Four ancient countries

I sorted them all from the internet, I hope it will help you ~O(∩_∩)O~

Egypt: Cairo 1, Egyptian Museum 2, Pyramid 3, Nile 4, Zuo Saier Mausoleum 5, Ancient Castle 6, Khan Hariri Market 7, Pharaoh Village.

Alexander 1, Summer Palace 2, Kateba Castle 3, Yacht Freedom 4, Treasure Hall 5, Komdika.

Culture: Egyptian culture is an Arabic culture with African characteristics, especially Alexandria, followed by Cairo. It mixes the characteristics of the Levant culture, that is, it mixes the cultures of France, Greece, Turkey and Syria.

With the invasion of Arabs in the 7th century, the new rulers and protectors of their own culture spread Arabic and Islam, among which idolatry was forbidden, which had a great influence on the liberation of most Egyptians from the religions of the past Pharaoh and Greek and Roman times. In the Coptic church, only a few past traditions have been preserved in an improved way.

In Egyptian cities, the living conditions and lifestyles of the middle class are not much different from those of European and American residents. Take Cairo as an example. In many bookstores, cinemas, new opera houses, cultural groups and universities, they have many opportunities to share and experience all aspects of the international community.

For the urban poor, although compared with the monotonous rural life that has not changed since the Pharaoh's time, urban life is somewhat interesting, but it is still quite boring. Television, movies and public celebrations add fun to people's lives. Vendors are busy selling handicrafts and sweets, and weddings are also held here, with music, dervish singing poems, puppet shows, storytelling and singing and dancing. 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature's Najib Mahfouz's novel vividly depicts the life of all classes in modern Egyptian society.

Customs: Egypt spans Africa and Asia. Islam is the state religion of Egypt.

Egyptians are honest, intelligent, tolerant and hospitable. They often use humor to cope with the harsh real life.

Dinner is enjoyed with my family after sunset, so it is impolite to make an appointment at this time. Egyptian Muslims have an indispensable habit: pray several times a day.

Egyptians usually eat "Su Ye" (flat round Egyptian bread that is not fermented) as the staple food, accompanied by "Fuer" (boiled beans), "Kebunai" (white cheese) and "Moheya" (soup). They like to eat mutton, chicken, duck, eggs, peas, onions, pumpkins, eggplant, carrots, potatoes and so on. In terms of taste, it is generally required to be light, sweet, fragrant and not greasy. Roast whole sheep and roast whole sheep are their delicacies.

They are used to entertaining guests with homemade desserts. If the guest refuses to eat at all, it will disappoint the host and show disrespect to others.

Egyptians avoid talking during formal meals, otherwise it will be regarded as blasphemy against God. Egyptians generally abide by Islamic rules, taboo drinking, like drinking black tea. They have the habit of washing hands, drinking tea and chatting after meals. Avoid eating pig dog meat and talking about pigs and dogs. Do not eat seafood such as shrimp and crab, animal viscera (except liver), eel, turtle and other strange fish.

Men should not take the initiative to talk to women; Don't boast that people are slim; Don't praise the things in the Egyptian family, or you will think you are asking him for them; Don't talk to Egypt about religious disputes, the political situation in the Middle East, and the relationship between men and women.

In Egypt, after 3 pm to 5 pm, people mostly avoid injections. Businessmen never sell needles, and people don't buy needles. Even if someone is willing to pay 10 times the price for needles, the shopkeeper will politely refuse and never sell them.

In Egypt, you must take off your shoes when entering Islamic mosques. Egyptians like green, red and orange, and avoid blue and yellow. They think blue is the devil and yellow is a symbol of misfortune. They all wear yellow clothes to prevent funerals. Avoid pandas, too, because they are similar in size to fat pigs. I like the pyramid lotus pattern. It is forbidden to wear clothes with star patterns. Besides clothes, wrapping paper with star patterns is not popular. Pigs, dogs, cats and bears are not allowed in. 3, 5, 7, and 9 are people's favorite numbers, and 13 is taboo and is considered as a negative number. Grab food with your right hand when eating, not your left hand. Whether giving gifts to others or accepting gifts from others, always use your hand or your right hand, and never use your left hand.

