Why do the Group of 77 and the China Group oppose the Danish emission reduction draft?

The Group of 77 is an international group gradually formed and developed by developing countries in their struggle against the control, exploitation and plunder of superpowers. 1963, when the general assembly discussed the issue of convening a trade and development conference at its 18 session, 75 developing countries put forward a joint declaration, which was then called the "Group of 75". Later, at the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held in 1964, 77 developing countries and regions issued a joint declaration. Since then, it has been called the Group of 77. 1979, the number of member countries increased to 120, but the name of the Group of 77 was still used. It reflects the common desire of developing countries to move towards joint struggle to safeguard their vital interests. The Group of 77 has made important contributions to promoting South-South cooperation and North-South cooperation.

[Edit this paragraph] Historical introduction

The Group of 77 is an economic organization established by developing countries to change their passive position in international economic trade, improve the deteriorating communication environment and prevent the developing countries from expanding their balance of payments deficit. Its predecessor was the Group of 75. 18 When the United Nations General Assembly discussed the convening of the 1963 Conference on Trade and Development, 73 Asian, African and Latin American countries, Yugoslavia and New Zealand jointly put forward a joint declaration to form the "Group of 75". Later, Kenya, South Korea and Vietnam joined, and New Zealand announced its withdrawal. When the18th session of the United Nations General Assembly discussed the convening of a conference on trade and development, the 75 developing countries attending the conference issued the Joint Declaration, thus forming the Group of 75. At the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held in Geneva on June 6th, there were sharp differences between developed and developing countries on some major issues. Seventy-seven developing countries and regions joined forces to issue the Joint Declaration of the Group of 77 again, calling for the establishment of a just new international economic order and the formation of a group to participate in the negotiations of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Therefore, the group is called the Group of 77. From 65438 to 0967, the first ministerial meeting of the Group of 77 was held in Algeria, at which the organization's charter was adopted. As of June 2008, the Group of 77 had 134 full members.

The emergence of the Group of 77 is due to the serious damage caused to developing countries by the unequal international economic order, which reflects the historical trend of developing countries uniting to safeguard their own interests. Since its establishment, the Group of 77 has gradually expanded from Geneva-based UNCTAD to other United Nations agencies. In addition, the Group of 77 was also present at some important meetings of the United Nations. The Group of 77 has no headquarters, secretariat and other permanent institutions, nor a constitution or budget. However, due to the common interests of its members, they can often speak with one voice when negotiating with developed countries. Before each session of the General Assembly and UNCTAD, the group usually holds a ministerial meeting to study countermeasures and unify the pace. Thanks to its concerted actions, the group has played an important role in safeguarding the independence and sovereignty of developing countries, establishing a new international economic order and fighting in the international economic field.

The Group of 77 has no formal constitution and is a loose consultation mechanism for developing countries. During the deliberation, decisions are made on the basis of the principle of consensus. But it has its own organizations in major international economic institutions. It is particularly active in the United Nations, the Conference on Trade and Development and the Industrial Development Organization. Before each session of the General Assembly and UNCTAD, the group usually holds ministerial meetings to coordinate positions and study countermeasures. The ministerial meeting is the highest authority of the organization. The main publication is the newsletter of the Group of 77.

After the establishment of the Group of 77, it mainly devoted itself to safeguarding the national independence and national sovereignty of developing countries, striving for economic interests, coordinating positions on some issues involving major common interests and playing an active role. In recent years, the desire and voice of the Group of 77 to further strengthen unity and cooperation have become increasingly strong. The Group of 77 strongly demands equal participation in international economic affairs, emphasizes strengthening cooperation and coordination among international financial institutions, and puts forward concrete suggestions for reforming the international financial system and establishing a multilateral trading system.

Since its establishment, the Group of 77 has become the representative of the interests of developing countries in international economic organizations. It has made unremitting efforts to promote South-South cooperation, promote North-South dialogue, safeguard its legitimate rights and interests, and change the irrational international economic order, and has made gratifying achievements. It has reached a series of international conventions and agreements in favor of developing countries in the negotiations under the auspices of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

The purpose of the Group of 77 is to strengthen the cooperation of developing countries in the international economic field and take a unified stand against the control, exploitation and plunder of superpowers and imperialism. The main activity mode is to hold a ministerial meeting of members before each session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development to study countermeasures, coordinate positions and take joint actions to fight against the reform of unequal international economic relations with developed countries.

