Hangzhou is nicknamed Yuhang. What does it have to do with Henan?

In China, for various reasons, some provincial capitals are separated from other cities in the province, but they are always linked with other provinces in an ambiguous way. Nanjing can be regarded as a well-known example. It is obviously the capital city of Jiangsu, but it is often nicknamed "Hui Jing". The connotation of Nanjing is actually the capital city of Anhui.

Coincidentally, Hangzhou, which is also one of the capital cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, has a similar situation, and there is also a name used to ridicule, that is, "Yuhang".

"Yu" naturally means Henan, so this title must be inextricably linked with Henan. The two titles of "Hui Jing" and "Yuhang" also bind a city with other provinces in form, but their causes are not similar.

The reason why Nanjing is called "Hui Jing" is largely due to the semi-encirclement of Nanjing by Anhui geographically, which leads to the fact that most of Nanjing's economic radiation scope is located in Anhui Province. Therefore, in the inter-provincial population flow, Anhui people are also more inclined to go to neighboring Nanjing.

In contrast, the origin of the title "Yuhang" is much more special. Because Hangzhou and Henan are not adjacent, they are far apart. Geographically, Hangzhou and Henan seem to have nothing to do with each other. Judging from today's population flow data, the provinces with the largest foreign population in Hangzhou are Anhui, Jiangsu and Jiangxi, and Henan is not ranked.

However, the abyss between Hangzhou and Henan has a long history, and the language of "Henan and Hangzhou" is not empty.

First, the "alternative" of Wu dialect area

If you want to ask why some netizens are more keen to associate Hangzhou with Henan, a large part of the reason is that the Wu dialect in the old city of Hangzhou is incompatible with the surrounding Wu dialect areas.

Wu dialect is one of the oldest languages in China, and its formation history can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period. There are two important vassal States in Jiangsu and Zhejiang-Wu and Yue, both of which have their own languages.

However, because the main nationalities of these two vassal States are very close and their cultures are very similar, later generations used to confuse the two languages and call them English, which is the predecessor of what we now call Wu dialect.

Therefore, the geographical location of wuyue in those days roughly determined the general pattern of the geographical distribution of Wu dialect today. Mainly distributed in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River where the economy is relatively developed.

▲ Wu dialect division

Hangzhou is connected to Shaoxing in the south and Huzhou and Jiaxing in the north. This geographical location determines that Hangzhou is in the center of Wu dialect area. However, compared with its surrounding areas, Hangzhou dialect, especially the dialect in its old city, is unique and has a strong color of Central Plains Mandarin, although it still belongs to Wu dialect. The narrow sense of the Central Plains refers to today's Henan Province.

First of all, the suffix "er" in Hangzhou dialect is particularly rich, which is completely different from Wu dialect. For example: guy, Gail, crazy woman, etc. Dialects in the surrounding areas habitually use "head" and "son" to form words, such as: old man, child, sweetness, suffering and so on.

Secondly, the personal pronouns in Hangzhou dialect are close to Mandarin, which is completely different from Wu dialect. Personal pronouns in Hangzhou dialect are generally "you, me and him", in Shanghai dialect "I, Nong and Yi", and in Yuhang District adjacent to the old city of Hangzhou, "I, Er and Yi".

Thirdly, there are many words belonging to Putonghua in Hangzhou dialect, such as things, kitchen, washbasin and so on. In addition, in Hangzhou dialect, almost all words are pronounced the same as spoken words, and few words are read in both Chinese and English, so there is a lack of different reading systems between Chinese and English. However, in other dialects in Wu dialect area, the phenomenon of literary and colloquial reading is widespread. For example: home, marriage, street, people, etc.

Dialect is an important sign that the cultural customs in one region are different from those in other regions, and it is also an important means for local people to maintain group consciousness. The uniqueness of the dialect in the old city of Hangzhou in Wuyu District is a reflection of the great differences in regional culture between Hangzhou and other cities in Wuyu District.