Don't yawn

Usually try not to yawn or sneeze in front of Egyptians. If you really can't control it, you should turn your face, cover your mouth and say "I'm sorry". Egyptians hate yawning and think it is a worship of the devil. A man yawned and said in a hurry like a crime, "Please forgive God."

Sneezing is not necessarily a bad thing. If a person sneezes in front of everyone, he says, "I testify that there is no God except God." The person next to you says, "God loves you". He went on to say, "God is angry with me and everyone".

China: A little (we are both from China, OK).

Greece: 1. National Archaeological Museum 2, temple of olympian zeus 3, Acropolis 4, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

Culture: the influence of slavery democracy on Greek culture;

The existence of slave owners' democratic politics created good conditions for the prosperity of ancient Greek culture, so when we seek the reasons for the prosperity of ancient Greek culture, we must firmly grasp the democratic politics to investigate. Due to democratic politics, a relatively democratic and free political environment appeared in Athens at that time. Respecting citizens' independent personality, safeguarding and developing citizens' individuality created good conditions for engaging in spiritual production and made cultural development have a broad world. Due to democratic politics, Athens' cultural undertakings can be fully valued by the state and society and get the material guarantee needed for prosperity. At the same time, the important rulers in the democratic era of Athens have high cultural literacy, are willing to get close to intellectuals, are enthusiastic about cultural undertakings, and can take measures to actively develop cultural undertakings. The policy of opening to the outside world implemented in the democratic era of Athens is conducive to absorbing advanced cultural achievements from outside, and at the same time, it broadens the horizons of Athenians and recruits talents for the prosperity of culture. The above conditions were provided by the democratic era in Athens. Historical facts have proved that once the heyday of Athenian democracy is over, Athenian culture will decline from its heyday. After the Peloponnesian War, the aristocratic politics of slave owners rose gradually, and finally the whole Greece went to the road of absolute monarchy. The lively political environment in Athens no longer exists, and the freedom of thought, speech and creation is gradually replaced by absolutism. Political change has brought about the decline of the creative spirit of the whole society and individuals. Philosophy, drama, art and other cultural fields have lost their strong national spirit, and the shining glory of ancient Greek culture in the prosperous period has gradually extinguished. It can be seen that the prosperity of ancient Greek culture is inseparable from Athenian democracy. As a political form during the rise of slavery in Europe, Athenian democracy did create good conditions for the development of culture, although it still had some shortcomings and limitations. Although this system has disappeared in ancient Greece for more than two thousand years, it has always vividly demonstrated a fact in the history of the ancient world, and democratic politics has brought the prosperity of ancient Greek culture. Therefore, in a sense, the democratic politics of slave owners played a decisive role in the development and prosperity of ancient Greek culture.

The prosperity of ancient Greek culture is entirely determined by its own historical development characteristics. Its most basic feature is slave-owner democracy, which adapted to the requirements of the development of social productive forces at that time and promoted the prosperity of Athens' economy and academic culture. Under the condition of slave owners' democratic politics, the industrial and commercial slave owners who were in power during the prosperous development period could respect knowledge, attach importance to talents, formulate and implement relatively correct policies, and greatly promoted the development of culture. At the same time, in the heyday of democratic politics, citizens were allowed to have certain freedom of thought, and academic democracy was also emphasized. Due to the development of slave owners' democratic politics, the requirements of citizens' mass literary life have emerged. The slave owners' culture in Athens is no longer a culture serving the court nobles, but mainly a culture serving the citizens (that is, industrial and commercial slave owners, small farmers and craftsmen's lower freemen). Therefore, many Greek works mostly reflect the political ideals of city-states and the lives of citizens, and represent the ideology of free people. In this sense, it has a certain mass and enterprising spirit. This makes Greek culture realistic and more democratic. It embodies the belief in theocracy and authoritarian politics and the power of praise. Under the condition of democratic politics, the Greek city-state system emphasizes the collective interests of citizens and combines the individual interests of citizens with the interests of the city-state. Many literary works in Athens inspired citizens to fight and die for the polis. In addition to artistic value, the memorial buildings in Athens are more important to celebrate the city-state system or reflect the glorious history of the city-state, which is permeated with patriotism. It is the national and patriotic passion cultivated by these works that enabled the Athenian citizens to repel the Persian invaders, defeat the enemy and defend the independence of the city-state and the survival of the nation at the dangerous moment of Persian attack, such as Marathon and Salami.

