Brazil's independence process

During the Portuguese colonial rule (1500 ~ 1822), the ancient Indians in Brazil mainly belonged to four tribal groups, such as Tupiguarani, Gatz, Caribbean and Nuruak. /kloc-Before the 6th century, it was still in the primitive commune stage.

1500, the Portuguese explorer P Cabral led a fleet across the Atlantic Ocean. On April 22nd, he discovered this land and declared it Portuguese territory. The local area is rich in mahogany called "Brazilian wood", from which dyes that were considered very valuable at that time can be extracted, so Europeans later called this area "Brazil". 1530, the Portuguese royal family sent M.A.de Souza to immigrate to Brazil. 1532, Portuguese colonists began to establish settlements. 1534 ~ 1536, the coastal areas of Brazil were divided into 14 "fiefs", which were divided into feudal lords as hereditary territories. 1549, the royal family appointed T.de Souza as the first governor, unified management of various fiefs, and established El Salvador (also known as Bahia) as the capital. Since then, Portuguese immigrants have gradually increased. 1580, the Portuguese throne was inherited by the Spanish royal family and the territory was incorporated into Spain; The Spanish royal family set up the Office of India and Overseas Territories Affairs in Portugal to manage Brazil. From 1624, the Dutch occupied a large area of land in northeast Brazil and ruled until 1654. 1640 Portugal regained its independence and set up an overseas office to manage Brazil. 1763, the Portuguese government moved the capital of the Brazilian governor-general from El Salvador to Rio de Janeiro.

In the early days of colonial rule, in search of gold, the Portuguese constantly expanded the territory of Brazil and captured Indians as slaves. Feudal lords rewarded a large number of plundered land to meritorious people and immigrants, so many large manors and plantations gradually formed in Brazil. Colonists forced the captured Indians to engage in servile heavy labor, and a large number of Indian slaves were brutally tortured to death or fled to the jungle. Due to the shortage of labor, the colonists began to introduce slaves from Africa in 1532. By 1585, Brazil had more than 1400 slaves and became a major local producer. The colonial economy was dominated by agriculture, and coffee, cotton, sugarcane cultivation and animal husbandry all developed greatly. 1694 found a large gold mine in minas gerais, 1729 found a rich diamond mine, and the mining industry developed accordingly.

Faced with the oppression and slavery of the colonists, the Brazilian people constantly set off a struggle of resistance. 1558, the Indian Ayrmore allied with neighboring tribes and almost drove the Portuguese colonists out of two "fiefs". 1572, the Indian uprising occupied more than 300 villages. 1686, riots involving 15000 Indians broke out in the northeast of Brazil, which finally forced the Portuguese colonists to make peace. 1750 to 1756, the Guarani tribe fought against Spanish and Portuguese colonists and won the Jesuit priests to their side. Due to the resistance of the people, the Portuguese royal family was forced to issue decrees prohibiting the enslavement of Indians many times in the18th century. At the same time, the struggle of slaves was also very fierce. 1630- 1697, slaves held an uprising in Pernambuco, and established the "Republic of Palmares" according to the organizational form of African society (see Palmares Uprising). Brazil's native white people are dissatisfied with the discrimination of the suzerain country and constantly hold uprisings. From 1660 to 1666, residents of Rio de Janeiro and Recife launched an uprising, seized power and were finally suppressed. 1684, under the leadership of Beckman, maranhao's indigenous white people set up Hongda, which was composed of nobles, monks and businessmen, and arrested representatives of local authorities. 1710 ~171year, indigenous whites in Pernambuco also held a great uprising.

/kloc-at the end of 0/8, with the development of plantation economy and industry and commerce, the voice of Brazilian people demanding to get rid of Portuguese rule and strive for national independence is growing louder and louder. 1789, Tiradentes conspired to organize an armed uprising in Minas Gerais, demanding the establishment of a republic, but failed because of the traitor's informer. 1798, another secret activity against Portuguese colonial rule took place in Bahia, which was also suppressed. These struggles promoted the development of the Brazilian independence movement.

1807, the Portuguese royal family fled to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to avoid the invasion of Napoleon I. 18 15 12, Prince Jo? o declared that Brazil and Portugal were equal, and in order to alleviate the resistance of the Brazilian people, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algavi was established. 18 16, Prince Jo? o ascended the throne and became the king of the United Kingdom, known as Jo? o VI in history. During his stay in Brazil, the Portuguese royal family took some improvement measures. Such as opening Brazilian ports, abolishing the royal monopoly policy, publishing newspapers, and establishing theaters, libraries, schools, hospitals, etc. However, the decadent rule of Joao VI aroused people's dissatisfaction. 18 17 Pernambuco people's uprising established a republic, which was suppressed as a result (see Pernambuco uprising). 1820 The bourgeois revolution broke out in Portugal. 182 1 year, Joao VI moved the royal family back to Portugal and appointed Prince Pedro as the Regent of Brazil. In the same year, the Portuguese Parliament issued an order to Brazil that the provinces were directly under Lisbon, and Pedro immediately returned to Portugal. These orders aroused the anger of the Brazilian people, and the independence movement swept the country. Pedro declared Brazil's independence on September 7th, 1822, in order to maintain the dominance of the Braganca royal family, establish the Brazilian empire, and be crowned as emperor, which was called Pedro I 1824. 1825, Portugal recognized the independence of Brazil.

