Which famous person in history likes watching movies (plays)?

Ronald Wilson Reagan was the 40th president of the United States. (198 1 year 65438+1October 20th-1985 65438+1October 20th,1985 65438+/kloc-0) He is the only president who has ever been an actor.

Former President: Jimmy Carter

Later presidents: George Herbert Walker Bush.

Born:1911February 6th, tampico, Illinois.

Death: June 5, 2004, varela Ray, Los Angeles, California.

Wife: (1) Jane Wyman (divorced)

nancy davis reagan

Political parties: * * and the Party.

Vice President: george herbert walker bush

abstract

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American politician, the 33rd governor of California (1967-1975) and the 40th president (198 1-1989). Before entering politics, Reagan also worked as a sports broadcaster, lifeguard, newspaper columnist, film actor, TV program actor, inspirational lecturer, and was the leader of the American Actors Union. His speech style is incisive and persuasive, and he is praised as a "great communicator" by the media.

Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 election, and at the same time * * * and the party won more than half of the seats in the Senate for the first time in 26 years. Reagan's economic policy is supply economics, which is called Reagan economics. It reduced income tax by 25%, lowered inflation, lowered interest rates, expanded military expenditure, increased government deficit and national debt, temporarily solved social welfare problems, eliminated loopholes in tax rules, and continued to relax control over business activities, which made the American economy experience 198 1- 1982. On domestic issues, Reagan failed to solve social welfare and abortion, but he also transferred federal judicial power by appointing judges of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. He has always stressed that he is skeptical about the ability of the federal government to deal with problems, especially on economic issues. His solution is to cancel government intervention, reduce tax rates, deregulate and let the free market mechanism automatically correct the problems it faces. On the day of his inauguration, he said: "The government is not the solution to the problem, but the government itself is the problem."

His supporters praised him for inspiring 1980 the low morale and frustration faced by Americans and making the capitalist system of positive non-intervention beyond the control of the government. In foreign policy, he vigorously expanded his armaments and changed his policy towards the Soviet Union from containment to direct confrontation. Reagan pursued anti-communism and democratic capitalism in political ideology.

Reagan also experienced several serious political scandals during his tenure-many officials and assistants were convicted, but he was still able to survive these crises.

Many observers, especially American conservatives, praised Reagan as the main hero of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Historians have not yet formed a clear understanding of this. Some people think that Reagan was the main driver of 199 1 the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Some people think that the transformation that the Soviet Union began during his term of office is just a coincidence of time.

After Reagan's two terms, George of the same party? h？ W? In the election campaign of 1988, George W. Bush won by Reagan's popularity, becoming the first successful president in the past 60 years. Reagan's presidency influenced American culture in the1980s, which is often called the "Reagan era".

He is also the only American president who survived being hit by an assassin's bullet (19865438+March 30th, 0). 1989 After retiring, Reagan settled in California. /kloc-after suffering from Alzheimer's disease in 0/0, he died of pneumonia in 2004 at the age of 93 and received a grand state funeral.

Early career

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Reagan, his brother Neil and his parents (filmed around1916-1917) were born in an apartment in tampico, Illinois on February 6th. John, his father is a Catholic Irish? "Jack" John "Jack" Reagan, whose mother is Nell of Scottish-Irish and English descent? Nell Wilson. Michael Reagan, his father's great grandfather, immigrated from Ireland to the United States in 1860. Before he immigrated, the name of this family was Reagan. John wilson, his mother's great grandfather, immigrated from Scotland to the United States in the1840s.

After several migrations, the Reagan family settled in Dixon, Illinois on 1920. 192 1 year-old, Reagan was baptized in the Christian church that his mother believed in (but Reagan's brother Neil followed his father to become a Catholic). 1924, Reagan began to study at Northside High School in Dixon, and Reagan later claimed Dixon as his hometown.

1927, when Reagan 16 years old, he found a job as a lifeguard in Lowell Park by the Rock River around Dixon, where he worked as a lifeguard for seven years. It is said that he saved 77 drowning people. Reagan later joked that no drowning man had ever thanked him. In the future, Reagan will be very proud of this achievement, and will also show visitors to the White House the photos of the Rock River hanging in the oval office.