It is no coincidence that the golden age of democracy in Athens was the time when its culture and art shone brilliantly. Under democratic politics, citizens can really enjoy full democracy. Every citizen is the master of the country, and can participate in political affairs, express political views or directly shoulder the heavy responsibility of the country, instead of becoming a doll in the hands of a few privileged people. Because of this, every citizen cares about the future and destiny of the country, actively participates in the discussion of state affairs, exercises hard, and takes pride in being a vigorous soldier and an excellent citizen. Moreover, the state also attaches great importance to cultivating citizens' patriotic enthusiasm and the concept of ideal citizens. It adopts education, which plays an important role in cultivating brave citizens with sound body and mind. Here, the people are the real masters of art. They judge their works with their own thoughts, feelings and eyes, and are not bound by religious dogma or the will of officials. This is really artistic democracy. In addition to the democratic system itself has created fertile soil for the growth of art, the achievements of leaders who adhere to democratic political ideas can not be ignored. It can be seen that the democratic system in Athens greatly promoted the prosperity of Greek art, which first stimulated the enthusiasm of citizens, artists and craftsmen, but also allowed individuals freedom in artistic creation.

More importantly, on the basis of economic prosperity, the Greek nation established a progressive political system, namely slave democracy. The national system of democratic politics is of great significance to the rise of Greek civilization. In democratic politics, citizens study hard and delve into all kinds of scientific and cultural knowledge to promote economic prosperity and social development. Therefore, it also stimulated the Greeks' strong desire for knowledge and their love and pursuit of truth, resulting in the Greeks' keen wisdom and high ancient civilization. Parallel to Greek democracy, it was the academic freedom of early Greek society. In the environment of democratic politics and academic freedom, people explore the mysteries of the world, give full play to their wisdom and put forward various opinions on the origin of the world, resulting in a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend and a hundred schools of thought contend. Various schools of thought argued with each other and pursued the truth through debate, which led to the rise of Greek civilization.

The influence of religion on Greek culture;

Greek religion is different from the East. It doesn't have the strict, mysterious and horrible feeling of eastern religion, nor does it have the strict and conservative monk class in the East trying to monopolize the right to interpret teachings, control people's thoughts and even persecute so-called "heresy". Here, the religious atmosphere is very free and even open. Artists can give full play to their imagination and satisfy their desire for self-expression in their creation, and will never be interfered and persecuted by priests or monasteries. The free and open nature of Greek religion makes the sculpture art flourish, which is unimaginable in the eastern religious art. Therefore, Marx said: "Egyptian mythology must not be the soil and mother embryo of Greek art." The tolerance and civilized and democratic atmosphere of the monk class have cultivated the unique and outstanding aesthetics and creative methods of Greek sculpture artists. When observing life or creative ideas, ancient artists did not obey God's instructions or arbitrary authority, but set out from real life, observed the world with their own eyes, analyzed right and wrong with their own minds, and studied nature and human beings with their own bodies and minds. So their works are realistic, full of human feelings and beautiful.

The religious thoughts and customs of the Greeks have a great influence on the development of culture. Greek classical culture is as religious as other cultures in the ancient world. The biggest feature of Greek religious mythology is that "God and man are in the same shape". They believe that God is the most perfect embodiment of human beings. God has not only human image, but also human feelings and experiences. This is different from the "deification of human beings" in autocratic monarchy countries. They mentioned the emperor to the realm of God, who is the supreme master of the universe. On the other hand, the Greeks believed that there was no insurmountable boundary between God and man. This view of God is strengthened with the development of democratic politics. While believing in God, they believe in the wisdom and strength of human beings and attach importance to the real world. Myth is only a reflection of real life. Therefore, many Greek gods are typical and perfect images of human beings, such as Apollo, the god of light and literature, who is portrayed as a bodybuilder and a beautiful athlete. Many literary works, such as Homer's epics and tragedies, are based on myths and express history and reality. This makes Greek literary artists embark on the road of people-centered realism.

