Illustration of Guangdong Puppet Show —— How did Chaoshan Iron Puppet come into being?

There are many kinds of puppet shows in Guangdong, including stick puppets, marionettes, iron puppets and cloth puppets. It is distributed in classical Chinese areas such as Cantonese, Chaozhou dialect, Hakka dialect and Leizhou dialect in the province. All kinds of puppets are different in carving, manipulation skills and artistic styles, which are rich and colorful, and they are all traditional Han art that the masses like to see and hear. Gaozhou puppet show: also known as ghost show, is a new kind of drama formed by Gaozhou folk artists' continuous absorption, transformation and development. Performed by artists, it integrates singing, doing, blowing and playing. All the props of the puppet show can be packed in a puppet box. During holidays or slack seasons, puppet artists will carry the puppet box on their shoulders, walk around the village, set up a square table in the open space next to the village house or in the center of the hall, and set up a puppet performance stage. Gaozhou puppet show is dominated by stick puppets, with bag puppets attached. This puppet is beautifully shaped. It is made of tough wood and painted and decorated with exaggerated methods to make it lifelike. Puppet artists can not only make the puppet's head, arms, elbows, wrists, fingers, waist and legs stretch freely, but also make its eyes and mouth open vividly. When performing, the puppet can open and close the fan, dress, wear a hat, pour wine, take books, write, bow and shoot arrows, etc. , accurate and natural. Moreover, a whole set of performing arts, puppet operation, singing dialogue, beating gongs and drums are all done by one artist. The artist's skillful operation skills, lively singing of Quyi and passionate clicking of gongs and drums are amazing. Gaozhou's one-man puppet show was sent to Beijing many times and won prizes.

According to the different shapes and operation methods of puppets, puppet shows can be divided into stick-head puppet shows, bag puppet shows and marionettes. According to records, in the third year of Yuanjia in the Southern Dynasty (426), the puppet show of cudgel head was introduced from Zhongzhou to Huazhou, and the Yuan Dynasty spread to all parts of our city. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, with the migration of Minnan people to western Guangdong and economic and cultural exchanges, the puppet show was introduced to western Guangdong and gradually evolved into a "pole-carrying play" in Dianbai and Huazhou. Later, it was combined with Zhangtou puppet show to form a single puppet show, which no longer existed alone.

Zhangtou puppet show, commonly known as "ghost puppet show", is divided into: small class, that is, single puppet show, performed by 1 artist; Middle class, 3 to 4 people; Large class, 10 to 15 students. There are more than 30 puppet heads in a class, which are divided into the roles of longevity, Dan, Jing, Ugly, Martial Art and so on. During the performance, percussion instruments such as gongs, cymbals, drums and wooden fish are used to accompany the entrance and exit. Artists perform according to the different performance procedures and movements of the roles, singing different voices of men, women and children and the language characteristics of various roles. The singing of the puppet show is based on the popular local folk songs.

During the Cultural Revolution, Maoming's puppet show basically stopped performing, and it was not until 1978 that it was quickly restored and developed. Guangdong Wuhua is known as the "hometown of puppets", and its puppet show is a puppet show. Wuhua puppet show was introduced from Fujian in the early Ming Dynasty and has been popular for more than 600 years. In June 2008, Wuhua Muppet was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

Wuhua puppet show has innovated many difficult skills in performing arts, such as lion dance, erhu, whistling, fan-drawing, sword drawing, archery, somersault, fire breathing, calligraphy and so on. , achieved the artistic effect of "capable people can, capable people can't".

Li Xinxian, the head of Wuhua Puppet Troupe, initiated the puppet calligraphy performance in 2000, which was praised as "the best in the world": the puppets walked onto the stage with light steps, nodded leisurely to the audience, then approached the writing desk, raised their hands, held pens, dipped in ink and lifted pens, and vigorous and powerful calligraphy jumped onto the paper. What's even more surprising is that the writing speed and effect of puppet calligraphy performance are almost the same as those of ordinary people, and the skill is superb. However, what worries the non-legacy protectors is that only two people in China have mastered this unique skill.

Puppet shows have been introduced to Wuhua for more than 500 years, mainly distributed in Anliu Town, Zhuanshui Town, Meilin Town, mian yang Town, Zhoujiang Town, Longcun Town, Hengbei Town, Huayang Town and Shuizhai Town. Modern successors include Li Xinxian and Li Guangyun. Wuhua marionette is beautifully made and tall, and its face is quite consistent with the characters in the script, and its shape is vivid and realistic, which is deeply loved by the people. He has performed abroad for many times and has been well received by audiences at home and abroad.