Reagan entered Eureka College in Illinois in 1928, majoring in economics and sociology, and graduated in 1932. As a freshman, he took part in a strike against cutting university expenses. Reagan joined the Tau Kappa Epsilon Brotherhood on 1929. Later, he recalled that the experience of joining the fraternity was the most unforgettable memory of his college career. He seldom spends time on his studies, and his grades are only average, but he is the leader of many clubs and sports teams on campus, and is called "a big role on campus".

Reagan had a gift for speech and performance, which made him the first speaker for students to strike. 1932, Reagan worked as a sports announcer on WOC Radio and WHO Radio in Iowa, and was responsible for broadcasting the Chicago Cup baseball game. He only relied on the short message sent by the tape recorder to report the game with his imagination in the broadcast room. On one occasion, the service line suddenly broke down in the ninth inning, but Reagan successfully made up for the game until the service line was repaired.

Hollywood

1937, when Reagan was the announcer of baseball spring training before the Chicago Cup in California, he auditioned and won a seven-year contract with Warner Bros. Studio. Reagan's clear voice, carefree style and athlete-like size made him quite popular with the audience. Most of his roles are the leading actors in B-rated films. His first film was 1937 Love in the Air. By the end of 1939, he had performed 19 films. In his role as American Knute Rockne, he played the football player George Gipp, because there is a famous line "Go win a ball for Gipp!" " And got a nickname "Gipper" that accompanied him all his life. Reagan thought his best performance was playing a young man with an amputation in King Street in 1942. Later, he used the line "Where are the rest of my body?" As the title of his autobiography. Other famous films that Reagan performed included Tennessee's Companion, Hellcats of the Navy, This is the Army, and Bonzo's Bedtime, in which he was widely ridiculed for co-starring with a chimpanzee. Hollywood's Avenue of Stars also left his mark.

Reagan was appointed as a reserve officer of the United States Army in 1935, and was summoned in11year, but he did not become a frontline combatant because of his blindness. After Pearl Harbor, Captain Reagan was assigned to the Army Aviation Film Team to make films for training and education, so as to give full play to his acting experience. He stayed in Hollywood until the end of the war.

1950 Later, Reagan lost his role in movies and became an actor and host of TV programs. Reagan appeared in more than 50 TV series. He and James are at 1954? James deen's performance in Out of the Night is quite famous. Reagan also served as chairman of the American Actors Association from 1947 to 1952 and from 1959 to 1960. In a certain year from 65438 to 0950, Reagan earned as much as $5,000 (about $0,000 in 2006). His last official performance was as a host and actor in Days of Death Valley. The last film performance was The Killer-at1964-which was adapted from ernest hemingway's short stories. In the movie, Reagan played a gangster, which was the only time he played the villain. It was originally made into a TV series, but later it was changed into a movie because it was too violent.

marry

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Reagan and actress Jane1October 24th 1940 65438? Jane wyman got married; They gave birth to their daughter Maureen on 194 1 and adopted 1 baby boy Michael; On1945; Then she gave birth to 1 daughter Christine on 1947, but died shortly after birth. They divorced on 1948. (Reagan is the only divorced president of the United States) Reagan remarried on March 4, 1952, marrying actress Nancy? Nancy Davis, daughter Patty of Hiuke in the same year,165438+1October 2 1. 1958, they gave birth to their second child, Ron.

Early political career

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Reagan was originally a supporter of the Democratic Party, supporting franklin delano roosevelt and his New Deal. In the late1940s, he was the most famous supporter of Harry S. Truman. In the early 1960s, he became a staunch conservative socially and economically, and said in 1976 that "the foundation of the New Deal is fascism". His first political role was the chairman of the Actors Guild of America, including most Hollywood actors, but Reagan claimed that the Actors Guild had been infiltrated by capitalism. From this point of view, he proved to the Committee on Non-American Activities that capitalism has penetrated into Hollywood. He also secretly observed some actors he thought were disloyal and tipped off the FBI. His code name is "Special Agent T- 10", but he has never publicly condemned them. He openly opposed Hollywood's blacklist, but privately he and his first wife Jane? Whitman met with FBI agents at 1947 and told them some "suspicious saboteurs".

