Why is the Northern Song Dynasty a basically unified dynasty?

As we all know, the Song Dynasty is divided into the Southern Song Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Southern Song Dynasty, I can understand that you called Song and Jin the post-Southern and Northern Dynasties. However, the Northern Song Dynasty, Liao and Song Dynasties cannot be called the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Why?

1. What kind of layout can be called unification?

Ancient China and modern China had different views on territory and the world. As stated at the beginning of History of Song Dynasty Geography, compared with Han and Tang Dynasties, the territory of Northern Song Dynasty is short of only one Yanyun area.

Thus, the "homeland" in the minds of ancient China people generally refers to the south of the Great Wall and the east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. According to the northern boundary of Yanyun in the late Tang Dynasty, the "south of the Great Wall" here is basically equivalent to the south of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, that is, the south of the Yanshan Mountains. Therefore, the desert, the western regions and the northeast can only be regarded as "exotic places" outside the local expansion of China, and it is of course the best to get it, and its loss will not affect the legitimacy of the country.

However, the Yunnan-Guizhou region lacked development from the Han Dynasty until Nanzhao, a nation-state, developed in the Tang Dynasty. In fact, the real "sinicization" in Yunnan-Guizhou area was after the immigrants from Jianghuai Juntun in the early Ming Dynasty. Since then, Yunnan and Guizhou have been regarded as "China native" and China people's world outlook.

Therefore, the Northern Song Dynasty did not own Yunnan, but controlled Guizhou (Qiannan Road was established at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty), and the problem of Yunnan-Guizhou will not undermine the unification of the Northern Song Dynasty.

2. Yan Yun problem.

Do many people think that sixteen states = Hebei+Shanxi? This feeling is completely wrong.

First of all, the Northern Song Dynasty didn't only own the fourteen states of Yanyun, but Yingzhou and Zhou Mo inherited from the later Zhou Dynasty.

As a result, the fourteen states of Yanyun only occupied the south of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty. In other words, the Northern Song Dynasty controlled 2/3 of the traditional Hebei and 3/4 of Shanxi. The main cities in Hebei: Daming and Zhen Zhen are located in the Northern Song Dynasty; The main cities in Shanxi: Taiyuan and Shuozhou are also located in the Northern Song Dynasty.

3. Shaanxi issue.

Do many people think that Xixia has occupied the whole of Shaanxi? Sorry, your feeling is wrong again.

First of all, Xixia became independent near the Renzong Dynasty in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. Before that, it was the official website of the Song Dynasty, and it never declared itself an emperor.

In the early Song Dynasty, Lingzhou was even a municipality directly under the Central Government of the Northern Song Dynasty (that is, Xingqing House, the capital of Xixia Kingdom, which is now Ningxia), and the Tangut people were separated only by Yinzhou and Zhou Xia.

Even after Xixia became independent, its territory was limited to1100,000, and 90% of the land in eastern and southern Gansu and Shaanxi was controlled by the Song Dynasty from beginning to end. Since the Zongshen Dynasty, journey to the south, a Song Dynasty man, marched westward, pushing the frontier to Xining, Qinghai, and recovering Suizhou in central Gansu and northern Shaanxi in the north. So when we arrived in Song Huizong, except Ningxia and the west of Hexi Corridor, the northwest was controlled by Song Dynasty.

Shaanxi's problems have to be mentioned. Since the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Ganqing (now Shuishui) area to the west of Qin Zhou has been nomadic due to the rule of Tubo. