, and joy is greater than harmlessness. The gentleman said: learning can't stop. Indigo is extracted from bluegrass and bluer than bluegrass. Ice is solidified by water, which is cooler than water. The wood is straight and conforms to the chalk line. If it is bent into a wheel, the curvature of wood meets the standard of roundness. No matter how dry it is, it won't be straight, because it has been processed like this. Therefore, wood can be straightened after being measured with ink lines, and metal products such as swords can be sharpened after being ground on a millstone. A gentleman reads widely and checks himself every day, then he will be wise and wise, and his behavior will not be wrong. Therefore, if you don't climb the mountain, you don't know how high the sky is; I don't know how thick the ground is without facing the deep stream; If you don't understand the legacy of the emperor, you won't know the breadth of knowledge. Dry people, Vietnamese, foreigners and raccoons cry the same when they are born, but their customs are different when they grow up, which is created by education. The poem says, "Gentlemen, don't always think about comfort. Take your work seriously and love the virtue of integrity. The gods will give you great happiness when they hear all this. " Nothing is more spiritually cultivated than being influenced by morality, and nothing lasts longer than no disaster. Mencius said, "The right time and place are not as good as human harmony, and the right place is not as good as the cooperation of Qi Xin. A small town with an inner wall of three miles and an outer wall of seven miles cannot be attacked on all sides. Since we are besieged on all sides, there is always a good time or place, but we still can't break through. It can be seen that the good time and place are not as good as people. On the other hand, the city wall is not high, the moat is not deep, the weapons and armor are not extremely strong, and the food and grass are not insufficient, but they still abandon the city and flee. It can be seen that the favorable terrain is not as good as Qixin cooperation. Therefore, people can't be bound by blocking the border, the country can't be saved by mountains and rivers, and the world can't be achieved by sharp weapons. People with morality get more help, while people without morality get less help. When there are few people to help, even relatives will betray; When the number of people who help is extremely high, all people will obey. To attack those who will betray their loved ones with the power of universal obedience will inevitably defeat the enemy without fighting. " Understanding the relationship between heaven, earth and people has always been a concern of people. Who is the most important of the three has become a topic of discussion. As we quoted in the notes, L ≠ L once discussed the problems of weather, geography and human harmony from the perspective of agricultural production. But he did not distinguish who is important and who is not, but the three are equally important and indispensable. Mencius mainly analyzes and discusses the relationship between climate, geography and human harmony from the military aspect, and has a clear-cut banner: "climate is not as good as geography, and geography is not as good as human harmony." Among the three, "harmony between people" is the most important decisive factor, followed by "geographical location" and "weather". This is inseparable from his thought of always attaching importance to people's subjective initiative, and also from his purpose of discussing climate, geography, people and relations, and also from his purpose of discussing climate, geography, people and relations. It is from emphasizing the importance of "harmony between people" that he came to the conclusion that "those who gain the Tao will help more, while those who lose the Tao will help less". This led the problem from military to politics, and actually returned to his "old-fashioned" topic of "benevolent governance". According to Mencius, the people can't be bound by blocking the border, and the country can't be saved by mountains and rivers. Therefore, there is no way to go abroad. We should reform and open up, strengthen our national strength and let the people live and work in peace and contentment. As long as this is achieved, that is, "those who get the word will help more", and if they help to the extreme, the people of the world will submit. Then there must be what Confucius said-"Then people from all directions will come without children." ("The Analects? People from all over the world come to apply for studying abroad, doing business, and even bringing their wives and children to apply for immigration and settlement. Where is the "frontier" needed? I'm afraid I can't get rid of it. In this way, "those who gain the Tao help more, those who lose it help less" has become a famous saying, so that we still often use it to evaluate international relations and condemn hegemonism. Of course, "the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as the harmony between people" is also a famous saying, which is also widely used in business competitions, sports competitions, especially football competitions. This fully shows that its philosophy is rich, profound and broad. The so-called "unity is strength, mount tai is the top." "Who said' harmony' is not the most important wealth?