Marionette is a treasure of Han folk art in China, so we should put talent training in an important position of non-genetic inheritance, and don't let folk "unique skills" become "swan songs" "We should actively innovate the way of cultivating non-legacy talents. For example, the government can provide substantial help to inheritors and encourage more people, especially young people, to set foot in intangible industries. At the same time, intangible cultural heritage can be written into teaching materials, which runs through the teaching and learning of primary schools, middle schools and universities. " Hundreds of operas in the Song Dynasty spread in Chaozhou have many forms, such as "beating drums", "falling drums", "falling gongs", "flying cymbals" and "pouring suona". There are also hand-held puppet sets, commonly known as "puppet show" and so on. These more than 100 kinds of operas and puppet shows are all related to some musical forms and have been circulated among the people. It is a local opera that originated in Quanzhou or Zhangzhou, Fujian, China in the17th century, and mainly spread in Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Chaozhou, Guangdong and Taiwan Province provinces. It is performed by a puppet. The head of the puppet is carved into a hollow head with wood. Except for the head, hands and feet of the puppet, the trunk and limbs of the puppet are made of cloth. When performing, put gloves into the puppet's costume and perform the puppet show. It is precisely because the dolls of this type of performance in the early days are very similar to "bags made of cloth" that they have a general name. Performances can be divided into frontcourt and backcourt. The frontcourt is the stage, and the audience can see the puppeteer performing on the stage. The backcourt includes the puppeteer, the orchestra and the dictator. No matter what kind of performance, puppet shows need a stage.

/kloc-In the 20th century, the puppet show developed a corner shed stage, also known as the color building. An inclined plane was added to the left and right front of the stage to attract the left and right audiences. Although the width of the stage has not been greatly increased, this angular stage design makes the stage space and visual effects more changeable. Although this beautifully decorated and richly decorated stage can attract the audience, it is also a carved work of art, but it is expensive and not easy to carry, and not all theatrical troupes can afford it. Therefore, after the payment in Taiwan Province Province 1930, a kind of kanban painting theater shed appeared. The decorative patterns of this stage are all made of surface paintings, which are cheap and easy to carry, and the stage effect is not lost to the traditional stage. Chaozhou iron puppet originated from the shadow play introduced into Chaozhou from the Central Plains in the Southern Song Dynasty, and spread all over eastern Guangdong and southern Fujian. Its development process is that the plane silhouette gradually passes through the paper shadow of the sun window (plane) and the paper shadow of the round body (three-dimensional) and becomes a puppet, so the manipulation still maintains the characteristics of the shadow play, which is called the iron puppet. It's a kind of Woodenhead couple, and it's smaller. Its main feature is that the puppet is manipulated by three iron branches, the main pole is placed in the middle of the puppet's back, and the side poles are placed on the left and right arms, which are manipulated by the artists behind the scenes. During the performance, by manipulating the three iron branches connected behind the idol, all kinds of movements are performed in the way of pushing, pulling, lifting, dialing and shaking. The repertoire, character movements and musical vocals are the same as those of Chaozhou opera. It is a rare variety in international puppet art and has high research value.

After the Qing Dynasty, in order to meet the audience's visual appreciation needs, artists gradually took the white paper away from the stage and turned the idol from flat to round, so they tied grass as their body, tied paper as their hands, cut wood as their feet and molded mud as their heads. At that time, they were called round paper shadows. Through the constant practice of artists, idol stage performances have gradually formed.

Puppet's puppet head is made of red soil. Sun-drying, oven-drying and shaping. Then it is painted with waterproof paint, painted on the faces of each character according to the different roles, and put on different clothes during the performance, which becomes a vivid opera role.

Due to the change of people's art appreciation fashion, the performance market is shrinking day by day; Puppet classes are mostly semi-agricultural and semi-artistic, and they are loose amateur art groups. There are many difficulties in the research and inheritance of puppet shows, especially some difficult performance skills are lost, so effective measures must be taken to protect and inherit them.

How did the Chaoshan Iron Puppet come into being? Iron puppet, also known as iron puppet or window paper shadow play, is a popular folk puppet in eastern Guangdong. The biggest feature of the iron puppet is that it is controlled by the wire on its body. Because it originated in Chaozhou, it is also called Chaozhou puppet show.

The earliest iron puppet developed from shadow play and was introduced into Chaozhou by Minnan immigrants at the end of Song Dynasty.

What are the characteristics of iron puppets? Characterized by strong local flavor; Taking singing as the main artistic feature; Unique performing arts.

Iron puppet, also known as iron puppet or window paper shadow play, is an ancient local traditional art, which is mainly popular in eastern Guangdong (

Chaoshan

Folk puppet shows in this area, in which the iron wire on the puppet is used to complete the manipulation during the performance, is the biggest feature of the iron puppet. Because it originated in Chaozhou, some people call it Chaozhou puppet show.

By the beginning of the 20th century, Chaozhou Tiezhi Puppet Troupe had used embroidered curtains as curtains, put small tables and props on the stage to perform, and even used woodcuts to sing Chaozhou opera tunes. At this point, Chaozhou Puppet Troupe was initially formed.

The puppet head of the puppet is made of red mud, dried and baked, and then painted with waterproof pigment. According to different roles, draw the faces of various roles and put on different costumes during the performance, which becomes a vivid opera role.

In the late Qing Dynasty, Chaozhou Shadow Play was transformed into a puppet with straw as the body, mud head, paper hands, wooden feet and costumes, and the back and hands were tied with hard wire to manipulate the performance.

When the troupe performs, it is necessary to set up a stage, with straw mats on the stage and puppet people sitting cross-legged. The person sitting in the center of the stage is generally a junior artist, called Chinese opera, and the person on the left is called a deputy opera, which is the second-in-command in manipulating puppets. The people on the right side of the stage are called operas, which are the core figures of the troupe. Nowadays, in Chaozhou's popular dialect, the "opera performer" is likened to the person in charge of a unit.