Because he believed that * * * and the party were more capable of fighting against * * * productism, and he could win the support of more political parties by doing so, Reagan gradually abandoned the tendency of the Democratic Party and began to support * * * and the party's presidential candidates-Eisenhower at1952 and Nixon at 1960.

Governor's term

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1966, Reagan was elected as the 33rd governor of California, defeating Pat? Pat brown; He was re-elected in the election campaign of 1970, but he chose not to be re-elected for a third term. Reagan was sworn in as governor of California on 19671October 3. During his first term, he prevented the government from hiring more people, but also approved raising tax rates to support the budget. Reagan took a hard line against the anti-Vietnam War protests at that time. 1969 During the protest in the People's Park on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, Reagan directly sent 2,200 National Guards to suppress it.

197 1 year, he and bob, chairman of the democratic parliament? Bob Moreti cooperated in reforming social welfare in California. Reagan earlier opposed voting on the Civil Rights Act 1964 and the Civil Rights Act 1965. However, he later changed his position and thought that the Bill of Rights "must be enforced by force if necessary". Reagan also opposed the construction of a larger federal dam, the Dos Rios Dam, to prevent the dam from flooding Indian farms in the valley. Later, Reagan went hiking with his family in the summer and visited a place where a highway was planned in the Sierra Nevada. After the inspection, he announced that he would give up the construction plan. On the issue of the death penalty, he strongly supports its retention. However, in the case of People v. Anderson, the Supreme Court of California declared all death sentences pronounced before California 1972 invalid. Although this judgment was later overturned by the constitutional amendment, it became the biggest setback during Reagan's term of office. Although Reagan supported the death penalty, he issued two pardons and probation orders during his term of office. After Reagan, no California governor pardoned death row inmates like this. The only execution during Reagan's term was in1April 967 and 12 years. After that, California did not execute the death penalty until 1992.

During Reagan's tenure, he also abolished the public mental hospital system and replaced involuntary compulsory hospitalization with community-based housing and medical care, because he thought it was an infringement on civil liberties. However, from Reagan's tenure to other successors, this community-based facility was not fully realized.

Reagan was also the first governor to travel by commercial jet, and the California government got an advanced jet from Cessna. His pilot, Bill Paynter, turned to support * * * and the Party within six months after he met Reagan. He often tells others that Reagan's private performance is exactly the same as that on TV, without any hypocrisy. He also said that Reagan, unlike other government officials or company leaders, would ask him if it was convenient to change the scheduled flight plan so as not to delay the reunion of his employees with their families. Reagan showed that he regarded the people who worked for him and their families as his family. At the same time, Reagan's inquiry also showed his respect for the pilot's experience and professionalism.

Presidential campaign

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1976 presidential election

Reagan participated in the * * * election for the first time in 1968 and failed to nominate the presidential candidate within the party. He also participated in 1976, against the current Gerrard? Ford, this nomination election is an important moment in Reagan's political career. Gerald Ford was considered a party veteran at that time, but Reagan lost by a few votes in Congress. Reagan delivered a speech at the national congress, expounding the danger of nuclear war and the moral threat of the Soviet Union. After listening to his touching speech, many people also expressed "regret that they voted wrong".

1976 presidential election results, Ford was Jimmy? Carter defeated. When the election results came out and the electoral college voted according to the election results, the unexpected appearance of * * * and the party's elector Mike? Mike Patten voted for Reagan, not Ford, as promised. Some people think that this sudden vote prompted Reagan to run again in 1980, but this statement has not been confirmed.

1980 presidential election

Reagan and Nancy campaigned in Columbia, South Carolina, June 5438+0980+ 10/0. 1980, Reagan finally won the nomination election within the party and became the presidential candidate. Although Reagan lost to George in the first Iowa party convention vote? h？ W? Bush, but he won the next vote in other States. At the national congress, Reagan first sought Gerald? Ford partnered with the vice president, but it didn't work out in the end. Instead, Reagan chose his rival George in the nomination election. h？ W? Bush as a partner.

