Where is Huizhou?

This question is not difficult to answer.

After all, everyone in China has a heart.

There is its shadow.

Huangshan Mountain in Yu Xiu, Zhong Ling.

It is famous for its strange pines, strange rocks, sea of clouds and hot springs.

The winding Xin 'anjiang River

String together ancient villages from west to east.

Its downstream is formed by damming and storing water.

Thousand island lake

Wuyuan is surrounded by mountains and waters.

Tiles with white walls and rape terraces

Poetic scene

Precisely

Are all part of Huizhou.

Not only that; no

Anhui's emblem

"Emblem" of Huizhou Architecture

Huizhou Merchants' "Emblem" in the Fair

Anhui cuisine in the eight major cuisines

They are all named after Huizhou.

Even today's Huizhou

It only exists in one district of Huangshan City.

The area only accounts for 0.3% of the province.

But people still can't ignore it

I have to mention.

How did Huizhou do it?

The junction of Anhui, Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces

There are mountains everywhere and the valleys are rugged.

Since ancient times, it has been called "the land separated by mountains and soil"

Ancient Huizhou was born here.

north

Huangshan runs through the east and west.

The famous 72 peaks are majestic or beautiful.

Lotus Peak, Guangmingding and Tiandu Peak

The three main peaks are well known.

Elevation of Lotus Peak1864.8m..

Ranked first among the peaks in Anhui Province.

south

Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort scenic spots, Baiji Mountain and Tianmu Mountain are continuous.

It became a natural barrier from southwest to east in ancient Huizhou.

The mountains are sandwiched between the north and the south, surrounded by things.

Surrounding ancient Huizhou.

The cold current from the north was blocked by Huangshan Mountain.

While humid air from the south accumulates in the mountains.

Created a world of misty fairyland.

The warm and humid airflow climbed along the mountain.

As the altitude rises and the temperature drops,

Water vapor is constantly condensing.

Form a rolling sea of clouds in the air

Condensed water droplets form rain and fall.

Rain gathered on the mountain again.

When you meet a cliff, you will fly down.

Waterfalls and deep pools dot the mountains.

However, in the long geological history,

Because the formation has been fractured many times.

Causing part of the earth's crust to uplift into mountains

Form a mountain range

The other part is relatively sinking.

Form a flat fault basin between mountains.

Rivers that originate in mountainous areas.

Constantly converge into these basins

When the river rushes out of the valley

I lost the shackles of the mountains on both sides.

The width has changed from tens of meters to 100 meters.

The flow rate also slows down rapidly.

So the sand and gravel carried in the water have precipitated.

Accumulate over time.

Form a large alluvial plain

The largest of them.

It is the Xiutun Basin along the Xin 'an River.

Its area is about 660 square kilometers.

Close to the area of Singapore

besides

Along the tributary

Yixian basin, Huayang basin, Lianjiang basin and Lu Kun-Changzhou basin.

These basins are connected in series along the river.

Often flat terrain, deep soil.

Coupled with the warm and humid climate all year round.

Extremely suitable for human living and farming.

There are mountains outside.

There is fertile soil in it, fertile land.

The mountain is separated by soil.

It already has the standard of becoming a paradise.

So since the Han Dynasty,

In order to avoid the war and disaster in the Central Plains

A large number of gentry and people moved here.

Living and working in the mountain basin.

Even the beach on the convex bank of the river

It has also become a secret home for one side.

By the end of the Northern Song Dynasty

Under heavy taxes and corvee.

Fang La, a public servant in Shexian County, led the public to rise up.

At that time, followers were like clouds, gathering tens of thousands of people.

However, after a short period of glory,

The "Fang La Uprising" soon fell apart.

And the Northern Song Dynasty court that successfully suppressed the uprising.

"emblem" means "rope"

Change the place from "Zhangzhou" to "Huizhou"

And maintain the pattern of "one government and six counties" since the Tang Dynasty.

so far

Huizhou officially entered the historical stage.

A 790-year-old legend has just begun.

but

Life in a paradise is not easy.

When people enjoy stability and peace,

It also faces two severe tests.

The first question

This is a flood

Due to the steep slopes and short rivers in mountainous areas

When the summer rainfall increases,

Water flows from the mountains to the valley basin.

People who live here are deeply troubled by floods.

therefore

People dig ponds to store water, and at the same time build dams to stop floods.

Then water flows into farmland and villages through ditches.

Not only solves the problems of irrigation, flood control and boating

It has also created a unique scene of "small bridges and flowing water"

Among many dams,

The most famous is Yuliangba in Shexian County.

The dam is about143m long and 5m high.

