Review the outline of geography and biology. 2pints

the movement of the earth in the second quarter

1. The earth keeps rotating around the earth, which is called the earth's rotation. The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east, and the time for one rotation is about 24 hours. The side facing the sun is day, and the side facing the sun is night, so there is a time difference between day and night.

2. The earth rotates around the sun from west to east, which is called the revolution of the earth. period of revolution is the sun around March 21 of a year. The day when the light shines directly on the equator is the vernal equinox, and the day when it shines directly on the tropic of cancer becomes the summer solstice. The day when it shines directly on the equator is the autumnal equinox, and the day when it shines directly on the tropic of cancer is the winter solstice (refer to Figure 1.19)

3 March to May is the spring in the northern hemisphere, June to August is the summer, September to November is the autumn, December to February is the winter season in the southern hemisphere and the opposite in the northern hemisphere

4 Figure 1.2

1 Scale direction and legend are the basic elements of the map

2 You can determine the direction according to the beacon or latitude and longitude network on the map (Activity 1 1, 2)

3 mark the altitude of each location on the map and connect the points with the same altitude into a line, which is the contour line (refer to Figure 1.27 1.28 1.29)

4. We will choose a map with similar range and scale according to our needs (Activity 3 1)

Chapter II Land and Ocean

Section I Continents and Oceans

1 The earth's surface is 71% and the ocean is 29%. The ocean is concentrated in the southern hemisphere

2. Be familiar with the distribution of continents and oceans, and master the shape of continents (refer to Figure 2.6)

3. Asia and Europe are bounded by the Ural Mountains, the ural river Caucasus Mountains and the Turkish Strait

Asia and Africa are bounded by the Suez Canal (refer to Figure 2.7)

Section 2. Changes of land and sea

1. Examples of land and sea changes are marine animal fossils in the Himalayas, an ancient submarine river in eastern China. Fluid vestiges

2 The world is roughly divided into six plates: Asia-Europe plate, Africa plate, Indian Ocean plate, Pacific plate and America plate

The volcanic seismic belt of Antarctica plate is generally distributed at the edge of the plate, and the plates are still moving (refer to Figure 2.19)

3 The Himalayan Mountains are formed by the subduction of the Indian Ocean plate to Asia-Europe plate (refer to Figure 2.22), and the Red Sea is formed by the tension between the African plate and the Indian Ocean plate (refer to Figure) 2.21)

Chapter III Weather and Climate

Section I Changing Weather

1 Familiar with weather symbols commonly used in urban weather forecast charts (Figure 3.6)

Section II Temperature and its distribution

1 The thermometer for observing temperature is 1.5 meters above the ground, and it is observed four times a day by centigrade scale, usually at 8: , 4: and 2: Beijing time

2 According to the temperature curve, the data is obtained. According to the temperature curve (Figure 3.14, Table 3.1)

3 Low latitude temperature high latitude temperature low same latitude summer land temperature high ocean temperature low winter on the contrary, the higher the land altitude, the lower the temperature

4 Isotherm diagram shows the horizontal distribution of temperature (refer to Figure 3.15)

Section III precipitation and precipitation distribution

1 Monthly precipitation histogram shows the seasonal variation of precipitation in a year

2 According to precipitation. Draw a histogram of precipitation according to the data (refer to Figure 3.2 and Table 3.2)

3 Use an isoprecipitation line chart to show the distribution of precipitation in various regions

4 Precipitation is affected by latitude, land and sea position and topography. Generally, precipitation in low latitudes is more than precipitation in high latitudes, and precipitation in low latitudes is less than that in the east coast of the mainland near the tropic of Cancer. Rainfall in the inland areas in mid-latitudes is less than that in the east coast. Rainfall in the east and west of the mainland is more than that in the mountains. Less

Section IV Climate of the World

1 The climate types of the world can be roughly divided into tropical rain forest climate, savanna climate, tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate, temperate maritime climate, Mediterranean climate, cold zone climate, plateau and mountain climate

2 latitude position, land and sea position and topography are the main factors affecting climate

3 Climate affects people's daily life. Life and production activities sometimes bring disasters

Chapter IV Residents and Settlements

Section I Population and Ethnicity

1 The natural population growth rate is equal to the birth rate minus the death rate, which indicates the speed of population growth

2 The population density is equal to the population per unit area divided by the population per unit area, and the population within a square kilometer is generally calculated

3 The population density in different regions is different, such as Asia, southeast coastal areas, Europe, North America and all continents. The coastal areas are densely populated

