What are the environmental or ecological problems in the development of the Yangtze River Basin?

Soil erosion in the upstream of 1.

The upper reaches of the Yangtze River cover an area of about 6,543.8+0,000 km2 and are rich in forest resources. It is the second largest forest area in China after the northeast, and it is also an important barrier for the protection of water and soil resources in the Yangtze River. However, over the years, due to unreasonable development, heavy logging and light construction, forest vegetation has declined sharply. With the decrease of forest vegetation, the area and intensity of soil erosion are increasing. The area of soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River has reached 355,000 km2, accounting for 63% of the total area of soil erosion in the basin, and the annual soil erosion is 65.438+405 million tons.

The upstream area is located in the first and second steps of China's topography, with steep terrain, high mountains and deep valleys and shallow soil layers. Once the forest is destroyed, it is difficult to recover, but it quickly evolves into a grass-shrub community, the self-regulation ability of the ecosystem is greatly reduced, and the land degradation area is constantly expanding. External dynamic geological phenomena, such as mudslides, landslides and landslides, are becoming more and more serious, causing casualties every year. In recent years, the remediation and control of key soil erosion have been strengthened, but the intensity is not enough.

2. Flood disaster in the middle and lower reaches of the plain

The plain lake area in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River is 1.26 million km2, with 6 million km2 of cultivated land and a population of 75 million. It is an important commodity grain, cotton and oil base and a relatively developed area in China. Because the ground elevation in the plain area is generally several meters to tens of meters lower than the flood, it is protected by more than 3,600 kilometers of Yangtze River trunk dikes and more than 30,000 kilometers of branch dikes. Whenever the flood comes, the situation of flood control and waterlogging disaster is very severe. When there is a big flood, floods will occur to varying degrees, which is the most concentrated, serious and frequent area in the Yangtze River Basin.

Every flood disaster, people's production and property suffer huge losses, and the ecology and environment in the disaster areas suffer serious damage. After the disaster, plague spread, snails spread and schistosomiasis spread, resulting in a large number of deaths and serious mental trauma.

3. Lake eutrophication and soil salinization;

In recent years, due to more and more nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus discharged into lakes and reservoirs, the eutrophication process of water bodies has accelerated. During the ninth five-year plan period, the "three lakes", namely Dianchi Lake, Chaohu Lake and Taihu Lake, were all in the Yangtze River basin. At present, Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake are in the middle level of nutrition, but the contents of phosphorus and nitrogen are high, and they are in the transition stage to eutrophication. The eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs in the suburbs is generally high, such as West Lake in Hangzhou, Xuanwu Lake in Nanjing and East Lake in Wuhan.

In estuaries, salt water intrusion usually occurs in dry season (165438+ 10 to April of the following year). The salt water intrusion in the north branch is more serious than that in the south branch, and it is basically impossible to divert water for irrigation. According to the measurement results, the instantaneous chloride concentration in Wusong reached1850 mg/L/L.

Salt wat which greatly exceeds that standard of drink water. The invasion has brought serious harm to the industrial and agricultural production and people's life on both sides of the Yangtze River estuary, especially in Shanghai. The area of salinized land in the Yangtze River estuary is about 233,000 square kilometers. In some areas, soil salinization tends to expand due to salt water intrusion and poor drainage conditions.

4. Biodiversity faces severe challenges.

The deterioration of water environment has changed the original living environment of organisms, and biodiversity has been greatly affected. The number of many animals and plants has been greatly reduced, and some rare species are facing extinction.

The output of natural resources in the Yangtze River is decreasing year by year, and water pollution is one of the reasons for the decrease. For example, the shad and swordfish in the lower reaches of Nanjing River decreased by more than 80% compared with the 1970s. The spawning grounds and fishing grounds of the mainstream four major fish have shrunk, and some heavily polluted river sections and even fish and shrimp have disappeared.

The Yangtze estuary and its adjacent waters are important fishing grounds in China. Due to overfishing and pollution in offshore areas,

Fish resources are decreasing year by year. The fishing indexes of traditional fisheries such as large and small yellow croaker, hairtail and pomfret not only decreased sharply, but also reduced the average individual weight and catch quality.

