In ancient dynasties, what were the responsibilities of the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Pun

In ancient dynasties, what were the responsibilities of the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of Officials, the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Punishment? The so-called six departments are the general names of the etiquette department, the official department, the household department, the industry department, the war department and the punishment department in the central administrative organs after the Sui Dynasty. The "three provinces and six departments system" can be said to be the most important administrative system in the ancient history of China, and the influence of its basic framework lasted until the late Qing Dynasty. With the establishment of "three provinces and six departments", "six departments" began to become an important part of court operation, even the most important executive department of the whole court.

In ancient times, six departments basically maintained the setting of "six departments and twenty-four departments", that is, each department had four departments. However, although the establishment of the organization is basically inconvenient, the name and scope of responsibilities of the organization have been adjusted. The following introduction mainly focuses on the establishment and authority of the six ministries in the Tang Dynasty.

Board of Rites

In ancient times, etiquette was very important, and the position of etiquette department was very special. Its main duties are in charge of etiquette, sacrifice, tribute and diplomacy, among which tribute and diplomacy are undoubtedly the most powerful. After all, the imperial examination is the main outlet for scholars all over the world, and diplomacy is related to China's national status.

The Ritual Department consists of Ritual Department, Ancestral Department, Catering Department and Guest Department. The functions and powers of each division are as follows: the division in charge of rites and music, schools, ceremonies, systems, costumes, seals, presentation, book ordering, auspiciousness, foundation and funeral; The ancestral department is in charge of ancestor worship, sacrifice, astronomy, missing carvings, national taboos, temple taboos, divination, medicine, monks and nuns, etc. The food and beverage department is responsible for the standard system of sacrifices and sacrificial utensils in the mausoleum hall and the dietary supply system of regular food, snacks and tourists in museums below Kings; The Department of Guest of Honor is responsible for the reception of diplomatic envoys of ethnic minorities and foreign guests, and issues conferring and conferring orders on various countries.

In the Qing Dynasty, a casting and printing bureau was set up outside the Fourth Division, which was mainly responsible for casting the emperor's precious seals and printing letters from domestic and foreign officials. Together with Siyi Pavilion, it is responsible for receiving governors, foreign envoys and translators. During Guangxu's reign, the New Deal was implemented, and three departments, namely, Chengfu Senate and House of Representatives, Taichang Ritual Department and Guanglu Ritual Department, as well as a Ritual Library and a Ritual Academy, were added.

As mentioned earlier, it was mainly responsible for etiquette and education in ancient times. It is especially responsible for weddings, funerals, sacrifices and prayers of emperors, princes and other relatives of the country, as well as diplomatic reception. At the same time, he is in charge of the highest universities such as imperial academy and imperial academy, and is also mainly responsible for the imperial examinations at all levels in China.

Civil office Committee

The official department is mainly responsible for the appointment, removal, assessment, promotion, recognition and transfer of civil servants all over the world. It is not difficult to see from its authority that this is the most powerful department among the six departments. After all, they control the fate of all civil servants in the world.

The official department is composed of official department, official department, official department and examination department: the official department is in charge of official rank, party, gift, leave and foreign official selection; Feng Si (added in Hongwu period of Ming Dynasty) was in charge of the title; The director of the department of honor is responsible for the award; The examination department is responsible for the examination of civil and military officials.

During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, the official department was mainly responsible for the selection, reward and assessment of civil servants. It was not until the Yuanfeng period in Song Shenzong that the selection, award and assessment of officers were handed over to the official department. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, the military attache was placed under the Ministry of War and no longer under the jurisdiction of the official department.

As mentioned above, in terms of real power, the official department can be said to be the first of six departments. After all, as an official, your year's efforts, your grades, your achievements, your promotion or your demotion often depend on the evaluation of the official department.

China's feudal tax department.

The Ministry is in charge of land, taxation, household registration, military supplies, salaries, meals, financial revenue and expenditure, etc. He is the God of Wealth of all dynasties. He is not only responsible for the collection and custody of imperial taxes, but also for the use of money in the Ministry, and is also in charge of civil affairs in the world.

The Ministry of Family Affairs consists of the Ministry of Family Affairs, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Warehouse Affairs. Among them, the Ministry is in charge of household registration, land reclamation, tribute, contribution, exemption, special care, marriage and inheritance throughout the country; The branch is in charge of the world tax, abundant products, land and water benefits, and annual plan support; The Ministry of Finance is responsible for collecting gifts from cashiers, weighing and measuring, transactions between the two cities, mutual markets, city palace markets, and foreigners in Baiguan Town, as well as clothes for imperial ladies, princesses and official maids; The warehouse department is in charge of treasury, tax payment, grain storage and warehouse keeping.

Financially, the Housing Department is responsible for collecting taxes such as Shanze Pond, Guanshi and Keng Ye, as well as military expenses, water transportation and reclamation. Civil affairs, responsible for regularly fabricating accounts and adjusting accounts. In addition, in some special periods, the Ministry of Housing is also responsible for immigration and reclamation, resettlement of refugees, relief of victims and investigation of accounts.

