Does anyone know anything about the legends, traditions and habits of the ancient Qingqiu country? Those with a history of study can help me

Outsiders may be a distant and unfamiliar word to Dalian people today. But in the eyes of historians and archaeologists, there are nine kinds of barbarians, and ancient Dalian people are one of them. In Wang Yizhou Huipian, this ancient land is defined as five words: clear autumn and fox Kyubi no Youko.

Qingqiu is the name established by a tribe of Dongyi people, and the nine-tailed fox is the totem of this tribal kingdom. In the eyes of historians, Dalian's ancient culture reached a peak when it reached the ancient Qingqiu country, but the mysterious ancient Qingqiu country was only a flash in the pan in history, and soon disappeared, leaving only a few words, which made it impossible to see the whole picture.

Then, how did this ancient Yi country, almost as mysterious as legend, rise and why did it decline? To this end, the reporter interviewed a number of historical and archaeological experts, trying to decipher the rise and fall of this ancient tribe.

History of the rise and fall of tribes in Qing Dynasty

Old Stone Age

Archaeologists found fossils of terrestrial animals such as mammoth bones at the Gulongshan site in Wafangdian, and it can be concluded that the ancestors living here made a living by hunting.

Neolithic Age

Population explosion and cultural development. Completed the role transformation from hunter to fisherman.

Bronze Age

Rich fishery resources make the food of Qingqiu people readily available, forming a developed agriculture.

the Spring and Autumn Period

Qin Shihuang made a comprehensive sinicization of Qingqiu people, and Qingqiu tribe was no longer the protagonist and gradually declined.

Eastern Han Dynasty

Wei and Wu fought for hegemony, and other residents of Dalian fled to Shandong. Qingqiu culture is fragmented and never recovered.

Paleolithic Age: Few people lived in the vicissitudes of life.

In ancient times, Dalian was a land sleeping under the sea. About 70,000 years ago, due to the sudden drop of sea level by more than 50 meters, Dalian, Shandong Peninsula and Korean Peninsula emerged from the water and formed a new continent, which was called Jiaoliao Ancient Land by geologists. By 30,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped by more than 1.4 meters, connecting the Jiaoliao ancient land with the Japanese archipelago.

At that time, this vast continent was full of vitality, and all kinds of giant animals haunted it. 20 1 1 year1October, the mammoth ivory fossil salvaged by Wang Zhenwei, a fisherman in Beihai Town, Lushunkou District, is an example. Modern archaeology finds that in that golden age, Dalian was once a paradise for prehistoric giant animals such as mammoths, saber-toothed tigers and hairy rhinos. However, by about 20,000 years ago, the sea level rose sharply several times in a row, and catastrophic transgression swallowed up most land animals.

From sea to land, and then from land to sea. So until the late Paleolithic period, there were almost no people living here. At present, the earliest human site found in Dalian is the Gulongshan site in Wafangdian, which was 17000 years ago, and it is also the only site found in Dalian in the late Paleolithic period. Sun Yufeng, an expert from Dalian Natural Museum, was one of the first experts to explore this site. He recalled: "It was the autumn of 198 1 year, and several archaeologists entered the cave with hand drills. As soon as they entered, they saw shining animal bones everywhere. "

In this site, archaeologists found the fossils of land animals such as mammoth bones, horse bones, brown bear bones and wild boar bones. It can be concluded that the ancestors who lived here hunted for a living. Archaeologists also found two kinds of fish fossils, which also proved from the side that the earliest explorers who set foot in Dalian also tasted the delicacy of fish.

Neolithic Age: The ancestors of Qingqiu were masters of fishing.

In the Neolithic Age, with the reduction of marine invasion disasters, this coastal land won the first period of human prosperity in history. Archaeological discoveries in recent years have proved that after entering the Neolithic Age, Dalian not only achieved a sudden increase in population, but also became one of the most developed places in Northeast China. The Neolithic sites found in Dalian are mostly distributed along the coast of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea and on islands, among which the Xiaozhushan site in Guanglu Island, Changhai County is the most typical. A large number of fishing gears, large fish bones and piles of shells unearthed in the site show that the ancestors who lived here at that time had completed the role transformation from hunters to fishermen.

These ancestors who learned to fish were the ancestors of the Qingqiu tribe. This is a tribe with a large population, from Guanglu Island and Dachangshan Island in Changhai County to Siping Mountain in Ganjingzi. From guo jia cun, Wang Jiacun and Dapanjia Village in Lushunkou District to Anbo Town in Pulandian; From Tangsan Village in Changxing Island to Heidao Town in Zhuanghe ... The rich sea feeds this ancient Yi tribe. This adventurous tribe not only controls the offshore, but also dares to drive a simple boat to catch giant fish in the deep sea.