Countermeasures and suggestions:

1, overall planning and comprehensive management

Guided by the principle of sustainable development, take the river as a whole system, comprehensively consider nature, society and economy, break the division of departments, make overall arrangements, and carry out comprehensive management and macro-control; Establish a corresponding management and operation system to properly arrange people's production and life: in the past, river basin institutions managed rivers regardless of lakes,

Local institutions manage lakes regardless of rivers, and the departments of agriculture, forestry and water conservancy are fragmented, with unclear responsibilities and chaotic management. Driven by local and departmental interests, short-term actions are taken and long-term planning is lacking. Land reclamation and deforestation in the upper reaches, increasing soil erosion, reclaiming land from lakes in the middle reaches, and large-scale construction not only reduce the storage capacity, but also make it difficult to make decisions at critical moments.

In the future, it is necessary to change the management mechanism of compartmentalization, establish a unified and coordinated river basin management institution, and carry out macro-control and supervision on the decision-making of major ecological construction and water conservancy construction issues. At the same time, we should strengthen the scientific and democratic decision-making.

2. Strengthen forestry construction.

(1) Strengthen natural forest management. Especially in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the areas on both sides of the Yangtze River, it is necessary to clearly define water source protection areas and strengthen protection. Conscientiously implement the natural forest protection project and prohibit any form of logging within one year. During this period, it is necessary to formulate management methods and measures for natural forest ecosystems and gradually transition to scientific management of different types of ecosystems.

(2) Vigorously carry out closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation and transforming secondary forests to close hillsides to facilitate afforestation. Closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation should be based on sealing, and sealing, repairing and changing should be combined. For aerial seeding forests and newly planted forests in ecologically fragile areas, it is necessary to close mountains all the year round, prohibit human and animal damage, and give full play to protection benefits as soon as possible.

(3) In areas with poor soil conditions and difficult vegetation restoration, such as limestone mountainous areas, severely degraded red soil hills and areas with serious petrochemical desertification, mass afforestation will be carried out to speed up the construction of shelterbelts and public welfare forests in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

Investment, through artificial afforestation to ensure the restoration of vegetation. Afforestation should combine arbor, shrub and grass; Combination of shelter forest and economic forest; Combination of closing hillsides for afforestation and closing hillsides for afforestation; Combination of biological measures and engineering measures.

(4) In mountainous areas with heavy rainfall and humidity and plateau areas with steep slopes and high altitudes, we will vigorously develop grass and raise livestock.

In addition, pasture should be planted on slopes and dry-hot valleys that are not suitable for afforestation to develop animal husbandry, so as to greatly improve biological productivity, conserve water and soil, improve the ecological environment, and enable people in mountainous areas to get rid of poverty and become rich as soon as possible and embark on the road of sustainable development.

3. Vigorously carry out comprehensive management of small watersheds

Taking small watersheds as a unit, combining ecological environmental protection with economic development, carrying out three-dimensional layout and comprehensive development is a successful experience of mountain management in China and the main research content of landscape ecology.

This practice should be strongly advocated and supported in the process of restoring and rebuilding mountain ecosystems in the future.

Popularize measures such as changing slope into ladder, hedgerow on slope and planting on cross slope; Farmland on steep slopes should be returned to forests; Prevent the Three Gorges migrants from causing new ecological damage; The simple practice of stopping the "backward migration" in the process of Three Gorges resettlement will aggravate the steep slope reclamation.

4. Intensify the prevention and control of industrial pollution, and completely shut down enterprises with serious pollution below the scale.

All other industrial enterprises should achieve comprehensive pollutant discharge standards. Close all small mining sites. All relocated enterprises must implement cleaner production. New construction, expansion and reconstruction of enterprise projects must strictly implement pollution prevention laws and regulations, and wastewater must be discharged up to standard. At the same time, we should focus on preventing oil pollution, garbage and toxic pollution from ships; Strengthen the publicity and education of environmental awareness and pollution prevention and monitoring; Improve the fixed-point dumping system of passenger ship garbage; Improve the emergency handling ability of ship pollution accidents; Formulate and improve management regulations. Third, accelerate the construction of urban sewage treatment facilities.

5. It is necessary to strengthen publicity and education, update ideas and raise people's awareness of the importance of protecting ecological resources in the Yangtze River basin. Put forward to advocate stressing science and doing things according to scientific laws. Qixin will work together to speed up the pace of ecological protection in the Yangtze River basin and leave a beautiful water environment and living space for present and future generations.

The above is for reference only, I hope it will help you.