India and Pakistan have had three wars since independence. Why?

The main obstacle affecting relations between India and Pakistan is the Kashmir issue. India and Pakistan have fought three major wars over the ownership of the region. The First India-Pakistan War In the autumn of 1947, the Indian peninsula got rid of British colonial rule and established the independent Indian Federation and Pakistan. However, the two sides have never agreed on the ownership of Kashmir. Kashmir is the abbreviation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, located in the northwest of the South Asian subcontinent. Before the partition of India and Pakistan, it was one of the largest princely states in British India, with an area of ??approximately 210,000 square kilometers and a population of approximately 5 million, of which Muslims accounted for Of the total population of 77.11%, Hindus account for 20.12%, and the rest are Sikhs and Buddhists. Kashmir is located in the heart of Asia, bordering Russia, China, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan. Its strategic position is extremely important. In October 1947, the Kashmiri King Hari Singh announced that the region would belong to India and had signed a formal merger agreement with India. The Indian army then entered the Kashmir region and launched a fierce battle with Muslim armed forces supported by Pakistan. This conflict intensified and finally developed into a large-scale military conflict between India and Pakistan at the end of the same year, that is, the first India-Pakistan War. The war ultimately did not resolve the Kashmir issue, and India and Pakistan had to submit the issue to the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council. On August 13, 1948 and January 5, 1949, the Security Council decided twice that the Kashmir issue should be decided by the Kashmiri people themselves. However, India believes that the Kashmir issue has been resolved by the agreement signed between its king and India on October 26, 1947, and opposes a referendum to determine its ownership. On July 29, 1949, India and Pakistan signed an agreement to draw a ceasefire line in Kashmir. The Second India-Pakistan War The second India-Pakistan War is also called the "Second Kashmir War". India and Pakistan hastily entered a state of war without formally declaring war. In early August 1965, fierce exchanges of fire broke out between Kashmiri guerrillas and Indian troops near the India-Pakistan ceasefire line. Subsequently, regular Pakistani troops were also involved in the conflict on August 14. The Indian and Pakistani armies fought in the mountains near the ceasefire line in Kashmir. With the support of heavy artillery fire, the Indian army captured many mountains on the side of the Pakistani line of control. In September, Pakistan launched a counterattack in the southern area of ??the ceasefire line and invaded India's weakly defended Punjab. Pakistani ground troops, with the cooperation of tanks, inflicted heavy losses on the Indian army. During the battle, both sides used their air force to support the ground combat and launched fierce air battles. Subsequently, the India-Pakistan war reached a stalemate. On September 20, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution unanimously calling for a ceasefire between India and Pakistan. India accepted the UN ceasefire resolution on the 21st and Pakistan accepted the UN ceasefire resolution on the 22nd. On September 23, the Indian and Pakistani armies officially ceased fire. In January 1966, India and Pakistan signed the Tashkent Declaration. Pakistan has pledged to "not use force but to resolve disputes through peaceful means" and "the obligation not to interfere in each other's internal affairs" on the Kashmir issue. The Third India-Pakistan War In March 1971, the Indian cabinet, parliament and Congress party held separate meetings and passed resolutions supporting the establishment of "Bangladesh" in East Pakistan. At the same time, troops were assembled on the India-Pakistan border and military exercises were conducted. In July, India formulated a war plan to "liberate Bangladesh". In order to seek international support, India also signed the "Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation" with the Soviet Union in August, and obtained weapons and equipment such as tanks, armored personnel carriers, and surface-to-air missiles from the Soviet Union. Pakistan is highly wary of India's war preparations and has made corresponding preparations. As of November 1971, the deployment of troops on both sides was basically completed. The number of troops invested by India in the direction of East Pakistan is 3 military headquarters, 7 divisions, 12 squadrons of the Air Force, 200 combat aircraft, 26 naval ships, about 170,000 people; the number of troops invested in the direction of West Pakistan is *** There are 13 divisions and 8 brigades, 20 squadrons of the air force, 300 combat aircraft, 20 naval ships, and about 300,000 people. Pakistan has invested 4 infantry divisions, two air force squadrons, 17 combat aircraft, and about 90,000 people in East Pakistan. Pakistan has invested 12 divisions, 6 brigades, and 20 air force in West Pakistan. This squadron has 200 combat aircraft, more than 20 naval ships, and about 250,000 people. Comparing the strength of the two sides, in the direction of East Pakistan, the Indian army has a clear advantage and the Pakistani army is at a disadvantage; in the direction of West Pakistan, the two armies are equally matched, with the Indian army having a slight advantage. On November 21, 1971, the Indian army launched a sudden attack on Pakistan, and the India-Pakistan war broke out. On the 23rd, Pakistani President Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency across the country, and the Pakistani army made all-out efforts to fight against the Indian army. The war started in two battlefields, East Pakistan and West Pakistan. India's strategic intention is to attack in the east and defend in the west, with the ultimate goal of capturing East Pakistan. Pakistan's strategic guidance is to make every effort to defend strategic locations in order to crush the Indian army's assault. On the battlefield of East Pakistan, the Indian Army, in close cooperation with the navy and air force, concentrated its forces and carried out a "multi-channel centripetal assault" on East Pakistan from three directions: east, west and north. In the eastern direction, the Indian army strengthened its troops with 3 divisions and 8 battalions and launched offensive operations in three routes. By December 9, it captured the three important towns of Ashuganj, Daodekandi and Chandpur, opening the way to the east. Gateway to Dhaka.