[Edit this paragraph] Main meeting

1On June 5th, 964, at the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held in Geneva, 77 developing countries and regions issued the Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries, forming the "Group of 77". By February 1988, 127 countries and regions had joined the organization, but the name remained unchanged. 1967 10 held its first meeting in Algiers, Algeria, and adopted the Algiers Charter, deciding to take joint action to resist exploitation and plunder by developed countries. The second meeting was held in Lima, Peru, in June of 197 1, and adopted the Lima Declaration, condemning the superpower's arms race, colonialism, racism, occupation of other countries' territories and putting pressure on other countries, and demanding that the developing countries' unauthorized status in international finance, trade, tariffs, aid, shipping and natural resources development be changed.

1974 In April, the sixth special session of the General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order and the Programme of Action drafted by the group, which stipulated a series of important principles for the establishment of a new international economic order: all countries have the right to participate in solving world economic problems on an equal footing and to exercise permanent sovereignty over their natural resources and all domestic economic activities; Developing countries have the right to establish joint organizations of countries that produce raw materials and primary products.

1976 In February, the third meeting was held in Manila, and the Manila Declaration and Action Plan were adopted. The fourth meeting was held in Arusha, Tanzania in February 1979, and the Arusha Declaration was adopted, emphasizing North-South dialogue and South-South cooperation. The fifth meeting was held in Buenos Aires in April, 1983.

In April 2000, the heads of state or government of the Group of 77 133 member countries or their representatives held the first South Summit in Havana, Cuba. This is the first meeting with the highest level and the largest scale held by the Group of 77 since its establishment 36 years ago. Its central theme is how to deal with the severe challenges and major risks brought by the accelerated globalization of the world economy to many southern countries; How to change the old international economic order that caused the widening gap between the rich and the poor between the two countries, especially how to reform the existing international monetary and financial system and the world trade system and eliminate its various drawbacks and imbalances; How to promote equal dialogue between the North and the South through the unity and common action of the southern countries, and strive to fully and equally participate in the decision-making of world economic policies and the formulation of relevant rules; How to carry out mutually beneficial cooperation between North and South, establish a just, fair and reasonable new international economic order, and make economic globalization actively and effectively promote the development and prosperity of all countries in the world.

Leaders of various countries conducted full consultations around the above-mentioned central issues and reached a consensus. At the end of the meeting, they issued the Declaration of the South Summit and the Havana Programme of Action to realize this declaration, and decided to set up a "South Coordination Committee" composed of the main leaders of major regional organizations in southern countries. Its main function is to coordinate and organize the implementation of the above-mentioned action plan formulated by the summit and various projects related to South-South cooperation.

In June 2005, the second South Summit of the Group of 77 and China was held in Doha.

[Edit this paragraph] Action purpose

Since its establishment, the Group of 77 has formulated its own purpose of action: (1) clearly express its just proposition to developing countries and promote their collective economic rights and interests; (2) Improving the "collective bargaining power" of developing countries in the North-South negotiations on all major issues concerning the international economy within the United Nations system; (3) Strengthen economic and technical cooperation among developing countries. From the middle of 1960 to the end of 1970, the joint struggle of the Group of 77 was fruitful: it took advantage of most of the advantages formed by the equal voting system of the third world in the United Nations, and prompted various United Nations agencies to adopt fair and reasonable resolutions beneficial to developing countries, including a number of legally binding decisions; Promote the United Nations to create some new institutions or mechanisms and implement various programs that contribute to the economic growth of poor countries and weak countries; And criticize, resist and restrain political hegemony and economic hegemony in the international community through debates or relevant resolutions in various forums of the United Nations; Urge relevant UN agencies to strengthen research and evaluation on major issues such as the serious imbalance of global economic development, the serious injustice of international distribution of world wealth, and the widening gap between the rich and the poor between the two countries, and take corresponding effective measures to gradually solve them.

