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English: The Troubles (Irish: Na Trioblóidí), referred to as the Northern Ireland problem, is used to describe the Northern Ireland peace agreements signed in the late 1960s and ended in the late 1990s, including * * * and.

Northern Ireland is often called multi-party conflict, guerrilla warfare, low-intensity conflict and even civil war in different ways.

abstract

The Northern Ireland issue includes the violent conflicts that have occurred repeatedly between Northern Ireland nationalists (mainly Roman Catholics) and unionists (mainly Protestants) in the past 30 years. This conflict is caused by Northern Ireland's controversial position in the United Kingdom, its domination of minority communities and the discrimination against ethnic groups by the majority United Party. Violent activities are characterized by armed fighting by paramilitary groups, most of which belong to the fighting activities of Ireland * * * and the Provisional Army faction 1969- 1997, with the aim of ending British rule in Northern Ireland and establishing a new "All Ireland" republic.

In order to cope with this battle and feel that the British characteristics and the dominant position of the United factions in Northern Ireland are being eroded, the royalist paramilitary organizations such as UVF and UVA launched their own battles against the minority population. Government forces-British army and police (Royal Ulster Police Force) are also involved. The British government's view is that its troops remain neutral in the conflict and try to maintain law and order in Northern Ireland. The Irish pacifists regard the government forces as "combatants" in the conflict, and prove this by the collusion between the government forces and the royalists. A "thorough" investigation by police investigators showed that the British army, especially the Northern Ireland Security Guard, colluded with royalist paramilitary organizations, participated in the murder, and obstructed justice when investigating the matter as required.

With the outbreak of violence, the main political parties in Northern Ireland, including those who condemn violence, have reached an impasse on the future status of Northern Ireland and the formation of the Northern Ireland government.

The end of the Northern Ireland issue was hard-won. According to the Belfast Agreement (commonly known as the Good Friday Agreement), the peace process in Northern Ireland includes the announcement of a ceasefire and disarmament by most paramilitary organizations, the reform of the police department and the corresponding withdrawal of troops from streets and sensitive borders such as South Ama and Fermana. This document reaffirms Britain's consistent position that Northern Ireland will remain in the United Kingdom until most people vote to leave. This position has not been fully recognized by successive Irish governments for a long time. On the other hand, the British government recognized this principle for the first time: that is, from the perspective of the so-called "Irish factor", the Irish people as a whole have the right to solve the North-South issue on the basis of mutual willingness without any external interference. The latter is the key to win the support of nationalism and the * * * peace faction. The agreement also established a powerful government in Northern Ireland (now suspended). The government must be composed of unionists and nationalists.

Although the number of active participants in the Northern Ireland issue is relatively small, and the paramilitary organizations claiming to represent the two communities sometimes cannot represent the general public, the Northern Ireland issue involves the daily life of the people of Northern Ireland and occasionally spreads to Britain and Ireland. In addition, during the period from 1969 to 1998, it seems that the Northern Ireland issue may escalate into a real civil war several times. For example, after the bloody Sunday of 1972 and during the Irish hunger strike of 198 1, the two factions engaged in large-scale armed confrontation with each other. Today, many people still hold the political, social and public opinions and views formed by the Northern Ireland issue.

background

Ethnic disputes in history 1609- 1886

The conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland originated from the British colonial plan for Ulster Plantation in 1609, which confiscated all the land of the local people and immigrated to Ulster to become "growers" of Protestants in England and Scotland. The confrontation between local Catholics and colonists led to two bloody ethnic and religious conflicts: 164 1- 1653 and1689-169. The political dominance of English Protestants in Ireland has been guaranteed in these wars and Irish criminal laws. These laws stipulate that all those who are in conflict with the Church of England-Episcopal Church of Ireland (including Catholics and those who do not conform to the Church of England, such as Presbyterian members) are deprived of their religious, legal and political rights.

/kloc-the collapse of the criminal law system in the late 0/8th century indicates a new round of community conflicts. Especially in the1780s, the restrictions on land leasing activities of Irish Catholics were lifted, which intensified the competition. Because Catholics used to be banned, but now they are allowed to buy land and do business, Protestant "peep day boys" organizations are increasingly attacking their communities. In A.D. 1790, Catholics in Ulster set up defenders to fight back. This makes the two camps go to extremes, and the number of reformers who are more and more enlightened about democratic reform in Protestant groups drops sharply.