Reference: Zhuo Qun/Articles? id = 139 China kongzi/2550/big 5/book/view？ id=550

Xunzi: The gentleman said, "Learn from Fukashi. Indigo, extracted from bluegrass, is greener than bluegrass; Ice is condensed from water, which is cooler than water. The wood is straight enough to meet the chalk line standard. When it is soaked in water and smoked into a wheel, its curvature conforms to the standard of compasses. Even if it is dried by the sun, it will not be straight again. That's why this is happening! Therefore, the correction of ink lines makes the wood straight, and the sword becomes sharp after being placed on the grindstone; A gentleman is well-read, and he will reflect on three things every day, so that his wisdom will be clear and his behavior will be blameless. So don't climb the mountain, I don't know how high it is; Not facing the deep stream, I don't know how thick it is; I haven't heard the words left by the former holy king I don't know how broad my knowledge is! In the south, the babies of Han and Yue cry the same when they are born, but their customs are different when they grow up. This is because of education! I used to daydream all day, so I might as well study for a while! I once raised my heels and looked into the distance. It is better to climb up and look far away! Waving high, the arm is not lengthened, but people in the distance can see it; Shouting with the wind didn't speed up, but people in the distance heard it clearly. Horsemen are not good at walking, but they can walk Wan Li Road. People who go by boat are not good at swimming, but they can cross the river. A gentleman's nature is no different from that of a human being, but he is good at using foreign things. There is a bird in the south, called "Mongolian pigeon", which makes a nest with feathers, ties it with hair and hangs on reeds. When the wind blows, the reed breaks, the egg breaks and the bird dies. It's not that the nest is bad, it's just that the nest is in the wrong place! There is a plant in the west called Belamcanda. Its stem is four inches long. It grows on a high mountain and faces the abyss. It is not the length of the stem, but the long place that makes it like this! Pennisetum grows in the middle of hemp stalks and does not need help to grow straight naturally; The white sand in the black mud will turn black together. Lan Huaigen is a branch. Soak in smelly water, politicians will not get close, and ordinary people will not wear it. Its essence is not that it is not beautiful, but that it is soaked in its smelly water to make it so! Therefore, a gentleman must choose a village at home, and be close to the wise and the golden mean to make friends, so as to prevent the temptation of evil! Things must have their roots; The arrival of honor and disgrace must be commensurate with his virtue. Rotten meat gives birth to worms, and dried fish gives birth to moths. Laziness and arrogance forget self-cultivation, and disaster comes. If something is too strong, it will break; If you are too weak, you will be bound. Behavior is unfair and dirty, and it is the object of resentment and anger. Pile up firewood and burn it in a dry place; It is also flat, and water flows to places with low humidity. Animals and plants gather here, and everything is the same! So the arrow came with a bow and arrow hanging from the target, the trees flourished with axes, the birds in the shade of the trees flew to rest, and the gnats gathered in the acetic acid. Therefore, words sometimes bring disaster, and actions sometimes bring shame. A gentleman should learn and be careful! Accumulated soil becomes mountains, resulting in wind and rain; Water flows into the abyss, where dragons grow; Accumulate goodness into virtue, and naturally reach the realm of pure heart, and the cultivation of saints will be possessed. Therefore, it is impossible to walk thousands of miles without gradual accumulation; If you don't accumulate a small stream, you can't become a river or a sea. A swift horse can't jump ten paces away from Xu; Xu has been walking for ten days, and its success lies in constantly walking. If you carve it, throw it away. You can't carve rotten wood. If you insist on carving, stones can also be carved successfully. Earthworms have no sharp claws and strong bones and muscles. They can drill into the soil and drink spring water. This is because they are dedicated crabs with six feet and two thorns, but there is no place to stay except the caves of snakes and eels. This is because the mind is impetuous! Therefore, without a focused mind, there is no obvious intelligence; Without sincere action, there will be no remarkable achievements. Those who wander on the wrong path will never reach their destination, and those who serve two monarchs at the same time will be tolerated by others. Eyes can't see two scenes at the same time, and ears can't hear two sounds at the same time. Flying snakes can fly without feet, flying mice have five skills, but they will inevitably be trapped. The Book of Songs says, "The cuckoo on the mulberry tree feeds seven chicks. A good man, a gentleman, should be single-minded, single-minded, and have a firm heart. Therefore, a gentleman should concentrate on his studies! Once upon a time, all the fish lurking in the water swam out to listen; Boya played the piano, and the grazing horse looked up and listened. Therefore, no matter how loud the voice is, there is nothing you can't hear; No matter how secret this behavior is, it can't be seen outside. There is jade in the mountains, and the vegetation on the mountains looks moist; If pearls were born in water, the river bank would not dry up. I'm afraid doing good deeds can't last! If you can accumulate virtue for a long time, how can it not be known? Where should learning begin? Where does it end? It can be said that the method is to start from reading classics and end from reading ritual books; The goal begins with learning and ends with becoming a saint. If you practice sincerely for a long time, you will be able to go further and learn until you die! So when the learning method comes to an end, as for the learning goal, you can't give up for a moment! It is a person who can learn in this way; If you can't study like this, you will become an animal. Mencius said, "The climate and geographical position are not as good as harmony between people and Qi Xin. A small town with three walls inside and seven walls outside cannot be broken under siege. Since we are besieged on all sides, there will always be days with good opportunities or good weather, but we can't break through, which shows that favorable opportunities and climate are not as good as favorable terrain. On the other hand, the city wall is not small, the moat is not deep, the weapons and armor are not sharp and strong, and the food and grass are not insufficient, but in the end, they abandoned the city and fled, showing that the favorable terrain is not as good as Qi Xin's cooperation. Therefore, border sealing can't control people, Jiangshan can't save the country, and sharp weapons can't become the world. People with morality get more help, while people without morality get less help. When there are few people to help, even relatives will betray; When the number of people who help is extremely high, people all over the world will obey. To attack a person who even betrays his loved ones with the power of the world's submission is bound to defeat the enemy without fighting. 」