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Reasons for the decline of ancient Greek civilization
Greece is not a unified country, but a politically dispersed group of countries. There are more than 200 city-states in the Greek Peninsula alone, all of which are independent city-states. The uninterrupted war within the city-state seriously weakened the city-state system and made it fall apart, which greatly damaged the social economy. Moreover, due to the war, land and property became more and more concentrated, a large number of prisoners of war were sold as slaves, and the middle and lower classes of freemen went bankrupt seriously. Many city-states formed the ranks of unemployed people, which intensified the social contradictions within the city-states and led to the decline of the city-states.
2. Geographical environment factors
The geographical scope of ancient Greece refers to the Aegean region. The Greek peninsula is vast and sparsely populated, with undulating mountains, winding coast and dense islands, and the ocean dominates its climate. There are no fertile river basins and vast plains in this area, which is not conducive to agricultural development. Numerous mountains, hills and oceans blocked the traffic, which made the relationship between the ancient Greek city-states loose and indifferent. For a long time, the city-states constantly clashed for their own interests, forming internal friction, which laid the groundwork for the decline of Greek civilization.
3. Ancient Greek civilization was intermittent and unstable.
Greek civilization is a typical marine civilization. The marine civilization formed in this unique geographical environment is not only beneficial to the highly developed civilization center, but also easy to be destroyed. In this way, the formation of civilization will bring fatal defects-discontinuity and instability.
4. Foreign invasion
The Sino-Persian War is a large-scale military conflict that evolved from the conflict between eastern and western civilizations. Although the war ended in Greece's victory, Persia began to intervene in Greece's internal affairs, especially dealing with Corinth and playing with Greek polis, which was also caused by the Greek-Persian war, which made the development of ancient Greece stagnate.
5. The resistance of slaves and the struggle of free men
With the development of city-state economy, slaves were exploited and oppressed as never before. In addition, land annexation made a large number of peasants bankrupt, and the resistance of slaves and the struggle of bankrupt peasants made class contradictions increasingly acute. Greek slave owners were very cruel to slaves, which aroused slaves' resistance, from slacking, absconding, killing individual slave owners, fleeing on a large scale until the uprising. Within the polis, bankrupt farmers and craftsmen joined struggle for existence.
In 338 BC, the Macedonians defeated the Greek allied forces, and then the Greek states lost their sovereignty and became vassals of the Macedonians. If the Romans still retained and inherited the influence of Greek civilization, then the Germanic invasion destroyed Greek civilization more thoroughly. In 476 AD, the Germans deposed the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, Ursus, marking the final demise of the Roman Empire, and the nomadic civilization of the Germans destroyed the Greek civilization. From then on, Western Europe and North Africa entered the feudal society, and the Greek civilization based on slavery declined completely.
Greece is one of the main sources of western civilization, which lasted for about 650 years (800 BC-65438 BC+046 BC), and it is the most important and direct source of western civilization.
The recorded literature, science, technology and art in the west all started from ancient Greece. Ancient Greece is not the concept of a country, but the name of a region, which is located in the southeast of Europe and the northeast of the Mediterranean, including the islands and archipelagos of the Greek Peninsula, Aegean Sea and Ionian Sea, the southwest coast of Turkey, the east coast of Italy and the east coast of Sicily.
In the 5th and 6th centuries BC, especially after the Greek-Persian War, economic life was highly prosperous, science and technology were highly developed, and splendid Greek culture was produced, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations. The ancient Greeks had profound attainments in philosophy, poetry, architecture, science, literature, drama, mythology and many other aspects. After the demise of ancient Greece, this cultural heritage was continued by the ancient Romans, thus becoming the spiritual source of the whole western civilization.
Aegean civilization refers to the civilizations distributed in Aegean islands and their surrounding areas, including Crete civilization and Mycenae civilization. About 2000 BC-65438 BC+0700 BC, Crete, Greece, produced a monarchy, which was marked by the appearance of palace buildings and hieroglyphics.
Around 1600 BC, Crete civilization entered a period of prosperity. At this time, the technology of word-making, bronzes, pottery, gold and silver made remarkable progress, and the palace was grand.
About 1400 BC, Crete civilization disappeared.
In the second half of the 4th century BC, Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered the whole of Greece, and spread the Greek civilization to the East in the process of imperial expansion, which is called the Hellenistic Age. At this time, the ancient Greek literature was drawing to a close, and the center of Greek civilization gradually shifted from Athens to Alexandria, Egypt. The characteristics of Greek literature in this period are divorced from reality, attaching importance to rhetoric and pursuing sentimental sentiment. The more successful areas are new comedies and pastoral poems.
Compared with the "old comedies" in the aristophanes era, the so-called new comedies are characterized by not talking about politics and avoiding serious topics, but showing more social customs and pleasing the audience with tortuous plots and elegant styles. Minand (342~ 292 BC) was a pioneer and representative of the new comedy in ancient Greece, and * * * wrote 105 comedy. Many of his works are completely handed down from generation to generation, including The World Hater and Samos Woman. Meinander's comedies often have a complicated love background, paying special attention to the characterization of the characters in the plays, which deeply influenced the English playwrights in the17th century.
Toth (365438 BC+00-250 BC) was the pioneer of pastoral poetry in the Hellenistic era. His poetic style is lively and beautiful, with 30 poems. Virgil in ancient Rome once imitated his style and wrote the famous pastoral poem. The famous poets in this period also include apollonius.
References:
Ancient Greece (Golden Age of Aegean Sea-Thrace Civilization Circle)-Baidu Encyclopedia
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