Many Presbyterians, Catholics and liberal Protestants joined the United Ireland Association, a nationalist movement inspired by the French Revolution, with the goal of ending the sectarian division in Ireland and establishing an Irish Republic independent of Britain. However, the failure of the Irish uprising in 1789, the subsequent repression and the continuous sectarian violence between Catholics and Protestants shattered the ideal of the United Love Society. In addition, harder-line Protestants were actively armed by the government to fight militants. The Orange Belt Party, founded in 1795, is the embodiment of this movement and has a long history. The effect is to divide Catholics and Protestants into two camps that are permanently hostile.

180 1 the abolition of the Irish parliament and the integration of Ireland into Britain provided a new political framework for the opposition between the two communities. In addition, most Presbyterian members gave up their previous political ties with radical peace factions and chose an identity more similar to that of the Anglican Church and became a member of the "royalist" Protestant group. 1829 The Catholic Liberation Movement eliminated legal discrimination against Catholics (about 75% of the Irish population), Jews and other unbelievers through Daniel O 'Connell's political agitation. But O'Connell's long-term goal (the essence of the liberation movement) is to dissolve the 180 1 year trade union. He even confidently and wrongly declared that Britain would disintegrate on 1 843+1October1day of that year. O 'Connor's pacifism and democratic nationalism urgently demanded the restoration of the Irish Parliament (known as "local autonomy"), which played an increasingly important role in Irish politics in the following19th century. Protestants are afraid of becoming a minority in Catholic Ireland and tend to support Britain's continued rule.

Now, the conflict appears between those who support the joint bill and those who oppose it. By 1886, this transformation was completed with the formation of opposing nationalist and unionist parties in two communities.

At this time, the Ulster United faction also had economic strength-this place is the most developed region in Ireland, and it is also the region that relies most on trade with Britain and the British Empire. The direct cause of the current conflict can be found in the debate on local autonomy and Irish independence in the early 20th century.

Ireland is divided into1912–1925.

In the second decade of the 20th century, with the encouragement of the Irish Parliamentary Party, decentralization or limited Irish autonomy was within reach. Unionists are mostly Protestants, living in Ulster, opposed to autonomy and Irish independence, and afraid of living in a Catholic country dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. 19 12, the unionists signed the Ulster alliance treaty under the leadership of edward carson, vowing to use force to resist the separation of powers if necessary. To this end, they set up the paramilitary organization "Ulster Volunteers" and imported weapons from Germany (as did the rebels in the Easter Uprising a few years later). Nationalists formed the Irish Volunteers, ostensibly to ensure that the decentralization after World War I would not be resisted by Britain or unionists. But Irish volunteers are gradually infiltrated by Irish and fraternity members, such as patrick pearse. 19 14 World War I shifted the crisis and delayed the settlement of Irish independence. Although the separation of powers was passed by the British Parliament, it was suspended during the war.

But this question was inspired by the Easter Uprising of Irish volunteers and fraternity members in Dublin. Although the rebellion was suppressed, the execution of the leader of the 15 uprising greatly radicalized Irish nationalists. The issue of independence reached its climax in February 19 18. Sinn Fein, a separatist party, won most of the seats in Ireland and established the Irish Parliament in Dublin, leaving Britain, although it was not recognized by Britain or other countries at that time. At the same time, the volunteers of the Brotherhood regarded themselves as the army of the Republic of Ireland, and in the following month 19 19 1, they started an armed attack on government troops, killing two Catholic policemen who were transporting Gelli explosives in Solo Heidberg, Tipperelli County.

1920, during the guerrilla war between Irish Peace Corps volunteers and British government forces, the Irish government bill divided the island of Ireland into two independent jurisdictions: "Southern Ireland" and "Northern Ireland". The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 192 1 determined the division of Ireland, ended the guerrilla warfare in the south, and established the Irish Free State, an almost independent Irish country (1949 became * * * and was completely independent). The agreement recognizes the great difference between Protestants who are mainly concentrated in the ancient province of Ulster and want to stay in Britain as part of the Irish and the overwhelming majority of Catholics who demand independence from Britain.

Northern Ireland stays in Britain, although it has its own parliament and decentralized government under an independent government system. This system was not required by the Unionist faction, but it was written into the agreement because the government was eager to get rid of the "Irish problem" that had plagued Westminster Parliament for many years. However, the Unionists immediately showed kindness to the new government and regarded Northern Ireland as a political system established in accordance with democratic principles, the rule of law and the will of most people in the country to stay in Britain. However, Irish nationalists believe that the division of Ireland is an illegal and autocratic division of the island of Ireland against the wishes of the majority of the people, and that the government of Northern Ireland is neither legal nor democratic, but a deliberately divided unified majority constituency.

Nationalists in Northern Ireland began to make up 35% of the population and refused to accept the legal status of the new government. The fundamental problem in Northern Ireland lies in the failure of the Coalition government to integrate Catholicism/nationalism in Northern Ireland, which prefers to support a unified Ireland and refuses to give up national unity.