Greek mythology is an artistic summary of "human discourse" and a treasure with permanent charm in the world art treasure house. Greek mythology not only cultivated Greek art, but also became an inexhaustible source of European literary and artistic creation. Most European literary and art masters have absorbed nutrition from it to varying degrees. Classic writers of Marxism-Leninism also quoted a large number of anecdotes from Greek mythology to serve the struggle for human liberation. Ancient Greek culture has never been controlled and bound by monks and priests, and Greek religion is relatively free, which has not become an obstacle to cultural development, thus fully showing the characteristics of humanization.

Custom: 1. For business visits, you should wear a conservative thin summer suit.

2. Only when visiting government agencies or factories, you need to make an appointment in advance.

Greek businessmen have a good sense of humor and like to make jokes. When talking about business, the host first asks the guests to choose strong Greek coffee or Greek spirits. If you refuse rashly, it will be regarded as humiliation by the other party.

The Greeks are deeply proud of the rich and colorful history, historic sites, philosophy, art and politics in ancient times, so they have deep feelings for the people of China who also have a long history. However, the topic of conversation should avoid talking about Greece's current domestic politics and the relationship between Greece and Cyprus, so as not to get yourself into the dilemma of gaffes.

[Kekila Island]

Kekila i.

5. September to May of the following year is most suitable for visiting, but two weeks before and after Christmas, one week before and after Easter of the Greek Orthodox Church and July and August of each year are not suitable for business visits.

In some villages in Greece, every New Year's Day, they will take a big stone as a gift to visit relatives and friends, and put it on the floor to wish their host: "I wish your family had a piece of gold as big as this stone!" " "

6. Greeks don't have to wave and wave, thinking it's an insult. The closer the hand is to the other person's face, the more insulting it is.

Places of interest in India: 1, Taj Mahal 2, Mahabalipulan Giant Relief 3, Sikh Daikin Temple 4, Jain Giant Stone Statue.

Culture: India's known history can be traced back to 2000 BC, beginning with the migration of Aryans who first settled in northern India. There is likely to be a fierce conflict between immigrants and local residents. But it is obvious that the assimilation spirit and endurance spirit of Great India have won, and this spirit has continued to this day. In the next thousand years, Aryans spread all over India, creating most early classical Sanskrit documents, such as Sanskrit, Vedas, Upanishads and two epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata.

India has countless historical sites. Some ancient pagodas, Ashoka pillars engraved with decrees, copper plaques and stone tablets that preserve Buddhist relics are scattered all over the subcontinent. Maharashtra and other places have beautifully carved Ajanta Grottoes, Elora Grottoes and Ailefentan Grottoes. There are well-preserved magnificent temples with different architectural styles, castles and manors in Rajasthan, magnificent red castles in Delhi, historical sites, spectacular Fatpur Sicre Palace and the magnificent Taj Mahal.

Modern India is a vibrant country, although there are still poor people and slums in Indian towns. However, with the development of science and industrial technology in India, people's living standards have improved to a certain extent. India's emerging information technology engineers and information enterprises have won the respect of the world. GDP growth rate is second only to China.

There are about 2000 languages in India, 55 of which have their own writing and literature. 19 The perfect language with its own literary treasure has been designated as the official language of India. Every religion in India has followers in the subcontinent. Hinduism accounts for the vast majority, accounting for 85%, followed by Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, Jews, Zoroastrianism, Jainism and so on. All different religions live in harmony. There are countless beautiful temples, magnificent churches, magnificent mosques, Buddhist temples, synagogues and Zoroastrian temples on the Indian subcontinent. Mumbai, a commercial metropolis in western India, can be said to be a microcosm of India's religious, ethnic and linguistic diversity. In addition to the above-mentioned religious temples and churches, there are also famous Armenian churches, Shinto temples and Datong temples.

Custom: Clothing: The traditional clothing of Indian men, the lower part of which is Totti, is actually a wide piece of white cotton cloth wrapped around the waist, also made of hemp or silk. The length is generally 3.6 to 4.5 meters, wrapped around the waist, hanging to the knees or feet, and some even have piping. Wearing a knee-length "Gu Erda" coat. Headscarves come in different colors and different wrapping methods. Rajasthan headscarves and Sikh headscarves are very famous, and sometimes people put feathers on them.