Bush has many qualities that Reagan didn't have-lifelong party member, a veteran of the battlefield, and international experience as director of the Central Intelligence Agency, director of the US Office in China, and ambassador to the United Nations. Compared with Reagan, Bush's position on economy and politics is more moderate. For example, Bush once called Reagan's 30% comprehensive tax reduction policy "voodoo economics".

1980 presidential election results. In the campaign, William? William J. Casey was in charge of the Reagan campaign, and his strategy was aimed at the Iranian hostage crisis at that time. The news media continue to report the incompetence and failure of the Carter administration in rescuing hostages every day, which many analysts believe is the main reason for Carter's defeat. At the same time, Carter could not solve the soaring inflation and unemployment rate at that time, the economic growth was slow, and the unstable oil market made long queues at gas stations, making voters aware of the weakness of the United States in national defense. When talking about the economy, Reagan said, "I told you I can't use the word depression." Let me tell you these definitions. Recession means that your neighbor is unemployed, and depression means that you are unemployed. When the economy began to recover, it meant that Carter lost his job. "

Reagan's performance in the TV debate also boosted his campaign, in which he seemed to be more comfortable with Bicart. At that time, inflation and bank interest rates in the United States were soaring rapidly. When answering questions from the audience, he gave a very powerful answer: "Do you think your life is better now than it was four years ago?"

As a result, Reagan won 43,903,230 votes in the general election, while Bicart's 35,480115 votes were higher than 15%. On electoral votes, Reagan won an overwhelming victory, including 489 electoral votes, while Carter only got 49. At the same time, the election of that year also increased the number of seats in the Senate by 12, becoming the majority party in the Senate, reversing the Democratic Party's 28-year majority position in the Senate.

1984 presidential election

In the 1984 US presidential re-election, Reagan defeated Walter with an overwhelming victory. Walter Mondale won 49 of the 50 states (Mundell only won his hometown of Minnesota and Washington, D.C.). Reagan won nearly 60% of the votes. Reagan's chances of winning re-election have been quite stable. Mundell's speech at the Democratic National Convention was regarded as a series of mistakes. He said in his speech: "Reagan will raise the tax rate, and so will I." But he won't tell you, and I will. "

Reagan accepted the nomination of * * * and the party in Dallas, Texas, and was highly supported by the American economic recovery at that time. At the same time, he personally unveiled the Los Angeles Olympic Games that summer, becoming the first American president to personally unveil the Summer Olympic Games.

The election campaign of 1984 also made Reagan make one of his most famous gaffes. When he was about to give a speech on the radio, he joked, "My dear Americans, I am happy to tell you that today I signed a bill that will declare Russia illegal forever, and we will start bombing in five minutes." Some people think that it is a big mistake to make such remarks when the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union is so tense. Some people quoted Reagan as questioning his realistic understanding of foreign policy and international relations. Others think that this is just a humorous joke that accidentally flowed out in the recording studio. This recording was later adapted into the dance music Five Minutes by musicians Jerry Harrison and Booth Collins.

Despite his poor performance in the first debate, Reagan regained his advantage in the second debate and occupied the priority position in the polls for most of the campaign. Reagan won the election campaign in 1984, which was regarded by many political critics as the result of "Reagan-style democracy" changing the position of traditional Democratic supporters.

President's term of office 198 1- 1989.

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Domestic policy

When Reagan came to power, he must first solve the serious domestic economic problems. At that time, the American economy faced double-digit inflation (which would make economic planning quite unpredictable) and 20% bank interest rate (which made it difficult for most people to mortgage loans), and nearly 8 million people were unemployed. The average hourly wage of workers is 5% lower than that of five years ago, while the personal tax rate levied by the federal government is as high as 67% on average. The national debt is nearly 1 trillion. Reagan was regarded as an economic liberal. He advocates reducing taxes, reducing the size of the government and reducing control over business. But at that time, no one knew how he would proceed, and he was not sure whether the House of Representatives, which was dominated by the Democratic Party, would support him.