From the boat-shaped pottery unearthed in Guojiagou, Lushun, we can see that Qingqiu people living in Dalian at that time mastered the very advanced shipbuilding technology at that time. These fishermen, who are good at shipbuilding and sailing, have close ties with the ancestors of Shandong Peninsula in their voyage adventures again and again. Later, one of the ancestors of the tribe in the Qing Dynasty went south and merged with the Yi people in Shandong Peninsula, gradually becoming strong. In the 0/4th century BC, under the leadership of its leader Pan Geng, he moved to Anyang, Henan Province, and established the Yin-Shang Dynasty.

Bronze Age: Tribes Rising by Boiling Sea Salt

The biggest feature of Qingqiu people is that they face the sea. When the barbarians appeared, they lived by the sea. In the annals of bamboo books, the Yi people in the Zhou Dynasty recorded that they "swam eastward and caught big fish". Abundant fishery resources make the food of Qingqiu people readily available, and the population has achieved rapid growth. Now there are stone sheds all over Dalian, which shows how prosperous the ancient Qingqiu country was at that time.

However, food is too abundant, which in turn hinders their enthusiasm for invention and creation. According to the archaeological findings in Dalian, although the Qingqiu people who lived in this land at that time also entered the Bronze Age, they still used a lot of stone tools and hardly saw bronzes. Backward means of production will inevitably lead to the decline of national strength, but the sea once again saved this tribe that worships the nine-tailed fox. Archaeology shows that although the people of Qingqiu at that time missed the bronze culture, they mastered the advanced technology of cooking and drying sea salt. Fortunately, the development of salt industry has been synchronized with navigation technology. In this way, the Qingqiu tribe was able to smuggle salt to Shandong Peninsula on a large scale along the coast in exchange for other means of production. This model of "prospering the country with salt" may have lasted for hundreds of years.

It was not until the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period that the bronze culture of Qingqiu people gradually matured. An important sign is that a large number of well-made bronze daggers with curved edges have been found in many sites. It is distributed in Anbo and Huaershan in Pulandian, Chengshan pawn village in Yuantai, Zhaotun, Qutun and Zhuanghe in Wafangdian, Wolong Spring in Jinzhou, Liangjiadian, Sanjianbao in Lushun, Longwang Temple, Shuangtaigou in Ganjingzi and Mucheng Post. At the same time, the curved dagger was found, as well as stone models and other cast copper bronzes, which shows the Qingqiu people at that time.

The appearance of a large number of bronzes has also quietly changed the production mode of this salt-dependent tribe. Qingqiu people who first appeared in Dalian mainly lived along the coast. The appearance of bronzes improved the production skills of Qingqiu people and gradually changed from fishermen to farmers. The most typical example is the Dazuizi site in Ganjingzi District, where a large number of bronzes for war and agriculture were unearthed, and a large number of carbonized rice were also found, indicating that the Qingqiu people at that time had developed agriculture. Some people began to migrate to the northern mountainous areas of Dalian, becoming the first full-time farmers of the Qing Dynasty tribe.

Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: Jing Ke's Attacking on Qin and Dalian's Sinicization

Qingqiu culture once had a brilliant peak, when they just mastered fishing technology. But later, when bronze and iron began to dominate the development process of human society, Qingqiu people fell behind. Therefore, although they are rich in fish and salt resources, they are inevitably declining step by step.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Yan was at its peak. In order to accumulate capital and compete with other countries in the Central Plains, Yan people sent Qin Kaidong, a general, to the Northern Expedition. Yan people with advanced weapons quickly annexed the tribes in the Qing Dynasty with backward technology. Emperor Yan attached great importance to this beautiful and rich land in Xinjiang, and established many densely populated cities here, such as Zhangdian City in Huaer, Huangjialiangzi City in Yang Shufang and Shepherd City in Lushun.

At the same time, in order to rule this land forever, the prince of Yan also vigorously promoted the immigration policy, and immigrated Yan people from Hebei and other places to Dalian to live together with people in the Qing Dynasty. Facing the more advanced Central Plains culture, Qingqiu culture was assimilated a little.

In the late Warring States period, the State of Qin became stronger and stronger, while the State of Yan declined. In order to resist the state of Qin, Yan Taizidan sent Jing Ke to stab the king of Qin, but Jing Ke failed to stab Qin, but he staged a heroic tragedy in the history of China. This tragedy also rewrote the history of the people in the Qing Dynasty-the king of Qin was furious, sent troops to destroy Yan State, and naturally took over the land of the tribes in the Qing Dynasty from Yan State. Qin Shihuang, who advocated "the same book and the same column", made a comprehensive sinicization of Qingqiu people. The influx of a large number of new immigrants has made this land more prosperous, but the former owner of this land, the Qingqiu tribe, is no longer the protagonist.