Second, Bianjing civilization has a far-reaching influence on Hangzhou.

The origin between Hangzhou and Henan needs to start with three large-scale population migrations from north to south in China's history.

The first large-scale migration of the northern population to the south in the history of China originated from the sharp internal contradictions of the ruling class in the Western Jin Dynasty (after the Han and Three Kingdoms). Many Jin soldiers on the Great Wall took advantage of the situation, defeated the main force of Jin army, established several non-Han regimes, and forced a large number of northern Han people to move south, which became the "Yongjia South Crossing".

The southward migration of population lasted for more than 100 years. During this period, a large number of Han people moved southward from today's Henan and Shandong areas, along the tributaries on the north bank of Huaihe River, to Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas, including today's Hangzhou.

The second immigration began in the "An Shi Rebellion" in the Tang Dynasty. After the "Anshi Rebellion", the north fell into a state of separatist regime, and the Yellow River basin was the main battlefield for continuous attack and cutting. People moved south again to escape the war. Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces have absorbed a large number of northern immigrants.

Although the first two migrations injected fresh blood into Hangzhou and had a certain impact on its regional culture, during this period, the regional culture of Hangzhou did not differ greatly from the surrounding areas.

The main reason is that in these two immigrants, the last destination of northern immigrants is mostly concentrated in the south of Huaihe River and the north of Yangtze River, while the number of immigrants crossing the river to Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Anhui is far less than that in Jianghuai area.

In addition, at that time, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal had not been expanded, the Jiangnan Canal in the southern section had not been dug, and Hangzhou had not yet become the terminal of this artery running through the north and south, so it did not have a certain political and economic status, so these northern immigrants who crossed the Yangtze River at that time did not take Hangzhou as their first choice.

▲ Since ancient times, the importance of the Jiangnan Canal is self-evident.

What really had a decisive influence on Hangzhou's regional culture was the third population migration from north to south in the Song Dynasty. The protagonist of this migration is the Henan people today.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, the economy and culture in the Central Plains flourished. It is estimated that the GDP in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty accounted for about one-fifth of the world's GDP, much higher than that in Western Europe in the same period. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Henan was in the "world", with developed agriculture and merchants. Kaifeng and Luoyang, two authentic cities in Henan, are the capitals of the Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, Henan had an unparalleled position in the country.

However, in 1 127, Beinuzhen conquered Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, which is today's Kaifeng. Song Gaozong Zhao Gou led the Song Dynasty south in chaos, and after many twists and turns, he finally came to Hangzhou today. With the arrival of the royal family, a large number of Henan immigrants appeared. The scale of these immigrants is unprecedented, and their number will soon be several times that of the local aborigines. Hangzhou has become an immigrant city.

Later, Hangzhou was designated as the capital and became the political, economic and cultural center of the Southern Song Dynasty. Here, this group of expatriates who migrated from Henan imitated the Bianjing story, reappeared the Song Dynasty and relived the old dream of Beijing.

They have a great influence on the regional culture of Hangzhou, involving all aspects, including dialects.

These northern immigrants from afar have an absolute advantage in both number and political status. Although they are located in the center of Wuyu District, most of their residences are concentrated in the downtown area of Hangzhou today. At that time, their Bianjing dialect undoubtedly represented authority and was the official working language.

Therefore, Bianjing dialect at that time left a deep impression on the original Wu dialect in Hangzhou, especially in those immigrant areas, and this influence has continued to this day.

In addition, the impact on Hangzhou's diet is far-reaching. Obviously, these influx of northern immigrants can't adapt to the diet in the south quickly, so they began to enter the catering industry. On the one hand, they can eat northern food, especially Bianjing flavor, on the other hand, they can make a living and stand on the other hand.

In addition, Song Gaozong was also an out-and-out Bianjing person at that time. When he first arrived here, he sometimes ordered his people to buy some delicious food from the Hangzhou market. In order to get his products into the palace, local vendors began to imitate the cooking of Bianjing-style food to cater to the Song Dynasty.