Northern Ireland was born of violence-* *1920-1922 557 people died of political or religious violence before and after the Irish War of Independence. Among them, 303 are Catholics (including members of the armed forces), 172 are Protestants, and 82 are members of the Royal Irish Police or the British Army. Belfast witnessed most violent incidents: 452 people were killed, 267 were Catholics and 185 were Protestants. Although in other parts of the island, conflicts mainly occurred between Irish guerrillas and British gendarmes, they were branded as racial conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the north. The pattern of violence in the northern region is that * * * peace forces attack security forces, and royalist organizations (including the B- special reserve police force) kill Catholics as revenge. Nationalists call this violence, especially in Belfast, a "massacre" of the community.

For example, in 1920, after Sunday service in a Protestant church in Lisbourne, * * * and the army assassinated Swanchi, the regional inspector of the police force, resulting in the burning of a quarter of the Catholic parish in the city. However, although Catholics account for a disproportionate majority of the victims (58% of the victims are from Belfast community, which accounts for 30% of the population), both sides are responsible for the atrocities, and nearly half of the victims are Protestants. Nationalists in other parts of Ireland organized boycotts of northern goods in response to attacks on Catholics, and some people (including Michael collins of the Irish Free State) planned military attacks on Northern Ireland. The plan was interrupted by the Irish Civil War (1922- 1923) which broke out among the various factions of Irish nationalists. During this period, the northern government consolidated its existence. Another legacy of the Irish Civil War that had a great impact on Northern Ireland was the marginalized Irish Peace Corps. It is illegal for both governments, and ideologically, it is also committed to overthrowing them by force and re-establishing the Republic of Ireland in19191921year.

Many nationalists want to abolish partition and at least let the Boundary Commission cede most of Northern Ireland to the Commonwealth. However, the Committee advised against making major changes to the border-in fact, the division of Ireland would be permanent. At this time, the Irish Free State officially recognized and accepted the border. 1937, Emmon Desvallees declared in Articles 2 and 3 of the Irish Constitution that the whole of Ireland is a free state territory. However, this clause stipulates that "the national map will be put on hold again", and the southern boundary will remain unchanged compared with 1922.

Northern Ireland-"Protestant country"? 1925– 1968

Both sides stated their views according to their own explanations. 1937, James Craig, Prime Minister of Ulster Unity Party in Northern Ireland, talked about "Protestant Parliament and Protestant Country" in response to the assertion of southern leader Emmon Dvali in 1935 that Ireland is a "Catholic country". From the perspective of unionists, the nationalists in Northern Ireland are naturally disloyal and determined to force them (Protestants and unionists) to become a unified Ireland. This threat is regarded as the need to give special treatment to the United factions in housing, employment and so on. The Catholic family and the rapid population growth are also regarded as one of the threats.

David trimble, the former First Minister of Northern Ireland, admitted that Northern Ireland had become a "cold palace" for Catholics during this period. However, it was not until the 7th century11990s that unionist politicians were able to defend the existence of Northern Ireland, because compared with the 26-county regime, Northern Ireland was economically successful. From the perspective of nationalism, the persistent discrimination against Catholics can only prove that Northern Ireland is a inherently corrupt regime imposed by the British. The family of Charles Howie, the controversial prime minister of Ireland and China, fled to London and Delhi, when the Irish issue began at 1920. He described Northern Ireland as "a failed regime". The Unionists ignored edward carson's warning in 192 1 that estrangement from Catholics would make Northern Ireland unstable as soon as it was born.

After the initial Irish problem in the early1968+0920s, there were occasional riots in Northern Ireland. In the1968+0940s, there was a short but limited battle with the Peace Corps, and in the1968+0950s, there was another abortive battle. But in the early1960s, Northern Ireland was very calm.

However, there is a potentially unstable signal, that is, some ultra-royalists set up an illegal paramilitary organization, the Ulster Volunteers, in 1966 (named after the anti-decentralization militia in 19 12). The gang committed three sectarian murders, and the murderers were brought to justice and sentenced to prison. This group still exists and will reappear on the Northern Ireland issue. One of these royalists, Gusty Spence, after serving him for a long time, apologized for his behavior and became one of the mainstream political members in Northern Ireland.

