English, what are the surnames in the United States?

The surnames of Anglo-Saxon immigrants from the British Isles. For example, some people have the surnames of Apple and Orange, and some have the surnames of Rice, Wheat, Corn, etc. , there are also people named Bacon, Ham, Cough, Wolf, Fox, Ash, Poison, Cock, and Duck , fish. There are also people with the surname Bird. Although there are many Chinese people with the surname Niu and Ma, calling them "Mr. Bird" and "Mrs. Bird" always sounds a bit funny to Chinese ears.

Some people are named Armstrong, some are named Coward, some are named Crazy, Coffin, Broom, or even Broomstick. There are also people whose surnames are Death and Hell, which is a bit unlucky. Graves and dead people are very unlucky words, and even in the United States, people dare to name them, and the rest can be imagined.

Some people are obviously white, but their surname is Black, while people with shiny black eyes are surnamed White. Many blue-eyed and blond "Snow Whites" are called Black by others. The man (Blackman), Miss Egghead (Egghead), and Miss Bald (Bald) are all mixed up. Some professors are knowledgeable and knowledgeable, and their surname is Farmer, while an illiterate farmer is openly named Wiseman.

In China, "butcher" is a curse word, which is very unpleasant, but in the United States, it is a legitimate surname. It doesn't matter if other people have last names, but some doctors also have this scary last name. People will inevitably go to the hospital to see a doctor due to unforeseen circumstances. If they meet Dr. Slaughter or Dr. Killman, they will definitely be "heartbroken"; if the patient knows that Dr. Butcher or Dr. Killman will (Bonecrusher) When the doctor performed an operation on him, he would be so frightened that he would tremble all over and run away.

Some people jokingly say that Americans are too culturally illiterate and have the same surname as Hu. Americans even dare to use the surname "Sex" and even "Raper" to openly pass it down as a family name from generation to generation. . The founders of these families must be illiterate, otherwise how could they make such a joke? !

American scholar Elsden Smith examined the origins of American surnames in his book "American Surnames" and said that there are roughly four sources of British and American surnames:

1 .Taken from the name of the father (or ancestor), the surname evolved from the name of the father (or ancestor). Johnson, for example, is the son of John, and Richardson is the son of Richard.

2. The surname is derived from the terrain and topography. For example, Wood, Churchill, etc. This type of surname is the most common, accounting for about 40% of the total surnames in Britain and the United States.

3. Derived from a nickname. Someone in our ancestors had certain physical characteristics, and the family got their surname from this. For example, Brown (Brown), Black (Black), Long (Long), etc.

4. It is formed by the profession of ancestors. For example, Smith (blacksmith), Baker (baker), Fisher (fisherman), Farmer (farmer), etc.

Of course, the above four categories all refer to the surnames of Americans of Anglo-Saxon origin. German, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian, Japanese and Arab immigrant surnames are not included. If they are all Combined, Smith estimates there are about 1.5 million people with the same surname across the United States.

According to research by J.N.Hook, there are more than 3,000 surnames with more than 10,000 people in the United States.

The top ten surnames in the United States are:

Smith, Johnson, Williams, Brown, Jones, Miller, Davis Davis, Martinson, Anderson and Wilson.

For a long time in history, the British only had first names and no surnames. It was not until the 11th century that some aristocratic families began to refer to the head of the family by the name of their fiefdom or residence. Later, it became a British and American surname inherited from generation to generation.

British and American surnames come from many sources, the main ones are as follows -

1. Some surnames come from certain identities or occupations, such as:

Baker (Baker)

Hunter (Hunter)

Carter (Carter)

Smith Smith (Blacksmith)

Cook Cook (cook)

Miller Miller (miller)

Turner Turner (turner)

2. Some surnames come from certain place names or buildings Names, such as:

London London (the capital of England)

Hall Hall (auditorium)

Kent Kent (one of the southeastern parts of England)

Mill (mill)

3. Some surnames are related to geography, landforms or environmental features, such as:

Brook (brook)

< p>Churchill Churchill (hill)

Hill Hill (mountain)

Lake Lake (lake)

Field (field, wilderness)

p>

Green (grassland, lawn)

Wood (forest)

Well (well, spring)

4. Some surnames Reflecting personal characteristics (skin color, height, appearance or character), such as:

Brown Brown (brown)

White White (white)

Longman Longman (tall)

Short Short (short)

Sharp Sharp (smart)

Hard Hardy (hard-working)

p>

Yonng Yang (young)

Sterling Sterling (authoritative)

5. Some surnames come from the names of human body parts, such as:

< p>Back Buck (back)

Hand Hand (hand)

Finger Finger (finger)

