Great Wall Information 100 words

① The Great Wall construction in China has been recorded for more than 2,000 years in various periods, but the names used in the construction and recording of the Great Wall in different dynasties and generations are different. Some of these different names are common to each other in the same historical period, while others are only used in a certain historical period or a certain region.

the Great Wall

The name of the Great Wall began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and it is the most common title of the Great Wall. "Historical Records of Chu Family" contains: "Qi Xuanwang rides a mountain to build the Great Wall, east to the sea, and west to Jeju to prepare for Chu."

Graben, long graben, urban graben and wall graben

These appellations are basically universal, and they were almost used from the Warring States to the Ming Dynasty. According to Records of the Historian Qin Benji, Qin Gongjian only used the word "Luo Qian" when he built the Great Wall of Luoshui in six years (409 years ago). "The Biography of the Northern History of Qidan" contains: "Qidan was blocked, and Wendi went west to Pingzhou (now lulong county, Hebei Province) for a long time."

Plug, plug wall, plug shell

In history books, there are many places to use words. Generally speaking, there are two meanings: one is to express approval. Some of these passes, called blockades, are just above the Great Wall, while others are far away from it. Another meaning is on behalf of the Great Wall. For example, "Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu" said: "The Han Dynasty took the land of Henan and built the north. When the Qin Dynasty was restored, it was blocked by Meng Tian because the river was solid. " "Biography of Wu Huan in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "Qin built the Great Wall and Han built the Great Wall."

② The Great Wall is an ancient defense project with the longest construction time and the largest engineering quantity in China and even in the world. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, it has been built continuously for more than 2,000 years, distributed in the vast land in northern and central China, with a total length of more than 50,000 kilometers.

Since Qin Shihuang, almost all dynasties that ruled the Central Plains have built the Great Wall. There are more than ten dynasties such as Han, Jin, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing, all of which have built the Great Wall of different scales. From the ruling country that built the Great Wall.

In addition to the Han nationality, many dynasties in which ethnic minorities ruled China also built the Great Wall, more than those ruled by the Han nationality. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, although the construction of the Great Wall was stopped on a large scale, it was later built in some places. It can be said that from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Qing Dynasty, the construction of the Great Wall has never stopped for more than two thousand years.

According to historical documents, more than 20 vassal states and feudal dynasties built the Great Wall. If you add up the Great Wall built in different times, it is more than 10 in Wan Li, and the length of the Great Wall in Qin, Han and Ming dynasties exceeds 1 Wan Li.

The South Great Wall is mainly represented by Chu, Qi, Wei, Han and Zhongshan countries, and its main purpose is to resist the attacks of other vassal countries.

1. Chu Great Wall: 30 years ago, the Chu Great Wall was built in Chu Huaiwang, and it was called "Fangcheng" at that time. Its location is from Biyang, Henan Province to Yexian County, and reaches Zhushan County, Hubei Province through the northeast of Neixiang, which is used to defend against the attacks of neighboring countries.

2. Great Wall of Qi State: The Great Wall of Qi State is continuously expanded by connecting mountains with dikes. In the south of Qi, it starts from the northeast of Pingyin County, Shandong Province in the west, and reaches the sea in Nandazhu, jiaozhou city. Its structure is mainly soil and stone. It is the oldest existing Great Wall in China and the world, with many preserved passages or remains. Its original length is over 65,438+0,000 kilometers.

"Historical Records of the Chu Family Justice" quoted Miracle as saying, "Qi Xuanwang climbed mountains, built the Great Wall, reached the sea in the east, and reached Jeju in the west, more than a thousand miles away, ready to cut Chu." The Great Wall of Qi starts from Changqing District of Jinan in the west and ends in Huangdao Economic Development Zone of Qingdao in the east, spanning Shandong Peninsula.

(3) In the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (the first 22 years1year), Qin annexed six countries, unified the world and established the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in China history. In order to maintain and consolidate the unprecedented unity and security of the Great Empire, Qin Shihuang successively adopted a series of major strategic measures for national defense construction and frontier defense, one of which was the large-scale construction of the Great Wall of Wan Li.

In the thirty-second year of Qin Shihuang (2 15), General Meng Tian led 300,000 troops to attack the Huns in the north and took the land of Henan. Later, the Great Wall was built, winding from Lintao (now Shanni County, Gansu Province) in the west to Liaodong (now Liaoning Province) in the east for more than 10,000 miles. Since Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall, it has been called the Great Wall of Wan Li.

(4) The defense engineering construction of the Great Wall has accumulated rich experience in the construction process of more than 2,000 years.

First of all, in terms of layout, when Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall in Wan Li, he summarized the important experience of "blocking roads because of dangerous terrain", and then Sima Qian wrote in Historical Records. After that, every dynasty built the Great Wall according to this principle, which became an important basis for military protection.

All the passes in Guancheng are built between two high mountains and canyons, or at the bend of a river, or where they will pass through the plain, which can not only control the danger, but also save manpower and material resources, and achieve the effect of "one person guards it, and ten thousand people can't force it". Building castles or beacon towers in dangerous places is also an option.

As for building city walls, we should make full use of the terrain. For example, Juyongguan, Badaling and other Great Walls are all built along the back of the mountain. Some sections are steep from the outside of the city wall, but very gentle inside, which has the effect of "easy to defend but difficult to attack".

In Liaoning Province, the Great Wall in Liaodong Town in Ming Dynasty had a kind of dangerous mountain wall and split wall, that is, using a steep cliff, splitting the cliff a little, and it became the Great Wall. Some places completely regard cliffs, rivers and lakes as natural barriers.

⑤ The Great Wall is not just a single wall, but a complete defense engineering system consisting of various fortifications such as the wall, watchtower, Guancheng, Dunbao, Yingcheng, Wei Shuo and Zhencheng beacon tower. This national defense engineering system is commanded and controlled by military command systems at all levels.

The wall is the main part of the city wall, with an average height of 7.8 meters, and some sections are as high as 14 meters. Where the mountain is steep, the building is low, and the flat place is high; The key places are higher, and the general places are lower.

The wall body is the main part of defending the enemy, with a relatively wide total thickness, a foundation width of 6.5 meters and an average floor width of 5.8 meters on the wall, so as to ensure that the two wagons run in parallel. The wall is composed of an outer eave wall and an inner eave wall, filled with soil and gravel.

Extended data:

Due to the long history, most of the Great Wall in the early dynasties was incomplete, and the Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty was well preserved, so people generally refer to the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, and the length of the Great Wall is also the length of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty.

National Cultural Heritage Administration and the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping jointly announced on April 8, 2009 that the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty starts from Hushan, Liaoning Province in the east and ends at Jiayuguan, Gansu Province in the west, and passes through Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) 156 counties from east to west, with a total length of 80. After passing through the trench of 359.7 kilometers, the natural natural barrier is 2232.5 kilometers.

On June 5th, 20 12, National Cultural Heritage Administration announced at the Juyongguan Great Wall in Beijing that after nearly five years' investigation, the total length of the Great Wall in China was 2196.18km, including the Great Wall, trenches, single buildings, enclosed castles and related facilities. This is the first time for China to scientifically and systematically.

The investigation and appraisal of the Great Wall not only identified the length of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty measured in 2009, but also carried out the investigation of the Great Wall resources in Qin and Han Dynasties and other periods.

References:

The Great Wall (the first military project in ancient China) _ Baidu Encyclopedia