In the summer of 198 1, a large number of air traffic controllers at the federal airport went on an illegal strike led by the Air Traffic Control Employees Union (PATCO) because of the dispute over their salary and working environment. Reagan fired all the air traffic controllers who took part in the strike according to the warning in advance. Because this trade union was one of the few trade unions that supported Reagan in the 1980 general election, Reagan's actions caused a political uproar.

The main goal of Reagan's first term was to revive the American economy, which was in so-called stagflation (stagnant economic development and high inflation). Reagan's first order was to stop the government's control of oil prices in order to restore the market power of domestic oil production and exploration. [5] In order to solve the double-digit inflation, Reagan supported the plan of Paul Volcker, chairman of the Federal Reserve System, that is, to reduce the money supply by substantially raising bank interest rates. Economist Milton? Friedman described Reagan's understanding that "financial control and short-term economic recession are inevitable if inflation is to be successfully curbed". Reagan used the methods of tightening the money supply and reducing taxes across the board to stimulate business investment (according to Reagan, "Chicago School of Economics, supply school, whatever you want to call it. I noticed that some people even called it Reagan Economics until it came into effect ... "). Reagan's opponents ridiculed it as" voodoo economy ","trickle-down effect "and" Reagan Economics ",but Reagan successfully introduced a comprehensive tax cut.

Tightening the money supply in order to end inflation led to a sharp decline of the American economy in July of 198 1, and it fell to the bottom in June of 1982+0 1 [8]. After experiencing the recession of 198 1-1982, the American economy began a dramatic economic recovery at 1983. The Reagan administration advocated that tax reduction would help economic recovery, create more employment opportunities, and finally make the federal government get more tax revenue, from 5 1980 in 65438. The Reagan administration's new military strategy has increased a large number of military budgets, resulting in an unprecedented federal budget deficit. Some critics believe that this policy of investing heavily in the military industry actually belongs to classical Keynesian economics, and the subsequent economic growth is not caused by tax cuts, but the result of a large amount of government spending.

The House of Representatives, which was controlled by the Democratic Party at that time, opposed Reagan's cuts in social welfare and other domestic expenditures.

Aware of the increase in social welfare expenditure, Reagan appointed Allen? Greenspan led the social welfare reform and drew up a plan to slow down social welfare expenditure. With the increase of age, the allowance from social welfare will gradually increase (also in line with the increasing life expectancy of the people), so that this system will not exceed the government's affordability in the next 50-70 years. The plan also increases government taxes by raising the payroll tax rate for social welfare.

In order to solve the budget deficit, the Reagan administration borrowed a lot of national debt from home and abroad. By Reagan's second term, the national debt held by the people had greatly increased from 26% of GDP in 1980 to 4 1% in 1989, the highest since 1963. 1988 The total national debt was 2.6 trillion US dollars, and the total foreign loans exceeded domestic loans. The United States has also changed from the world's largest creditor country to the world's largest borrower.

Reagan's economic policy widened the gap between the rich and the poor; However, during Reagan's tenure, the income of all economic classes increased, including the bottom poor, and also increased by 6% (US Census Bureau, 1996). At the same time, the richest 65,438+0% Americans increased their income by 65,438+0 trillion yuan (ZINN, 2003).

The Reagan administration was criticized by the gay rights movement and others because it did not deal with the rising HIV/AIDS quickly. The White House first discussed this disease in 1982+00. Reagan publicly discussed the government's measures against this disease for the first time at the press conference of 1985.

Despite criticism, Reagan spent $57 billion on fighting HIV and AIDS during his tenure, most of which was invested in the National Institutes of Health. The resources for HIV and AIDS research increased by 450% in 1983, by 134% in 1984, by 99% in 85 and by 148% in 86. 1September 1985, Reagan said: "Including our 1986 budget, we have invested more than 500 million yuan in AIDS research, and I am sure other medical institutions are also conducting these studies at the same time. Our budget this year is 1 billion yuan, and next year is126 million yuan, so this is our top priority. There is no doubt about the seriousness of this disease, and we must find out the cause. " By 1986, Reagan had invested a lot of money in AIDS prevention and research, and declared that AIDS was "the first priority disease in public health of the Ministry of Health and Human Services."