In ancient times, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development was also a powerful yamen, especially its role in economic regulation. For example, in ancient times, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development was also responsible for land merger and price adjustment, and also had the responsibility to stop and correct illegal acts such as concealing household registration and embezzling land.

Ministry of Industry in Feudal Period of China

The Ministry of Industry is in charge of the affairs of companies such as Yamazawa, wasteland reclamation, artisans and water conservancy, and its most important duty is to be responsible for the national engineering construction.

The Ministry of Industry consists of the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Land Reclamation, the Ministry of Security and the Ministry of Water Affairs, among which the Ministry of Industry is responsible for the labor service plan of cities outside the capital (the capital is under the responsibility of the Shaofu supervisor and director); The Department of Reclamation is in charge of national land reclamation and professional fields and public fields for civil and military officials in Beijing; The Ministry of Security is responsible for the streets, gardens, mountains, grasslands and trees in Kyoto, as well as providing firewood for eating and hunting in Guanbai and Ke Fan. The water department is in charge of ferry, bow, bridge, dike, ditch, fishing, transportation and grinding.

In the Qing dynasty, there were three yamen outside the four divisions, among which the manufacturing warehouse was mainly responsible for manufacturing the emperor's chariots, record boxes, treasure boxes, rituals and sacrificial vessels; Carefully save money and be responsible for the receipt and delivery of funds; The material estimation institute is responsible for the material quantity estimation, audit, supply and marketing of temples, palaces, city walls and yamen in Beijing.

War Committee

Compared with the previous four, the functions and powers of the Ministry of War have changed. Due to the increasingly serious centralization of power, the emperor's demand for military control is increasing day by day, so the authority of the Ministry of War generally shows a weakening trend. Generally speaking, the Ministry of War is mainly responsible for the selection of military attache, military registration, ordnance and military orders, and its responsibilities are mainly reflected in the military level.

The Ministry of War consists of the Ministry of War, the General Staff, the Driving Department and the Treasury Department, among which the Ministry of War is in charge of the name and title of military forces, the selection and award of ranks and the mobilization of military forces. Professional teachers are responsible for maps, town gods, town defense, weather warning, the distance of road defense people and the naturalization of surrounding ethnic minorities; The driver is in charge of chariots, post stories, cattle and horses, miscellaneous animals and other affairs. The Ministry of Finance is in charge of weapons, halogen books and ceremonies.

Generally speaking, the changes of the functions and powers of the Ministry of War in past dynasties mainly focused on military mobilization, military command and personnel management. For example, in the early Song Dynasty, the selection and appointment of officers and the transfer of troops were attributed to the Privy Council. After the reform of Yuanfeng, the selection and appointment of officers were attributed to the Ministry of War, but the deployment of troops was still attributed to the Privy Council.

By the Ming dynasty, military power was further decomposed. The Ministry of War is mainly responsible for the selection and assessment of military commanders, as well as the recruitment, training, ceremonial, ordnance, martial arts and other administrative affairs of soldiers, while the military position of the National Defense Institute is the responsibility of the Governor's Office of the Fifth Army. In case of war, the emperor ordered the Ministry of War to transfer troops, then appointed officers to lead the troops and sent letters to lead the troops to war.

Ministry of Punishment (ancient China)

Although the Ministry of Punishment is mainly responsible for criminal affairs, compared with the above five departments, the departments whose responsibilities have been adjusted the most in the past dynasties are generally the competent departments of criminal prisons in China.

The criminal department consists of criminal division, criminal division, criminal division and criminal division, among which the criminal division is mainly responsible for the format of laws and regulations and the review of prisons. In charge of all lawsuits, record prisoners' books, give clothes, food and medicine, but avoid lawsuits; The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is in charge of collection, funds, salaries, public expenses, honors, stolen goods, prison classes, debts, military assets, weapons, harmony and collection, and is mainly responsible for audit affairs, but it belongs to the Ministry of Punishment because of administrative sanctions; Our company is responsible for the entrance and exit of the door and the things left behind.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the authority of the Ministry of Punishment was relatively small, and it was only responsible for the execution of civilians and officials under seven grades (middle and senior officials belonged to the province under the door), but there was no Ministry of Punishment (the Ministry of Punishment belonged to Dali Temple). After the Song Dynasty, although the functions and powers of the provincial government were reduced, the Ministry of Punishment only became an executive organ, and the power to punish officials fell into the hands of Dali Temple. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Ministry of Punishment, as the institution in charge of the national penalty laws and regulations and the examination of criminals' names, was responsible for the final review and examination of major cases together with Duchayuan and Dali Temple, and it was called "three legal systems".

In addition, in the Qing Dynasty, there were 17 departments to clean officials according to provinces, which handled criminal cases in various provinces. In addition, there are departments to supervise arrests, fall trials, reductions and other departments, prisons, stolen goods and penalties, and atonement offices.