4 Some countries implement birth control policies and some countries encourage birth

5 The current population problems include population expansion, urbanization and aging

6 There are three major races in the world: yellow race, white race, black race

7 White race is mainly distributed in Europe, Africa, north, southwest Asia, Oceania, south, central North America and east coast of South America

Yellow race is mainly distributed in Asia. East North America North South America North Madagascar Island

Black people are mainly distributed in Oceania Northwest Africa South

Section II World Languages and Religions

1 Distribution of major languages in the world (refer to Figure 4.13)

2 The working language of the United Nations is Chinese English French Russian Spanish Arabic

3 Christianity, Islam and Buddhism are the three major religions in the world

4 Christ. Christians are mainly distributed in Europe, America and Oceania. Muslims are mainly distributed in western and southeastern Asia, northern and eastern Africa, and Buddhists are mainly distributed in eastern and southeastern Asia.

5 Typical buildings for understanding the three major religions (Figure 4.15)

Section III Human habitation-settlement

1 Conditions for settlement formation, water topography, land resources and climate

2 Description of rural landscape and urban landscape. Differences in views (Figure 4.17)

3 The natural environment determines the architectural style of settlements

Chapter V Development and Cooperation

1 Five Principles of Peace * * * * 1 Mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity 2 Non-aggression 3 Non-interference in each other's internal affairs 4 Peace * * * Equality and mutual benefit

2 A country has four aspects: area, population, political system and development level

3 More than 2 developed countries are mainly distributed in Europe, North America and Oceania, and more than 15 developing countries are mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Latin America

4 The industries in developed countries are mainly high-tech industries, while the industries in developing countries are mainly primary processed finished products, and the agriculture in developed countries is mainly developed by large-scale mechanization. China is dominated by semi-mechanization and manual production. The developed countries have perfect service facilities, and the developing countries are dominated by finance, tourism and real estate.

5 No country exists in isolation in the world, and it always has contacts with other countries to varying degrees. Developed countries need to buy raw materials and sell products in developing countries, and developing countries need to introduce capital, equipment, advanced production technology and management experience from developed countries. This is the importance of strengthening international cooperation.

6 The basic purpose of the United Nations is to promote national development and safeguard world peace. The main institutions of the United Nations include the United Nations General Assembly, the Security Council, the Secretariat of the Trusteeship Council of the Economic and Social Council and the International Court of Justice. Since its establishment, the United Nations has done a lot of work in safeguarding world peace and promoting international cooperation and development.

Chapter VI-Asia, the continent where we live.

Section 1 Natural environment

1 Asia is the area of the world. The continent with the largest span, the widest latitude and the longest distance from east to west

2. The rivers in central Asia are towering and low-lying. They originate from the central mountainous plateau and flow radially to the surrounding oceans

3. The Caspian Sea is the world's largest lake. Lake Baikal is the world's deepest and largest freshwater lake.

The Dead Sea is the lowest point of the world's land. The Arabian Peninsula is the world's largest peninsula. The Malay archipelago is the world's largest archipelago.

4. The tropical temperate zone and the cold zone are bordered by the ocean to the west and penetrate into the Eurasian continent on three sides. The climate in Asia has the characteristics of complex and diverse monsoon climate and wide continental climate distribution (Figure 6.9)

Section II Human environment

1 Asia is the most populous continent, and the population has exerted heavy pressure on resources and environment (Activity 1 2)

2 Asia has diverse regional cultures and three birthplaces of human civilization. Especially the Mesopotamian plain in the Indus Valley in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River-Yangtze River (Figure 6.16 < P > 3. Understand the differences in housing and clothing in different parts of Asia (Figure 6.17 and Activity 2 1)

4 Asian countries have great differences in economic development, and there are few developed countries and great differences among developing countries < P > Chapter VII Our neighboring countries and regions < P > Section 1 Japan

1 Japan is the northwest of the Pacific Ocean. The four big islands of Hokkaido, Shikoku, Kyushu and the surrounding thousands of small islands and the surrounding waters make up the Japanese coastline. The harbor is located at the junction of the Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate, so there are many volcanic earthquakes

2 Japan has few resources, so a large number of raw materials are imported from abroad and then processed and sold to form a developed processing trade economy

3 The main industrial areas in Japan are Jingbin Industrial Zone, Nagoya Industrial Zone, Hanshin Industrial Zone and Setouchi Industrial Zone. Industrial Zone Kitakyushu Industrial Zone (Figure 7.13)

4 The main ethnic group in Japan is Yamato, and there are many cultural exchanges between East and West in China.

Section II Southeast Asia

1 Southeast Asia is located at the crossroads between Asia and Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and the Malacca Strait between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island is the shortest route from Europe and Africa to Southeast Asia and East Asian ports. An important sea passage between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean

2 Southeast Asia is a tropical monsoon and tropical rain forest, so rice is the main food crop, and Southeast Asia is also an important tropical crop production base. Thailand is the world's largest banana producer, the Philippines is the world's largest banana producer and coconut exporter, Indonesia is the world's largest coconut producer and Malaysia is the world's largest palm oil producer

3 Describe the tropical monsoon climate. Characteristics and differences of the rainforest climate

4 There are many mountains and rivers in Indo-China Peninsula in Southeast Asia, and most of the big cities in the north-south direction are located in the alluvial flat along the river \

I also summarized it myself in the second day of junior high school ~

1. At present, there are about 1.5 million known animals, which can be divided into two categories: one is vertebrates, and they have spines in their bodies; The other is invertebrates, which have no spine in their bodies. (Note that "vertebrates have spines in their bodies", not spines, which I missed, so I would like to remind them here)

2. Biodiversity: 1. Diversity of species; 2. Diversity of living environment; 3, the diversity of sports modes.

3. Two characteristics are very important for fish to live in water: (1) they can get food by swimming and defend themselves from enemies; (2) can breathe in water.

4. The structure that fish can overcome resistance in water: streamlined (shuttle-shaped) body; The body surface secretes mucus.

5. When a fish swims, it relies on the left and right swinging of the tail on the trunk to generate the power to move forward; it relies on the dorsal fin, pectoral fin, ventral fin and gluteal fin to keep balance; and it relies on the caudal fin to keep the direction to move forward.

6. When it is difficult to experiment directly with the research object, sometimes the model is used to do the experiment, that is, the model is made by imitating the experimental object, or some conditions of the experiment are imitated to do the experiment. Such an experiment is called simulation experiment.

7. Various fins play an auxiliary coordination role in the movement.

8. Gills are the respiratory organs of fish.

9. Gills are rich in capillaries, so they are bright red.

1. The gill filaments are many and thin, which is to expand the contact area with water and is conducive to full gas exchange. Gills are not easy to absorb oxygen in the air. After fish leave water, gill filaments cover each other, reducing the contact area with air, and they can't get enough oxygen from the air, so they die of lack of oxygen.

11. Fish gills are very important for breathing in water: the gills are bright red and rich in capillaries; Branchial filaments are many and thin.

12. Water flows in from the fish mouth and out from the rear edge of gill cover.

13. In the water flowing out of fish gills, oxygen decreases and carbon dioxide increases.

14. O2—— in gas exchange water-in the capillaries of gill filaments

Co2— in gill filaments-in water

15. The main characteristics of fish are that they often have scales on their body surfaces, breathe through gills, and swim through the swing of tail and the coordination of fins.

16. With a mouth but no anus, food enters the digestive cavity through the mouth, and the digested food residue is still excreted from the body through the mouth. These animals are called coelenterates.

17. Animals whose bodies are soft and protected by shells are called mollusks.

18. Animals with hard nails are called crustaceans. Crustaceans breathe through gills.

19. coelenterates, mollusks and crustaceans are all invertebrates.

2. All kinds of creatures in the water are important components of the aquatic ecosystem. They are closely and intricately linked through food chains and food webs, and at the same time, they are all affected by the aquatic environment. The change of their species and the increase and decrease of their numbers will affect human life.

21. Compared with the water environment, the land environment is much more complicated. (1) relatively dry; (2) The temperature difference between day and night is large; (3) Lack of buoyancy in water; (4) There is gaseous oxygen; (5) The land environment is complex and changeable.

22. Adaptation of animals living on land to the environment: 1. Generally, there are structures to prevent water loss; 2. It is not affected by the buoyancy of water, and generally has organs that support the body and movement. It is used for crawling, walking, jumping, running, climbing and other sports modes to feed and avoid enemies; 2. Generally, there are various respiratory organs located inside the body that can breathe in the air, such as trachea and lungs; 4, generally have developed sensory organs and nervous system, can respond to the changing environment in a timely manner.

23. annelids are not mollusks, but invertebrates.

24. Animals whose bodies are composed of many similar annular segments are called annelids.

25. Earthworms live in moist soil rich in humus, because they are cold-blooded animals with little temperature change, so they are suitable for earthworms to live.

26. Segmenting the body can make the earthworm's body move flexibly.

27. Earthworms move by the contraction and relaxation of muscles, the support and fixation of bristles.

28. Earthworms don't have a special respiratory system, and their breathing depends on the body wall that can secrete mucus and keep it moist all the time.