All made of hard granite boulders.

It can not only store upstream water.

It can also slow down the water flow under the dam.

It is very beneficial to the development of agriculture and the construction of docks.

The second problem that bothers people.

It is less land.

Take Jixi county as an example

Mountains and hills account for 92% of the whole territory.

Only 8% of the basins are suitable for living and farming.

With the growth of population,

Intermountain basins are becoming more and more crowded.

Siheyuan architecture was once popular in the Central Plains.

Because of too much land and low density

In the crowded and narrow ancient Huizhou, it is too extravagant.

People urgently need to find a new way of life.

therefore

In the integration of northern immigrants and indigenous mountains and rivers,

Unique "patio architecture"

Born in ancient Huizhou.

This is "Huizhou architecture"

Huizhou architecture continues the quadrangle structure in the north.

But in order to increase the "floor area ratio" of buildings,

It also draws lessons from the characteristics of mountain Vietnamese nesting.

There are often two or even three layers.

In order to minimize land occupation

The courtyard area is also greatly reduced.

Finally, a narrow patio was formed.

The patio is not only used for ventilation and lighting

It can also allow rainwater to gather along the surrounding eaves.

It is regarded as a symbol of wealth gathering.

Known as "four waters return to the hall"

Courtyard to courtyard

Only narrow and deep alleys are left.

The land utilization rate is almost close to the limit.

The main body of Huizhou architecture is made of wood.

And arranged so densely.

It must be "a fire, the whole village suffers"

Therefore, on the basis of the traditional herringbone roof

Ancient Huizhou people creatively invented stepped gables.

Gables rise above the roof and fall layer by layer.

Prevent the fire from spreading.

Because it is covered with tiles, like a tall horse's head.

Therefore, it is called "Horsehead Wall"

Furthermore, in order to absorb moisture and moisture

Huizhou architecture often draws high walls with chalk.

Under the erosion of rain

The white wall gradually became mottled and watermarked.

Much like a mountain village ink painting.

So "White Wall and Wamatou Wall"

Become the most classic symbol of Huizhou architecture.

The housing problem has been solved.

People still face a serious problem of eating.

According to statistics

During the Southern Song Dynasty, the per capita arable land in ancient Huizhou was 15 mu.

It was only 2.2 mu during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty.

Even in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, it was reduced to 1.5 mu.

The local grain reserves can't make ends meet.

People have to buy food from other places to make a living.

▼ Quoted from Kangxi's Xiuning County Records

If the rice boat is less than one day, the people will be hungry, not hungry for three days, and not robbed for five days.

Helpless under

People look to the vast mountains and forests.

Just to open the door to a new world.

This made cultivated land the scarcest in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Instead, it became the most glorious era of ancient Huizhou.

Alpine pine, low camellia.

Tung trees, camellia oleifera, sumac trees, bamboo forests and mulberry trees in the mountains.

Even the minerals and stones in the mountains

Has become an important source of income.

Especially in the hilly areas with an altitude of 400-800 meters.

Widely distributed red and yellow soil suitable for tea tree growth

Plus the climate is warm and humid all the year round.

Huangshan Mao Feng, Qimen Black Tea, Tunxi Green Tea.

Many famous teas have become famous all over the world and are widely sold all over the world.

And the production skills brought from the Central Plains.

It is even more powerful for ancient Huizhou people.

In addition to the famous Chengxin Tang paper industry,

The trunk of a pine tree, tung tree, etc.

It is used to make wisdom ink.

Wei Long is produced in Weilongshan, Wuyuan.

Because it is rich in minerals such as sericite.

Become a high-quality stone for polishing inkstone.

In addition, there are emblem pens.

oilpaper umbrella

Many unique ancient Huizhou handicrafts were born.

Four Treasures of the Study has everything.

Its reputation has spread widely.

People want to walk out of the mountains.

Between the mountains.

Opened up the Huizhou ancient road extending in all directions

With these ancient roads and developed water supply systems.

People carry it on their shoulders, carry it on their backs, and carry it on board.

Sell Huizhou specialties to all parts of the country

And transport grain, rice, oil and salt back to their hometown.

Opened the Huizhou model of "entrusting life to business"

▼ Quoted from Wang Shizhen, a historian of Ming Dynasty, which means 10 Only three Huizhou people stayed in their hometown and seven worked outside.

Generally speaking, people are thirteen in the city and seventeen in the world.

Until the Ming and Qing dynasties

Huizhou merchants dominate the world and are rich in the world.

It's called "Huizhou Merchants"

Huizhou has also been pushed to the peak.

Southern Song Dynasty more than 800 years ago.