Archaeological data show that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Qingqiu people began to use Chinese characters, which is an important symbol of being sinicized. At the same time, the salt industry here is more developed, and the salt trade has become a local pillar industry. At present, the hoard of Warring States currency found in Dalian is one of the largest areas in China. For example, more than 30 kilograms of knife coins were unearthed in Anzishan, Ganjingzi District, and 100 kilograms of knife coins were unearthed in Bali Village, Jinzhou District. These relics of the Warring States period show that commercial activities in Dalian were very popular at that time, and people in the Qing and Autumn Dynasties had frequent contacts with the Central Plains.

The end of the Eastern Han Dynasty: the desolate background of the land of kings

From the late Warring States to the Qin Dynasty, Qingqiu culture was obviously influenced by the Central Plains culture. In the Han Dynasty, the backward Qingqiu culture was finally unable to struggle and gradually withdrew from the historical stage.

At the end of the Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Central Plains was in chaos, but the ancient Qingqiu country was still safe because it was far from the battlefield center. As a result, some Zhongyuan people moved in in large numbers to avoid the war. They brought the Central Plains culture and various living customs into Dalian, and occupied a dominant position, and the descendants of the nine-tailed fox were gradually marginalized. From the archaeological discoveries of this period, it can be seen that the shell tombs and stone sheds used by Qingqiu people gradually disappeared and were replaced by brick tombs and mural tombs of Han people. From the arrangement of tombs, it can be seen that the patriarchal clan system and funeral customs of the Han nationality have penetrated into the people.

By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of famous Confucian scholars from the Central Plains also came to Guqingqiu, among which Guan Ning, Wang Lie, Li Yuan and others were the most famous, and Guqingqiu was therefore called the land of King Li (Guan Ning) and Wang Lie. With the settlement and lectures of these great Confucians in the Eastern Han Dynasty, China culture further prospered, while Qingqiu culture gradually declined.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Gongsun Yuan, the satrap of Liaodong, joined forces with Wu Kangwei and was conquered by Sima Yi, a general sent by Cao Wei. When Wu Dong's army was defeated, it robbed a lot of people and property in Dalian, south of the Yangtze River. This Wei-Wu hegemony became the last straw to crush the ancient Qingqiu country, and other residents of Dalian also fled to Shandong to establish Shandong Xinda County. Since then, Qingqiu culture has been fragmented and never recovered.

Since Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the tribes in the Qing Dynasty withdrew from Dalian, and the ethnic minorities in Northeast China gradually rose. So the ancient Qingqiu became a stage for performances by Xianbei, Koguryo, Qidan, Nuzhen and Mongolia. Once a nine-tailed fox, it became more and more vague and untraceable. Only the exquisite jade, pottery and fishing gear in the ruins are left, silently recording the desolate back of a tribe.

Link: Historical records about ancient Qingqiu country.

It is recorded in the ancient books about the clear autumn: Volume 9 of the Introductory Book edited by Xu Jian, a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, quoted the book "Returning to Tibet, Begging Prayer" and said: "Chiyou comes from amniotic fluid, with eight arms and eight toes and a sparse head. Deng Jiunao cut the empty mulberry, and the Yellow Emperor was killed in Qingqiu. "

"Shan Hai Jing Ye Dong Jing" records: "There are green hills, foxes and Kyubi no Youko." Guo Pu pointed out: "Peace is a sign of prosperity."

The Book of Changes of Nanci, a Tibetan Mountain Scene in Jason Wu, records: "Three hundred miles further east, it is called Qingqiu Mountain, with jade under the sun and green under the shade. There is a wild animal that looks like a fox and Kyubi no Youko and sounds like a baby. It can eat people, but the people who eat them are not cunning. There is a kind of bird, which looks like a pigeon, and its voice is irrigation, which is not confusing. English water flows out and flows into the wing in the south; Among them, there is a lot of red, like a fish face, like a mandarin duck, and the food is not bad. "

Shan Hai Jing Overseas East longitude records: "Qingqiu Kingdom is in the north (Chaoyang Valley), and its foxes are located in Kyubi no Youko. One is in Chaoyang North. The emperor ordered Shu Hai to walk from east to west, and chose 9800 steps out of 500 million. Shu Hai right hand counting, left hand pointing to QingQiu north. Yu Yue Shu Hai. 509,800 steps a day. "

Ye Dongjing also said that Qingqiu is in the north of Chaoyang Valley and the south of Heichi. Qingqiu country is located between Heichi country and Xingshan, adjacent to the White Republic and the native country.