Brain Brain (mind)

6. Some surnames come from the names of animals and plants, such as:

Bird

Bull

Fox )

Hawk (Eagle)

Bush (Bush)

Stock (Violet)

Cotton Dayton (Cotton)

Reed Reed (Reed)

7. Some surnames come from Christian names or Christian names with appropriate affixes, such as:

George George Henry Henry

David David Clinton Clinton

Macadam St. Leger St. Leger

(1) The order of British and American names is first name first , surname comes after. For example, Herbert George Wells (Herbert George Wells), the first and second words are the given name, and the last word is the surname. (2) According to the British and American custom, when a baby is baptized, the name is usually given by a priest or parents or friends, and is presented as the Christian name and placed at the front of the name. In addition, elders or the person themselves can also give a second name after the given name.

This is why Anglo-Americans often have two or more names. Names can come from many sources. Some people use their mother's surname as their children's second name because their mother's line belongs to a famous family or has other special honors. There are also people who borrow the surnames of celebrities, relatives, or people who have close contacts with the family. Sometimes, descendants completely inherit the names of their parents. In this case, the word Junior (abbreviated as Jr. or Jun.) or Roman numerals need to be added to the name to show the difference. Such as John Ford Jr. (Little John Ford). Thomas Daly III (Thomas Daly III). (3) There are thousands of English names. Some are used as surnames, but some are also used as first names, such as Henry. For the convenience of writing or speaking, the real name is often shortened, such as Frederick to Fred. Margaret is shortened to Maggy and so on. Nicknames are often used among relatives and friends to show affection. Nicknames are generally shorter than the real name, but there are also some that are longer than the real name. For example, Johnny is John's nickname. Sometimes there are more than one abbreviations and nicknames for a name. For example, William can be Bill, Billy, Willy, etc. (4) For a long period of time in history, the British only had first names and no surnames. Around the 11th century, some aristocratic families used the name of their mansion to refer to the head of the family, which was later passed down to their descendants and passed down from generation to generation, forming a surname. The use of surnames first emerged in cities such as London. Its formation generally has the following types: ① Indicates blood relationship: Some add s, son and other suffixes after the father's name to indicate that he is the son of someone. For example, the father's name is Adam, the son's surname is Adams, the father's name is Jack, and the son's surname is "Jack". Jackson is the surname; some use Fits, O', Mac, or Mc before the father's name. (both have the meaning of "son", "of", etc. to indicate affiliation) and other prefixes, such as the father's name Gerald, the son's surname is Fitsgerald, the father's name is Brian, the son's surname is 0'Brian, MacDonald means Donald's son, And McMahon is the son of Mahon. ② Originated from the name of the place of birth or residence: some directly take the place as the surname, such as London (London), Cleveland (Cleveland), and some have ton, ham (containing the meaning of village, tribe) as the suffix, such as Washington, Needham, etc. , and some surnames end with brook (brook), wood (woods), etc., indicating the environment of the place of residence, such as Holbrook (stream in the valley), Heywood (green forest), etc. ③ Indicate appearance and characteristics, such as ack (black), longfellow (tall), etc. ④ Derived from occupations, such as Smith (craftsman), Tyler (janitor), etc. ⑤ When abbreviating a name, British custom generally abbreviates the full name, such as G. P. Thomson, or abbreviates the first name, such as G. Paget Thomson; Americans are accustomed to abbreviating the middle name, such as George P. Thomson. It is generally not customary to abbreviate surnames. However, some world-famous figures also use abbreviations for their names, such as G. B. S., George Bernard Shaw, F. D. R. That is, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Franklin Roosevelt) and so on. ⑥ How to address a person in spoken language is appropriate and appropriate, depending on the specific occasion and relationship

. In the past, younger generations never called their elders by their first names; now there are a few young people who call their parents or teachers by their first names. Married women generally do not use their original surname, but use the husband's name as Mrs. For example, the woman Mary Lakins married the man John Cumings, and the woman changed her name to Mrs. John Cumings or Mrs. Cumings (Mrs. John Cumings or Mrs. Cumings). You can also write your own given name before your husband's surname to replace your husband's given name, such as Mary Cumings. After the death of her husband, a woman no longer uses her husband's name and must write Mrs. Mary Cumings. Modern women who advocate women's rights have some old customs and use their original surnames.

⑦The names of British nobles are often added with the name of their fiefdom, such as Lord Greenhill Harrow, which can also be written as Lord of Harrow, where Harrow is the place name. ⑧The above explanation also applies to English names in Canada, Australia, Asia, and New Zealand, and also applies to white immigrants with English names in some member states of the Commonwealth.