▲ Hangzhou Restaurant Southern Song Dynasty capital dining grand view.

In this way, Bianjing diet became a fashion in Hangzhou at that time. However, during this period, Hangzhou did not completely copy the food culture of Bianjing in the north, but combined it with the food culture in the south, which laid the foundation for the future status of Hangzhou catering industry in the country.

The well-known Hangzhou steamed buns and West Lake vinegar fish are a good example. Both of them copied the ancient Kaifeng craft, and the changes of the capital of Song Dynasty held the Central Plains and Jiangnan together through delicious food.

▲ The West Lake vinegar fish in Hangzhou is similar to the squid noodles in Kaifeng.

However, why did the Bianjing civilization in the Song Dynasty have such a far-reaching impact on Hangzhou? In the Southern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou was never the real or official capital, but the unofficial capital when the emperor traveled, which was the capital of Hangzhou. Moreover, Hangzhou was not connected at first, it was called "line entry", which means where the son of heaven is. It was not until the political situation was stable that Hangzhou was officially designated as the capital of Hangzhou.

The official capital of the Southern Song Dynasty has always been Bianjing, which is actually a political declaration. This political declaration not only showed the people all over the country the determination of the authorities to recover lost land and return the old capital, but also showed the legitimacy of the Southern Song regime to the outside world. On these two points, the Southern Song Dynasty was United. They all supported the recovery of lost territory and recognized the orthodox position of the Southern Song Dynasty, the only Han regime in China.

It is precisely because of this mentality that people in the Southern Song Dynasty have a strong nostalgia for Bianjing and the peaceful and prosperous times in the Northern Song Dynasty. Therefore, whether physically or mentally, we try our best to get close to Bianjing and create an atmosphere of Bianjing, all of which invisibly shape the capital of Hangzhou.

Dream of China in Tokyo by Meng Yuanshen, a well-known writer in the Southern Song Dynasty at that time, is full of memories of the prosperity of the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, and this note prose seems to be a kind of evidence of the complicated feelings of the Southern Song people towards Bianjing.

In addition, most of these northern immigrants who went south to Hangzhou were social elites in China at that time, and they moved to Hangzhou in large numbers in a relatively short period of time.

Moreover, for a long time, Hangzhou became the political center of China. After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou never had such a prominent position in politics. It can be said that these two conditions are indispensable. We can compare Shaoxing with Hangzhou.

In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty court, which had just crossed the Yangtze River, had not yet gained a foothold in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and the nomads from the Southern Song Dynasty went south in a big way. Song Gaozong had to continue to flee south and prepare to take a boat to Wenzhou from the sea. Later, I heard that the Golden Army of the Yangtze River withdrew northward, which was the only way home. Song Gaozong made its capital Yuezhou at that time, which is now Shaoxing.

Song Gaozong stayed in Shaoxing for nearly two years. During this period, thousands of northern immigrants poured into Shaoxing. Even after the Southern Song Dynasty officially made Hangzhou its capital, many northern royalty, bureaucrats and literati moved here because the Southern Song Dynasty imperial tomb was located in Shaoxing.

Therefore, Shaoxing immigrants once surpassed the local aborigines in number and political status. However, Shaoxing did not become the political center at that time for a long time in the Southern Song Dynasty, but only as the capital for less than two years. In addition, the proportion of immigrants and local aborigines in Shaoxing at that time was far less than that in Hangzhou.

For these reasons, Shaoxing's regional culture is not much different from its surrounding areas. The most typical performance is that Shanghainese can hardly understand the dialect in the old city of Hangzhou, but they can communicate in Shaoxing dialect.

▲ Song Gaozong portrait

After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, there were several large-scale population movements in Hangzhou because of the war, especially during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. There are many other areas to fill the population of Hangzhou in the later history, mainly Ningbo, Shaoxing, Hangjiahu Plain and other surrounding areas.