The 52-year-old Zhu persisted for many years.

Finally, on the basis of predecessors.

Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius.

Four Confucian classics were published together.

Formerly known as "Four Books"

Become a model for future generations to take the imperial examination.

And ancient Huizhou is Zhu's ancestral home.

His theory has a far-reaching influence.

People advocate loyalty, filial piety and benevolence.

"Three cardinal guides and five permanent members" and "courtesy, justice and honesty" are deeply rooted in people's hearts.

Completely changed the concept and life of ancient Huizhou people.

Nobles who immigrated here from the north.

I choose to live in groups.

And the worship of patriarchal hierarchy in Zhu's theory

It also pushed the status of the clan to the extreme.

A clan society that is strictly United and passed down from generation to generation.

Born in ancient Huizhou.

▼ Quoted from Zhao Jishi's "Sending the Garden" in Qing Dynasty.

The tomb of the Millennium, motionless; Ding Qian's family has never been separated; A thousand years of spectrum, no turbulence.

Anything about the rise and fall of the family

Ancient Huizhou people paid special attention to it.

One of them is feng shui.

Therefore, ancient Huizhou people often give full play to the strength of the whole nation.

Village site selection, planning and construction

Chengkan Village was praised by Zhu as "the first village in the south of the Yangtze River"

It is the most typical Feng Shui village.

Surrounded by eight peaks.

Respectively corresponding to the eight directions of gossip.

The "S" river runs through the village.

It's also like the dividing line between yin and yang fish in gossip.

The third street in the village intersects with ninety-nine lanes.

Like a chessboard

Even if there is no ideal environment near mountains and rivers.

Ancient Huizhou people can also use artificial engineering.

Change the local "Feng Shui" conditions

One of the important methods is water diversion.

Hongcun has become famous in recent years.

This village is like a cow lying in a green hill.

Among them, Moon Bay is the belly and South Lake is the belly.

The winding water hole is like the intestines of a cow.

An artificial water supply system running through the whole village was connected in series.

In the village with the same surname,

The most important building is often the ancestral hall.

As the saying goes, "Nothing is more important than a shrine."

As a place for ancestor worship, feasting and moral integrity.

All the people have contributed to the construction.

The ancestral temple building is solemn and unprecedented in scale.

Of course, under the influence of Confucianism,

The best way to worship ancestors is to be an official.

Guo Xu, a native of Shexian County, was an important official in Ming Dynasty.

He built a magnificent eight-column archway in his hometown.

It is surrounded on all sides and has fine workmanship.

There are words such as "learning to be an excellent official", "elders on stage" and "college students"

To show his merits and virtues.

Have the dream of being an official.

Ancient Huizhou people especially advocated education.

Encourage students to take the imperial examinations.

Hui merchants who accumulated wealth abroad.

Do not hesitate to spend a lot of money on education.

Ming and Qing dynasties

There were about 93 academies in ancient Huizhou.

There are hundreds of schools and families.

The scene of "ten villages, don't waste reading"

It can be seen everywhere here.

Well-educated Huizhou students

Constantly emerging in the imperial examinations.

In the Qing Dynasty, there were 1 14 people who won the national first prize.

Huizhou alone has 17 seats.

Xiuning is a well-deserved "champion county"

Ancient Huizhou is also called "Southeast Zou Lu" by the world.

Huizhou officials who successfully entered the government held power.

It provides a good political soil for local business development.

Huizhou Merchants Influenced by Ritual Classics since childhood

It is also "a home is easy"

Know how to get along with all kinds of officials

By being attached to the national government

Coupled with the geographical conditions of "the advantage is the first to get the moon"

In addition to traditional agriculture and forestry trade, they also operate.

At one time, he was granted the privilege of monopolizing the salt industry in Jianghuai.

After a few years, you can "accumulate a lot of money"

▼ Quoted from Ming Dynasty writer Wang Daokun

Xin 'an is a great man, and those who live in salt policy are the proudest.

The other world of Huizhou merchants is pawnbroking.

Have huge capital and family power.

They cut interest rates to make profits and operate in good faith.

Seize the market with "justice signboard"

This "concept of justice and benefit" is very effective.

In the economically developed areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang

The pawn industry has always been monopolized by Huizhou merchants.

Cultivate literature by business, be an official by literature, and promote business by officials.

This unique Huizhou model

Like a wheel rolling forward.

It pushed ancient Huizhou to the peak of commerce, education and politics.

Huizhou people coming out of the land separated by mountains and rivers

It also stepped onto the stage of China's commercial history.

Its financial strength is comparable to that of Shanxi merchants in the north.