What is particularly commendable is that the principle of "unequal universal treatment" of developing countries in international trade was initiated by the Group of 77 on UNCTAD 1964. After years of unremitting efforts, the unfair and unreasonable original system of GATT has finally been partially improved. In view of the old international economic order, it puts forward distinct strategic reform ideas, namely the Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of Countries adopted by the United Nations 1974. It was first brewed, initiated, negotiated and demonstrated by the Group of 77 at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, and then submitted to the United Nations General Assembly for resolution.

[Edit this paragraph] Related cooperation

China is not a member of the Group of 77, but it has always attached importance to developing cooperation with the Group of 77, supported its just claims and reasonable demands, and maintained good cooperative relations with it. China attended the ministerial meetings of the Group of 77 as a special guest or observer for many times. Since 1990, the relationship between China and this group has developed greatly on the original basis, forming a new cooperation model of "Group of 77+China", and China has fully participated in all meetings and activities with this group.

(1) China, Jamaica's presidency of the Group of 77 this year, donated 40,000 US dollars to support: June 5-438, 2005+October 25, 2005/KLOC-0, the handover ceremony of the Chairman of the Group of 77 was held at the United Nations Headquarters in new york on the 25th, and Jamaica became the chairman of the Group of 77 in 2005. The last presidency was Qatar.

UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and President of the 59th UN General Assembly Jean Ping attended the handover ceremony and congratulated them. At the handover ceremony, Wang Guangya, Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations, announced that the China government would donate 40,000 US dollars to the Group of 77 this year to support the work of the Group and its Chairman. Wang Guangya personally submitted a donation to the Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the United Nations before the handover ceremony. It is hoped that the Group of 77 will further strengthen unity and cooperation in the new year and promote the high-level plenary session of the General Assembly and the second South Summit to achieve fruitful results.

(II) The Group of 77 signed a medical assistance agreement with Benin: On March 16, 2004, the Group of 77 signed a medical assistance agreement with Benin and decided to provide Benin with medical equipment, medicines and medical volunteers for surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics and anesthesiology. At the signing ceremony, Mr. Amadou Ali, Chairman of the Group of 77 headquartered in Nigeria, said: This is the result of South-South cooperation, which is in line with the spirit of the cooperation plan advocated by the Southern Hemisphere Summit held in Havana, Cuba in April 2000 and the spirit of strengthening the unity of developing countries advocated by Nigeria, Cuba, South Africa and Libya. Benin's Foreign Minister Biaou said: He promised to benefit the people of Benin with donated medical equipment and medicines, and warmly welcomed medical volunteers to work in Benin.

Di Aping, Chairman of the Group of 77 and China at the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Copenhagen, Denmark on February 7, 2009, said in Copenhagen, Denmark on September 9 that this organization resolutely opposes the draft agreement proposed by Denmark, which will pose a serious threat to the success of the conference.

Di Yaping said: For developing countries, the text of this agreement is extremely dangerous. It completely violates the principle of transparency and openness, undermines the principle of balance between developing countries and developed countries, and the principle of "* * * is different" in the Kyoto Protocol. Developed countries should bear historical responsibility for climate change in the past 200 years.

List of members of the Group of 77

As of May 2005, the Group of 77 had 134 members.

1On June 5th, 964, at the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held in Geneva, 77 developing countries and regions issued the Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries, forming the "Group of 77". By February 1988, 127 countries and regions had joined the organization, but the name remained unchanged.

Afghanistan Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina

Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burundi

Cameroon, Cambodia

Cape Verde, Central Africa, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, C? te d 'Ivoire, Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Djibouti.

Dominica Dominica Timor-Leste

Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia

Fiji

Gabon Gambia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea Guinea Bissau Guyana

Haiti Honduras

India, Indonesia, Iran and Iraq

Jamaica Jordan

Kenya Kuwait

Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia and Libya

Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Micronesia Federated States Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar

Namibia Nepal Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea

Oman

Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines

Qatar

Romania Rwanda

Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Syria

Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkmenistan

Uganda, United Arab Emirates and Uruguay

Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam

Yemen

Zambia Zimbabwe