What is ECTS European Credit Transfer System?

European Credit Transfer System, also known as the European Credit Mutual Recognition System, hereinafter referred to as ECTS.

The focus is on credit transfer, which is developed and implemented by the European Commission (United Nations European Center for Higher Education, UNESCO European Center for Higher Education, UNESCO-CEPES). It is the earliest development in the world and the only process in Europe. Higher education credit system that has been experimentally proven to be relatively successful.

As of 2011, 53 countries and regions have signed the "Bologna Declaration" and become participants in the European Credit Transfer System. According to the framework, the first cycle is a bachelor's degree requiring at least three years of study, corresponding to 180-240 ECTS credits.

The second cycle is a master's degree, which takes one to two years and corresponds to 60-120 ECTS credits; the third cycle is a doctoral degree, and there are currently no clear credit and credit hour requirements. ECTS is the most unified credit standard in Europe, providing a platform for the mutual recognition, conversion and accumulation of credits, and for students to transfer between different educational institutions.

This system is the only European higher education credit system in Europe that has been tested and proven to be relatively successful. Initially limited to credit transfer, the system has recently included credit accumulation.

Initiated in 1999, one of the main purposes of the "Bologna Process" is to open up the European credit system, promote mutual recognition of academic qualifications, and encourage European students to study in other European countries for further study, both in terms of quantity and quality. to strengthen the mobility of European students and accelerate the development of knowledge societies and economic progress.

The emergence of this credit system will not only help students understand and compare relevant study courses, but also help promote teaching reforms in European higher education institutions. The result of the reform is more conducive to the mobility of European students and more conducive to attracting foreign students to study in Europe.

Extended information:

1. Main content

Full-time European students should obtain 60 credits per academic year, which is approximately equivalent to 1500-1800 credit hours, each Credit hours equal 25-30 credit hours.

Students can only receive credits after successfully completing their studies and passing the corresponding examinations and evaluations.

Credit parameters involve all aspects of learning activities - attending classes and lectures, participating in seminars, independent study and self-study, preparing project reports and completing assignments, taking exams, etc., all constitute the student's learning burden and workload.

Students obtain corresponding credits through classes, internships, papers and other learning methods. The credit value is based on the objectives and workload of the learning tasks throughout the year.

Students’ learning performance and learning levels are determined by each country. The European Credit Mutual Recognition System divides academic performance into two levels: pass and fail.

At the same time, the passing exam is divided into 5 levels and the proportion of students in each level is set as: A=10%, B=25%, C=30%, D=25%, E=10 %. There are two levels of failure: FX = Passing can be achieved with appropriate efforts, F = Passing is possible only after a lot of work.

Credit points under the European Credit Mutual Recognition System are only used at the bachelor's and master's levels of higher education. Higher education institutions that use the European credit mutual recognition system should be relatively well-known and reputable units, and should be reliable and transparent partners in Europe and internationally.

Higher education institutions participating in the European Credit Mutual Recognition System need to provide detailed content, course requirements and academic level information of relevant courses in their country based on the relevant parameters and subject list of the European Credit Mutual Recognition System.

These higher education institutions are also required to provide students with academic transcripts and certificates of ability that can further explain the student's performance. In order to ensure comparability, countries participating in the European Credit Mutual Recognition System issue academic certificates at the same time.

Students must be provided with a "DIPLOMA SUPPLEMENT" that specifically explains the nature, level, content, academic performance and other relevant information of the academic certificate.

2. Current status of progress

As of 2005, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia , the Holy See, the Holy See, Iceland

Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, the former Yugoslavia, Ukraine, the United Kingdom

Andorra, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Spain, Turkey and other 45 countries and regions signed the "Bologna Declaration" and became the first member of the European credit mutual recognition system. participants. However, the level and degree of participation in these countries vary.

Albania has its own national credit system, which has been integrated with the European credit system; the Netherlands has its own national credit system, which is in the process of being integrated with the European credit system; in Denmark, only universities use the European credit system, not colleges. .

Some countries have their own credit systems, but their credit values ??are different from the European credit system. For example, 1 credit in Latvia, Estonia, Sweden, and Finland is equal to 1.5 European credits, and Iceland , Austria, Norway, 1 credit is equal to 2 European credits.

Hungary, Iceland, Slovenia, Serbia, Flanders in Belgium, and the Czech Republic do not have a unified national credit system; Croatia, Cyprus, Portugal, Germany, and Switzerland are establishing their own countries based on the European credit system Credit system.

Baidu Encyclopedia-European Credit Mutual Recognition System