Known as "Southern Hui and Northern Jin"

Huizhou merchants deeply influenced by Confucianism

Most people choose to invest their wealth in fixed assets.

In order to feed back and build hometown.

Their home is "rich and noble"

Although in order to prevent fire and theft

There are only small windows on the high wall.

But the gatehouse and door cover are exquisitely made.

Word plaque door, arched door, hanging door, eight-character door

Not only in various forms

Brick carving skills are superb.

Show the wealth, status and aesthetics of the courtyard owner.

The woodcarving in the inner court is also the pinnacle.

Beams, arches, fences, doors and windows are all carved.

Flowers, birds, fish, insects, operas and folk customs can all be painted.

It is the crowning touch of Huizhou architecture.

Villages and towns have developed water transport and prosperous commerce.

Many commercial streets have sprung up.

Money shops, pawn shops, salt shops and paper shops

Porcelain, silk, medicinal materials, yellow smoke

There are many industries and shops.

Wan 'an Old Street in Ming and Qing Dynasties

Tunxi Old Street in Late Qing Dynasty

Dense population and full of vitality.

Folk houses, ancestral halls and memorial archways

Colleges, shops, pools, streets

Under the management of several generations of ancient Huizhou people

The size of the village is like a battlefield.

Xidi Village from 18 to19th century

It has about 600 residential buildings and 99 streets.

There are 34 ancestral halls and 3 memorial archways/kloc-0, with a population of nearly 10,000.

It is famous for its "3,000 and 9,000 tons of cooking stoves".

With the increasing fame of Huizhou.

Huizhou merchants have traveled all over the country.

Huizhou culture is also a mountain.

Take root and sprout all over the country

During the reign of Qing emperor Qianlong

Four Huizhou Opera Troupes went to Beijing to celebrate the emperor's birthday.

For nearly a hundred years after that,

Anhui opera draws on many talents and blends voices from all directions.

The well-known national quintessence "Beijing Opera" was born.

Some students with poor official career but profound knowledge.

Some turned to practice medicine with the heart of "saving the world and saving the people"

It has made "Xin 'an Medicine" passed down from generation to generation.

They are "knowledgeable and refined, not seeking profit"

Known as "Confucian doctor"

Others are friends with mountains and rivers and send their love to nymphs.

Created a "Xin 'an Painting School" with landscapes and wild interests as its style.

Xin 'an painters are especially good at the rhyme of Huangshan Mountain.

It is a classic image in China's ink painting.

Until the end of Qing dynasty

With the invasion of western powers and the outbreak of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement

There are endless wars and smoke everywhere.

The policy advantage that Huizhou merchants depended on for survival disappeared.

Even face more serious taxes.

A new trend of thought from the other side of the ocean

Violently impacting thousands of years of traditional ideas.

The foundation for promoting the rise of ancient Huizhou gradually wavered.

Coupled with the poor competition of foreign goods.

This glorious land for hundreds of years.

In the end, it failed to survive the great changes of the times.

In desperation, he went to decline and silence.

at present

Ancient Huizhou was once scattered in two provinces and three places.

Including Huangshan City, Anhui Province.

Jixi County, Xuancheng City, Anhui Province

Wuyuan County, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province

But even so,

It is also a paradise for many people.

In 20 17, Wuyuan was the only county.

More than 20 million tourists come here.

It is equivalent to the entire population of Beijing.

There are famous mountains and ancient villages in Huangshan city.

The number of visitors in the whole year exceeded 57 million.

A group of celebrities walked out from here.

Former national leader Hu Jintao.

Hu Shi, the leader of the New Culture Movement

People's educator Tao Xingzhi

"Red Top Merchant" Hu Xueyan, etc.

It has had an important influence on the history and present of China.

With the discovery of hundreds of thousands of ancient Huizhou documents

People can span nearly a thousand years.

A glimpse of the original appearance of society at that time

Also let the subject of "Huizhou Studies"

There are "Dunhuang studies" and "Tibetan studies"

Become a treasure in China's regional culture.

therefore

Huizhou has not disappeared.

When you set foot on this land, you will find that

Right there.

In that mountain and river

Also in the story of an old friend.

Creative team

Author: Mulan Minzi

Editor:, Ren

Cartography: sugar man

Map: Gong

Revision: Ji Qiumei, Gege

The main references of this thesis are: China Geographical Encyclopedia Huizhou Land, Huizhou Cultural Encyclopedia, He Huizhou Regional Records, Huizhou Architecture in Zhu Yongchun, Huizhou Village in Lu Lin footballer, and Li Chuanxi Huizhou Ancient Village.

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