In the west direction, the Indian army launched attacks along the southwest and northwest axes, encountering stubborn resistance from the Pakistani army along the way. However, due to the Indian army's superior strength, by December 14, the Indian army captured the important town of Faridpur along the southwest route and attacked Dhaka posed a threat; the Indian army along the northwest route destroyed the Pakistani defense line several times, and occupied the important town of Porgera after repeated battles, but failed to develop an offensive to the north, and therefore did not fully realize its combat plan. In the northern direction, the two sides conducted offensive and defensive operations in Jamalpur, Mimensingh and Tangail. As a result, the Pakistani army failed to hold its position, lost Jamalpur, and retreated to the Tangail area to establish new defenses. After the Indian army in three combat directions completed preparations for the encirclement and attack on Dhaka, the Indian army began to launch a general attack on Dhaka. The Indian Army's 50th Paratrooper Brigade first carried out airborne operations in Tangail, a key town in the northwest 70 kilometers away from Dhaka, and Nasigdi, a key northeastern town 30 kilometers away from Dhaka. In one fell swoop, it cut off the Pakistani army's retreat and headed south towards Dhaka. On December 15, the Indian army completed the encirclement of Dhaka from the east, west and north. The navy and air force implemented a strict blockade from the sea and air, completely cutting off any connection between East Pakistan and West Pakistan and the outside world. Under this circumstance, the East Ba defenders surrendered to the Indian army on December 16, and the offensive and defensive operations on the East Ba battlefield came to an end. On the battlefield in West Pakistan, the two sides engaged in a battle dominated by air combat. Relying on the superiority of its air force, the Indian Army strives to severely damage the Pakistani Air Force's bases, destroy Pakistan's transportation lines, isolate the interconnections between various battlefields of the Pakistani Army, prevent the movement and assembly of Pakistani ground forces, and achieve the purpose of weakening and suppressing the West Pakistani ground forces. The Pakistani army strives to strengthen air defense in key areas, suppress and weaken the combat power of the Indian Air Force, prevent or limit the Indian Air Force's air strikes, and ensure the conduct of ground operations. As a result of the battle, neither side achieved decisive results. While competing in the air, both sides also conducted limited ground combat operations. The two armies each carried out offensive operations. Among them, the Indian army launched attacks from multiple routes and successively occupied 3,600 square kilometers of territory in Sindh Province and Sakgar region of West Pakistan. At this time, the Indian army had won the victory in the East Pakistan battlefield, so India announced on December 17 that it would implement a "unilateral ceasefire" in the West Pakistan area. Pakistan accepted India's ceasefire proposal, and combat operations in the West Pakistan battlefield came to an end. After the Third Indo-Pakistani War, East Pakistan broke away from Pakistan and established the Bangladesh Democratic Republic. In addition, India also occupied 320 square kilometers of land in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir. In July 1972, India and Pakistan signed the Simla Agreement, in which both parties agreed to respect the actual line of control formed after the 1971 ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir. Time flies, and almost 30 years have passed since the 1971 India-Pakistan War. Although that war has gradually faded from the memory of many people, many questions still linger in the minds of some experts. At the end of 1971, India sent troops to fight for independence in East Pakistan, and conflict broke out again with Pakistan in Kashmir, and the third India-Pakistan War broke out. With the intervention of the United Nations, the two sides achieved a ceasefire on December 17, 1971, and East Pakistan became independent from Pakistan and became today's Bangladesh.