The beginning of the Northern Ireland problem

The well-known Northern Ireland problem began at 1968, when riots and riots broke out in the procession of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA). This group launched a peaceful civil rights movement in 1967, borrowing the language and symbols of Dr. Martin Luther King's civil rights movement in the United States. NICRA seeks to revive Catholicism and nationalism in Northern Ireland. In particular, they want to end the unfair division of constituencies, which limits all Catholics to limited constituencies and makes local councils unrepresentative (especially in Delhi); Abolish the taxpayer privilege in local government elections, which gives Protestants (usually richer) disproportionate voting rights; Abolish the special power bill (licensing detention and other repressive measures) that is regarded as targeting ethnic minority communities.

At first, Terence O 'Neill, the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, praised this seemingly moderate movement and promised to reform Northern Ireland. But he was strongly opposed by many United Party hardliners, including william craig and ian Paisley, who accused him of being a "traitor". Some union members immediately suspected that the civil rights association was the "Trojan horse" of the Irish Peace Army. Violence broke out in several civil rights demonstrations, and royalists attacked civil rights demonstrators with sticks. The Royal Ulster Police Force was widely condemned for supporting royalists and was held responsible for allowing violence.

Most royalists' hatred of the civil rights movement is related to the fear of leaders inciting the unity of the masses and publicizing that the Peace Army not only supports the civil rights association behind the scenes, but also plans new offensives. In fact, the Peace Corps has reached the end of its tether, with few weapons and increasing emphasis on non-violent politics. The first explosion in Northern Ireland (mainly aimed at power plants and other infrastructure) was carried out by the royalist UVF of 1969, aiming at training and planting the Peace Corps.

1969 ethnic conflicts have intensified. 1 month, a people's democracy organization marched from Belfast to Delhi and was attacked by royalists in Bourne Tollett, Delhi, London. The Northern Ireland Security Guard was accused of failing to protect the demonstrators. In the next few months, roadblocks were set up in ethnic minority areas in Delhi and Belfast. The riot reached its climax in Qu Ze (1August 96912-1August 96914)-a large-scale racial riot broke out between the police and nationalists in Delhi. Riots broke out between Catholic residents, police and young apprentices in Delhi, because the latter passed through Qu Ze while marching along the city wall.

The riots between the police and royalists and Qu Ze residents lasted for two days before the British army was sent to restore order. This "battle" started from1August 196914th, which triggered sectarian riots in Belfast, Niu Li, labaner and other places, causing many deaths and burning down many houses. The riots were caused by demonstrations by ethnic minorities in support of soldiers and civilians in Qu Ze. The riot escalated after someone threw a Grenade at the police station. The Northern Ireland Security Guard responded by deploying armored vehicles with Browning machine guns and killing a 9-year-old boy in the Falls Road area of Belfast Kuomintang. Royalists responded to the violence by attacking Catholic areas, and most of Mumbai Street, Madrid Street and other Catholic parish streets were set on fire (see Northern Ireland riots 1969). The first murdered policeman, Mumbai Arbuckle, was shot by royalists rather than factions.

Nationalists claim that the Royal Ulster police assisted or at least did not actively oppose the royalists in these riots. * * * The Peace Corps was also widely criticized by its supporters for failing to defend the Catholic community in the riots in Belfast in August. 1969, resulting in 7 deaths, 750 injuries and 1505 Catholics being homeless-almost five times as many houses as Protestants. A Catholic priest reported that his parishioners contemptuously called the Peace Corps "I escaped".

The Northern Ireland government asked the British government to deploy British troops in Northern Ireland to restore order. At first, ethnic minorities welcomed the army and often sent water and meals to soldiers because they didn't trust the police to handle affairs impartially. However, this relationship deteriorated rapidly because the army was considered to be biased towards unification because of its heavy hand.

Many unionists believe that the civil rights movement is the cause of the Northern Ireland problem. Their persistence in the movement shook the government and created a power vacuum, which made paramilitary groups agree. Others, mainly but not all ethnic groups, insist that the civil rights movement and the opposition of ian Paisley and other royalists are only the harbingers of the sectarian government system, which has already fallen and is bound to collapse.

The Peak of Violence and the Disintegration of Northern Ireland Parliament

From 1970 to 1972, Northern Ireland experienced a great outbreak of political violence, which reached its peak in 1972 and nearly 500 people were killed. There are many reasons for the escalation of violence in these years.

Unionists believe that the main reason is the establishment of Ireland * * * and the military temporary faction (temporary faction * * * and army) separated from the old Ireland. When the old Peace Corps (known as the remnants of the Orthodox Peace Corps) embraced the non-violent mass movement, the new temporary Peace Corps was determined to launch an "armed struggle" against British rule in Northern Ireland. Xinhe Pingjun hopes to show the sectarian characteristics of "defenders of Catholic associations", rather than seeking the unity of the working class of the two associations like "orthodoxy". Unionists believe that this persistent struggle is the main cause and persistent factor of the Northern Ireland problem.

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