Reagan also played an important role in another rare debate about AIDS. American researcher Robert? Robert Gallo and French scientist Luke? Montagni Neil claimed to have discovered the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and named it respectively. The debate was finally decided by Reagan and French President Francois? Mitterrand reached a * * * understanding through negotiation, which made them and their team mutually assured destruction. This incident is quite rare, ignoring the scientific basis of naming, and it is also the first time that the biological debate has risen to the political level. Obviously, Montagni and Reagan understood that the two great powers should not have an argument on this issue.

Reagan strongly opposed abortion. He published the book "Abortion and National Harmony", in which he accused abortion of disrespect for life. Many conservative activists think Reagan is the most anti-abortion president in history. However, two Supreme Court judges appointed by him-Sandra? Dai? Sandra day o'connor and Anthony? In the case of Rowe v Wade, Anthony Kennedy voted that the anti-abortion law was unconstitutional. When Reagan was governor, he also wrote the right to free abortion into the California statute.

Although Reagan's second term was marked by his foreign policy, he also dominated many important domestic bills. 1982, Reagan signed a bill to extend the voting rights bill of 1965 for 25 years-although he opposed the extension in the election campaign of 1980 [9]. The bill protects the voting rights of the blind, the disabled and the illiterate.

Other important bills include the tax reform bill of 1986 and the civil liberties bill of 1988, including compensation for Japanese-Americans detained in World War II. Reagan also legislated to authorize the death penalty for murder involving drug trafficking.

Milton. Friedman put forward the number of federal documents issued by the federal government every year during Reagan's term of office to illustrate Reagan's policy tendency of opposing government regulation [6]. Since 1960, the number of federal documents issued by each president has been increasing every year, but the number of federal documents issued after Reagan took office has decreased sharply, which proves Reagan's opposition to government regulation. The number of federal official documents only increased slightly during Reagan's tenure, and it did not start to increase significantly until Reagan left office.

Foreign policy and intervention

Reagan had a one-on-one meeting with Gorbachev, General Secretary of the CPSU. Reagan was the first world leader to think that capitalism would collapse. 1March 3, 983, he said: "I believe that capitalism is a sad and strange page in human history-the last page that is still moving forward." At that time, the mainstream view of the west on the Soviet Union was that the new generation of the Soviet Union was coming, and the western world was bound to cooperate with them. But Reagan argued that the Soviet Union was in a serious economic crisis, and he intended to aggravate this crisis by cutting off the scientific and technological exchanges between the Soviet Union and the West. It is believed that the worst thing in the Soviet Union is to "run counter to the historical trend of mankind and obliterate the freedom and dignity of its own people."

The orthodox view of American scholars on the end of the Cold War is this: "Because the liberal and democratic western countries continue to maintain their advantages in military status, ideological strength and economic system, the Soviet Union finally surrendered and the Cold War ended. These factors reveal the moral illegality of materialism and highlight its economic stagnation. " (Salla and Summy, page 3) This view can be accepted by the Party (emphasizing Reagan's role) and the Democratic Party (emphasizing Truman, Kennedy, Zhan Sen and Carter's long-term containment policy). This view is also widely accepted by eastern European countries. For example, Lech, the leader of the Polish Solidarity Union? Lech walesa said in 2004: "When talking about Ronald Reagan, I have to talk about him from my personal point of view, and all of us Poles will talk about him from our point of view. Why? Because he gave us the freedom. " German Chancellor Helmut? Cole said: "His appearance is the luck of the world. Two years after Reagan called on Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall, the Berlin Wall really fell, and 1 1 month later Germany was unified. " Irish Prime Minister Bertie bertie ahern said: "President Reagan was a staunch resister of * * * productism, and he played an important role in ending * * * productism and the division of Europe after World War II." Vaclav Javier said: "He is a man with firm principles. Undoubtedly, he contributed to the collapse of capitalism."

Reagan chose to confront the Soviet Union directly and forcefully, unlike former presidents such as Richard Nixon and Gerald? Ford, Jimmy? Carter adopted a relaxation policy. Suppose the Soviet Union is unable to gamble more than the United States.