However, these immigrants did not make Hangzhou become the political center of China again for a long time. Moreover, most of these immigrants moved to Hangzhou one after another for a long time, unlike the population migration in Jingkang period, which moved to Hangzhou in a large number in a relatively short period of time, and completely suppressed the local indigenous people in quantity at once.

In a word, the reason why the title of "Henan and Hangzhou" has been circulated in the workshop is because the Bianjing civilization has had a far-reaching impact on Hangzhou.

Third, today's story.

Qiantang River stands tall, with waves and Xiang Tao. Hangzhou today is forward-looking. With the help of the wind of the times in the Internet industry, we are standing at the forefront with great momentum.

Relying on the fast-developing "internet plus", Hangzhou is building the brain of a digital city, starting with 1 1 large systems such as police, transportation, cultural tourism and health, so as to make urban management more scientific and efficient, let citizens enjoy urban services easily without knowing it, and make Hangzhou a future city.

▲ Today's Qianjiang New City in Hangzhou

Hangzhou today is also nostalgic. The history of the Song Dynasty is undoubtedly a unique experience for Hangzhou. While retaining the relics of the Song Dynasty, Hang Cheng also created the "Song Cheng" with the magnificent scenery of Bianjing in the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival as a template, all of which contributed invisibly to the construction of Hangzhou's urban cultural brand.

Inheriting the heritage of the ancient capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, carrying forward the excellent culture of the Southern Song Dynasty, and constantly enriching the spiritual connotation of the Southern Song Dynasty are also the proper meanings of * * * to build Hangzhou into a "city of life brands".

But that unique historical experience also brought some small "troubles" to the development of Hangzhou. Today, with the rapid expansion of Hangzhou city, due to the uniqueness of the regional culture of the old city of Hangzhou, the surrounding areas have been incorporated into the urban area of Hangzhou, and their sense of identity with the old city is not high, which has led to some interesting "infighting" and the phenomenon of "the district does not recognize the city".

▲ After the expansion of Hangzhou, Xiaoshan Yuhang was often "squeezed out" when introducing policies, and the cultural differences between Hangzhou and its surrounding areas led to "infighting".

Among them, the most interesting thing is the infighting between Xiaoshan District and the old city of Hangzhou. Although Xiaoshan has already withdrawn from the city and become a part of Hangzhou, some "angry" Xiaoshan people still don't say that they are from Hangzhou.

Some people in Xiaoshan think that Hangzhou people are "Henan refugees" and are "alternative" in Wuyu District. Some people in Hangzhou think that Xiaoshan people are "nouveau riche in rural areas".

In recent years, the "62 Festival" has sprung up in Hangzhou, and "62" stands for derogatory meaning in Hangzhou dialect. There are no similar words in the surrounding Wu dialect areas, so it is extended to June 2 nd, when Hangzhou merchants held a consumer carnival. However, due to the particularity of Hangzhou dialect, the "June 2" Festival is difficult to be recognized by people outside the city.

Look back at Henan. In recent years, as a historical and cultural province, Henan has steadily shouldered the heavy responsibility of food security and steadily built an important transit point for the Belt and Road Initiative. It is advancing steadily at its own speed. With the changes of the times, the contact between Hangzhou and Henan is also undergoing tremendous changes. Today's Henan is no longer the most important export destination for migrants in Hangzhou.

Different from ancient times, most people who moved to Hangzhou in ancient times fled the war, while today's immigrants in Hangzhou are attracted by the charm of Hangzhou's economic development. According to relevant statistics, in recent years, Hangzhou has attracted more immigrants from underdeveloped and closed areas, such as Anhui and Jiangxi. The population of Henan in Hangzhou does not have much advantage.

Even so, the story of Hangzhou and Henan continues. Since 20 16, frequent forums in the Song Dynasty have kept Kaifeng and Hangzhou abreast and promoted Chinese traditional culture. The frequent introduction of all kinds of brand-new cultural tourism products connecting the two places has effectively promoted the development of tourism in the two places.

▲ Song Dynasty Forum jointly organized by Hangzhou and Kaifeng.