During the imperial period (1822 ~ 1889), after the establishment of the Brazilian empire, the system of the Bragansa dynasty and the aristocratic forces of Portugal remained intact, the manor system and slavery still existed, and Brazil relied on Britain economically and politically. Pedro I implemented autocratic rule, forcibly dissolved parliament in 1823, and then suppressed the * * * and factional uprisings in Pernambuco and other northeastern provinces by force. From 1825 to 1828, Brazil and Argentina fought for Uruguay (see Uruguay War) and ended in failure. Autocratic rule caused widespread dissatisfaction among the people, the war further intensified domestic social contradictions, and blacks also held uprisings. 183 1 year, residents in Rio de Janeiro and other places launched an uprising, and the army joined the rebel army, eventually forcing Pedro I to give way to his five-year-old son Pedro II.

After Pedro II ascended the throne, a three-member executive committee presided over the government affairs. From 1833 to 1849, large-scale people's uprisings broke out in Bala, Rio Grande do Sul, Bahia, maranhao and Pernambuco, with the basic goals of abolishing the monarchy, abolishing exorbitant taxes, establishing a republic and implementing federalism, which were all suppressed in the end. Pedro II took office in early July 1840. He took advantage of the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party, which emerged in the mid-1930s, to alternately manage government affairs, and he reserved the final decision. During the ruling period, industry and agriculture developed, coffee production accounted for about half of the world's total output, rubber occupied a prominent position in foreign trade, capitalist factors grew day by day, and European immigrants increased greatly. However, slavery and autocratic rule hindered the development of capitalism, and successive wars with Argentina and Paraguay increased the burden on the people. After the 1970s, the Brazilian people launched a large-scale campaign to abolish slavery and * * *. On May 1888, the imperial government was forced to declare the abolition of slavery. 1889165438+10/5, the army, * * * and party member jointly overthrew the empire and formed an interim government headed by M.D.da Fonseca.

* * * From the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) to the end of World War II (1889 ~1945)1891February 24th, Congress passed the constitution and named the country the United States of Brazil. Elections were held on 25th, and Fonseca was elected as the first president. After the founding of the Republic of China, the big plantation economy still occupies the main position. Industrial and agricultural production has increased. At the beginning of the 20th century, Brazil's coffee production accounted for more than 75% of the world's total output. With the further development of capitalist factors, people's lives have not improved, and workers' strikes, farmers' seizure of land and soldiers' uprisings have occurred constantly. 1893 to 1897, the Kanudus peasant uprising occurred in the hinterland of Bahia; 1911~1916. the peasant war in condistado took place in the southern region. At the beginning of the 20th century, the workers' movement rose. 1922 Brazil * * * production party was established. In 1924, soldiers, mainly "Wei Guan Pai", launched an uprising, and then the uprising troops, known as "Prestes Column", moved to 13 state, with a journey of more than 25,000 kilometers, and persisted in fighting until 1927, which dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the landlord bourgeoisie. From 65438 to 0929, Brazil fell into a serious political and economic crisis under the impact of the world capitalist economic crisis. 1930 5438+00 In June, anti-government armed riots broke out in several Brazilian states at the same time. The liberal alliance headed by G.D. Vargas staged a coup, seized power and established a joint regime of the emerging bourgeoisie and liberal landlords. 165438+1At the beginning of October, Vargas became the president of the interim government. The interim government promulgated a new constitution. In the same year, Vargas was elected as the official president. During his administration, he announced that the underground resources would be nationalized, and adopted the policy of giving priority to the development of national industries and diversifying the agricultural economy, which made the economy develop greatly. 1937, he dissolved all legislatures and political parties, further consolidating the dictatorship. At the beginning of World War II, the Vargas government remained neutral. 1942 declared war on Germany and Italy. During World War II, Brazil used the contradiction between imperialism to accelerate the development of its own economy. Vargas 1945 resigned.

After World War II, in Brazil (1945 ~1985)1951,Vargas was re-elected, further promoted the policy of developing the national economy, and took some measures to resist foreign investment, so the economy got great development. 1954 A military coup took place and Vargas committed suicide. From 65438 to 0956, Kubic Cheque de Oliveira, Da Si Cuadros and Gu Lat successively served as the chairman. They basically inherited Vargas's policy of developing the national economy. 1960 moved the capital to Brasilia (see color map). On March 3 1964 and March 3 1 day, the soldiers staged a coup, overthrew the government in the late ancient times and established a military regime with H.C. Brancu as president. Since then, C. Silva and E.G. Medici have successively served as presidents. These three military governments abolished the democratic system politically and practiced dictatorship; Economically, encourage the use of foreign capital, limit inflation, and rectify financial and economic institutions, thus promoting economic development. From 1968 to 1973, the average annual GDP growth exceeded 10%. 1969101On October 30th, the country was renamed the Federal Republic. 1974 ~1979 e. gajser served as president, and proposed to gradually implement a controlled "democratic and open" policy. 1August, 974 15, established diplomatic relations with China. 1in March, 979, J.B. de Figueiredo became the president. He continued to carry out the policy of "democracy and opening up" and took some measures to prepare for the transition to civilian government, such as amnesty, restoration of multi-party system and direct election of governors and federal senators; Carry out independent diplomacy and declare that Brazil belongs to the third world. From 1974 to 1980, the GDP grew at an average annual rate of 7. 1%. 198 1 ~ 1983 economic recession, cumulative decline in GDP 10.6%. The economy slowly picked up from 65438 to 0984. At present, Brazil's economic strength ranks first in Latin America. 1985, the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and the Liberal Front Party jointly won the election, with Tacredo as president. In the same year, Tancredo died of illness, and Vice President J.S. Costa took over as president. The new government regards "peace, independence and opposition to interference in other countries' internal affairs" as the highest principle of foreign policy.