What are the different stages of population policy after the founding of New China?

Key points in the reference book: 1. (1) Natural population growth is determined by birth rate and death rate.

(2) The reason for the obvious acceleration of population growth after the industrial revolution: the development of productivity, with the fastest growth rate in the past 100 years, especially in the past 50 years.

(3) At present, the population growth in developed countries is slow, and countries such as Russia, Germany, and Japan are also experiencing population decline. After World War II, the population of developing countries grew rapidly. The reason was that political independence, the development of national economies, and the progress of medical and health services reduced the population mortality rate. After the 1970s, many developing countries adopted population control measures. measures, the world's population growth has slowed down.

(4) The types of population growth patterns change at different stages: primitive type (high, high, low) - traditional type (high, low, high) - modern type (low, low, low). Now, developed regions represented by Europe and North America have entered the modern type, most developing countries belong to the traditional type, and the world's population growth model is in the transition stage from the traditional type to the modern type. But our country has entered the modern era. (Refer to textbook P6 Figure 1.6)

2. (1) International population migration: Before the 19th century, the general characteristics of migration were group and large-scale immigrants; the new feature after World War II was that the population moved from As developing countries move to developed countries, settled immigrants decrease and short-term migrants increase.

(2) Population migration in my country: From the founding of New China to the mid-1980s, domestic population migration was mainly carried out in a planned and organized manner. The main direction is from the east to the northwest, northeast and inland.

After the mid-1980s, population mobility was mainly the spontaneous migration of people in pursuit of a better life. The main direction is to move from poorer areas to developed areas, and a "tide of migrant workers" has emerged.

(3) Ancient population migration was mainly caused by wars, natural disasters and other factors.

3. Factors that affect the environmental population capacity include resources, technological development level, and the population’s living and cultural consumption levels. (Their relationship with the environmental population capacity is direct proportion, direct proportion, and inverse proportion.)

The environmental population capacity is the maximum value, and the reasonable population capacity is the reasonable value.

4. The impact of population migration on the place of immigration and the place of emigration [understanding memory]

On the place of emigration: good effects include reducing the population density of the place of emigration, mitigating The pressure of population on the environment

The negative impact is the loss of talents and labor force.

On the place where people migrate: The good impact is the inflow of talents and the provision of cheap labor, which is conducive to economic development

The bad impact is the increase in population density and the pressure of population on the environment. Increase.

Chapter 2 Cities and Urbanization

1. (1) my country’s Chengdu and Hefei cities are in the shape of agglomerates, Lanzhou and Luoyang are in the shape of strips, and Chongqing is in the shape of clusters .

(2) General functional areas in cities include residential areas, commercial areas, and industrial areas.

(3) The functional area with the most extensive land use is the residential area, which generally occupies 40% to 60% of the urban space.

High-end residential areas are mostly built on the outer edges of the city. The environment there is beautiful and there are supporting public facilities.

(4) Commercial areas are mostly distributed in the city center, on both sides of the main traffic lines or at street corners, mainly in point or linear distribution. Some large cities and megacities also form central business districts, which are not only commercial activity centers but also service centers.

(5) Industrial production requires a large amount of transportation, so areas with convenient transportation should be sought.

(6) The forms of urban regional structure include concentric circle mode, sector mode and multi-core mode.

(7) In a competitive market environment, the type of activities used for each inch of land mainly depends on the level of rent that various activities are willing to pay. The factors that affect land rent mainly include transportation convenience and distance from the city center. Near and far. (Refer to textbook P23 Figure 2.8)

2. The ability of a city to develop to a certain scale or reach a certain level is closely related to the geographical location of the city.

Cities at different levels provide different services: for example, small cities provide fewer types of services, lower levels, and smaller scopes.

The higher the level, the fewer the cities and the farther away they are. (Refer to textbook P28 Figure 2.13)

3. (1) Due to the unbalanced development of productivity, there are pull and push forces for urbanization development.

An important indicator to measure the level of urbanization is the proportion of urban population.

As a global phenomenon, urbanization mainly occurred after the industrial revolution.

(2) The curve of urbanization level changes over time in various countries is a slightly flattened "S" shape (refer to textbook P33 Figure 2.20)

Initial stage (25% ~ 30 % or less): The level of urbanization is low and development is slow.

Acceleration stage: Urbanization is advancing rapidly, urban environmental problems are serious, and suburban urbanization occurs.

Later stage (more than 60% to 70%): The level of urbanization is high, the proportion of urban population grows slowly, and counter-urbanization occurs in some areas.

Most developed countries have entered the late stage of maturity, while most developing countries are in the early stage and middle stage.

Reasonable urbanization can improve the environment, but excessive urbanization will degrade the quality of the urban environment and even cause environmental pollution and other problems.

Chapter 3 The Formation and Development of Agricultural Regions

1. (1) The essence of agricultural location selection is the rational use of agricultural land. Rice production is distributed in monsoon areas, not in monsoon areas. The inclusion of the Mediterranean climate zone illustrates the influence of climate on agricultural location. The three-dimensional agriculture of Qianyanzhou in Taihe County, Jiangxi Province illustrates the impact of topography and soil on agriculture. Since the reform and opening up, the changes in my country's coastal "rice fields - sugar cane fields - fish ponds - flowers" illustrate the impact of markets and policies on agricultural location.

(2) The formation of agricultural regions is the result of developing agriculture according to local conditions and rationally utilizing agricultural land.

(3) Australian Mixed Agriculture: Distributed in the southeast and southwest of the country, the southeast is called Murray—