Have you introduced South Africa?

South Africa is located in the southern hemisphere and has the reputation of "rainbow country"

physical geography

It is located at the southernmost tip of the African continent and borders Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland in the north. Surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, south and west, it is a shipping hub between the two oceans, and its geographical position is very important. The Cape of Good Hope route at its southwest end has always been one of the busiest sea passages in the world, and it is known as the "western sea lifeline". Area 122 1038 square kilometers, the coastline is 2500 kilometers long, and the land area ranks 24th in the world. Most of the territory is a plateau above 600 meters above sea level. The Draken Mountains extend to the southeast, and the Cascade Jin Feng is as high as 3,660 meters, which is the highest point in China. The northwest is a desert, which is a part of the Kalahari Basin. The northern, central and southwestern parts are plateaus; The coast is a narrow plain. Orange River and limpopo river River are two main rivers.

Climate and environment Most areas belong to subtropical and savanna climate, with subtropical humid climate in the east coast and Mediterranean climate in the south coast. The whole climate is divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. 65438+February ~ 65438+1October is summer, and the highest temperature can reach 32 ~ 38℃; June-August is winter, and the lowest temperature is-10~- 12℃. The annual precipitation gradually decreased from 1000mm in the east to 60mm in the west, with an average of 450 mm. The annual average temperature in the capital Pretoria is 17℃.

historical geography

The earliest aborigines were the San, the Kohoyi and the Bantu who moved south later. 1652, the Dutch began to invade and launched many colonial wars against the local blacks. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Britain invaded and occupied the Cape Colony in 1806. The Dutch Boers were forced to emigrate to the mainland, and in 1852 and 1854, the "Orange Free State" and the "Republic of Tuva, the Netherlands" were established respectively. 1867 and 1886 After diamonds and gold were discovered in South Africa, a large number of European immigrants flocked. The British annexed Orange and Transvaal Free State through Ying Bu War (1899~ 1902). 19 10 In May, Britain merged Cape Province, transvaal province, natal province and the Free State of Orange into the South African Federation and became an autonomous territory of Britain. 1961May 3 1 day, South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth and established the Republic of South Africa. The South African white authorities have long pursued the policy of racial discrimination and apartheid in China through legislative and administrative means, and have successively promulgated hundreds of racist laws and decrees. 1948 after the Kuomintang came to power, it fully implemented the apartheid system and suppressed the resistance struggle of the South African people, which was condemned and sanctioned by the international community. 1989, after de Klerk became the leader and chairman of the Kuomintang, he carried out political reforms, lifted the ban on black liberation organizations and released Mandela and others. 199 1 year, the ANC, the South African government, the Kuomintang and other parties 19 held multi-party negotiations on a political solution to the South African issue, and reached an agreement on political transition arrangements in 1993. 1From April to May, 1994, South Africa held the first general election in which all races participated, and South Africa held the first non-racial general election. The ANC, the South African Producers' Party and the South African Trade Union Congress formed a tripartite alliance and won with a majority of 62.65%. Mandela became the first black president of South Africa, and the ANC, the Kuomintang and the Inkata Freedom Party formed a government of national unity. This marks the end of apartheid and the birth of a democratic and equal new South Africa. 65438+1On June 23, 1994, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to restore South Africa's seat in the General Assembly. 1996 16 In February, South African President nelson mandela signed a new constitution, which laid a legal foundation for the establishment of a new national system of racial equality in the future.

resources geography

South Africa is one of the five largest mineral countries in the world, with good infrastructure, abundant resources and highly open economy. In 2009, the per capita GDP was US$ 5,824. Mining, manufacturing and agriculture are the three pillars of economy, and deep mining technology is in a leading position in the world. The development level and regional distribution of various sectors of the national economy are unbalanced, and the income distribution is uneven. South Africa is famous for its rich mineral resources. At present, there are more than 70 kinds of minerals that have been proved and mined. The reserves of gold, platinum group metals, manganese, vanadium, chromium and aluminosilicate rank first in the world, of which gold reserves account for 60% of the world total, vermiculite, zirconium, titanium and fluorite rank second, phosphate and antimony rank fourth, uranium and lead rank fifth and coal and zinc rank fifth. The reserves of diamonds, asbestos, copper, vanadium, uranium, coal, iron, titanium, mica and lead are also extremely rich, and the output of gold, diamonds, vanadium, manganese, chromium, antimony, uranium and asbestos ranks among the top in the world. Abundant resources, cheap labor and advanced management make South Africa the most economically developed country in Africa today. Mining, manufacturing, construction and energy industries are the four major sectors of South Africa's industry. The export of mineral products accounts for about 50% of export income, and about 12% of the labor force in China is engaged in mining. According to the statistics of South Africa Mining Bureau, the proven mineral reserves in 2007 are: 36,000 tons of gold (accounting for 40. 1% of the world's total reserves, the same below), 70,000 tons of platinum group metals (87.7%), 4 billion tons of manganese (80%), 6,543,800 tons of vanadium (32%) and 80,000 tons of vermiculite. Uranium is 34 10000 tons (7.2%), coal is 27985438+00 tons (6 1%), iron ore is150,000 tons (0.9%), and titanium is 244 million tons (16.9). 2.5 billion tons of phosphate (5.0%), 200,000 tons of antimony (4.7%), 3 million tons of lead (2.0%), 6.5438+0.5 million tons of zinc (3.3%) and 6.5438+0.3 million tons of copper (6.5438+0.4%).

Administrative geography

China is divided into nine provinces: eastern cape, West Cape Province, northern cape, KwaZulu/natal province, Free State, Northwest Province, North Province, Mpu Malanga Province and gauteng province. Each province has the right to legislate, appoint and dismiss civil servants, and is responsible for its economic, financial and tax affairs. According to the Local Government Election Law passed in 2000, there are 284 local governments in China, including 6 metropolises, 47 regional committees and 23 1 local committees.

capital

South Africa is the only country in the world that has three capitals at the same time.

Administrative capital: Pretoria (now renamed tshwane tshwane) is the seat of the South African central government with a population of 2 million;

Legislative capital: Cape Town is the seat of the South African Parliament, the second largest city and important port in China, located at the southwest end and an important intersection of international waterways, with a population of 3 million;

Judicial Capital: bloemfontein is the seat of the national judicial institution with a population of 500,000.