In rural India, men generally don't wear shirts, just put a sweat towel on their shoulders, or use a piece of cloth as their main upper body and put it on their shoulders. People call it "Chad"

The national costume of Indian women is "sari". Sari is usually made of a piece of cloth about 6 meters long and 1. 1 to 1.3 meters wide. Sari is worn by wrapping it around the waist and finally covering it on the shoulder or head. Sarees are generally divided into cotton, silk, yarn and nylon.

Indian clothing is related to the local climate. The temperature can be higher than 40℃ in summer and 20℃ in winter, so clothes need to be breathable and refreshing. Nowadays, most residents in cities wear westernized clothes, and men also wear shirts and trousers, usually wearing suits and ties. Most women still wear saris, and many people change to jeans. However, ethnic groups in various regions still maintain their own national characteristics. Many Muslim men like to wear a Turkish hat with Persian sheepskin. Sikh women usually wear robes covering their knees and a wide skirt called Charvaut-McAz.

Indians like to wear all kinds of jewelry, such as hair ornaments, earrings, forehead ornaments, nose ornaments, necklaces, brain ornaments, wrist bracelets, wrist ornaments, rings and so on. Most of them are gold, silver or precious stones. In some places, people even understand the jewelry in clothes. According to traditional customs, Indian men regard it as an obligation to give jewelry to women, and women regard wearing jewelry as an important part of their lives, but widows can't bring any jewelry. Headdress is a product fixed on the top of the head and forehead with small chains and hooks. Nose ornaments are mostly gold and silver products, which are decorative signs of married women. Necklaces in necklaces are regarded as evil spirits, and the groom brings them to the bride at the wedding. As long as there is no divorce, the wife will wear this chain for life, which is still a custom in rural India.

Diet: Due to the influence of nationality, history and culture, the diet of Indians is very different between north and south. Influenced by the northern Islamic culture, cooking is usually Mughal, characterized by a lot of meat, grain and bread. The south is vegetarian, characterized by rice and spicy curry. The only similarity of all Indian dishes is that they all like spicy food.

Indian dinners often start with soup, usually thin curry, and the rest of the dishes are usually given by all colleagues, not divided into several dishes. In addition to dinner, there are complementary foods. The most common are condensed milk or yogurt, curry mixed with vegetables, condensed milk mixed with vegetables, vegetable puree and chutney. After dinner, there are generally nut ice cream, pudding made of rice, cream milk balls flavored with rose water, pancakes in syrup, Tanghe fresh fruit made of milk and milk, etc. After dinner, Indians entertain guests with carved products made of betel nuts, hydrated lime and spices wrapped in betel nuts leaves to help digestion.

"Dunduli Chicken" and "Cream Mutton" are famous dishes in India. The practice of "cream mutton" is to add almost the same amount of yogurt to the mutton. In the past, this dish was only used by the royal family, but now it is more common. "Dunduli Chicken" is to sprinkle spices on the plucked chicken, then put it on the yellow mud stove and bake it slowly with slow fire. The smell of the oven makes your mouth water.

Eating sweets is a hobby of Indians. There are dozens of desserts in India, and different regions have different ways to treat one dessert. "Layeda" and "Sheridan" made of yogurt are very popular. Candy is generally made of flour, milk, cheese, almonds, walnuts, cardamom and crocus.

Hindus are most taboo to eat vegetables on the same plate, and there are many vegetarians. Generally speaking, the higher the level, the fewer meat eaters; Only people of lower rank eat meat (mutton).

There are many kinds of drinks in India. In the south, people like to drink strong coffee, while in the north, people like to drink tea. There are two kinds of drinks that are always accompanied by milk and sugar. If you don't put milk and sugar in your tea, you should "tea". Other drinks in India vary from place to place and from season to season, and fresh fruit sweat is widely loved by Indians.

Indians usually don't use tableware when eating. In the north, it is impolite for people to eat with the fingertip of their right hand and take food above the second knuckle. In the south, people stir rice and curry with their whole right hand and knead them into balls to eat. Indians eat with their hands, but they can't touch public plates or eat by themselves, otherwise they will be rejected by people who eat together. There is often a public water container for water supply when eating. When drinking water, don't touch the container with your lips, but pour it into whose mouth. After dinner, Indians usually bring guests a bowl of hot water and put it on the table to wash their hands.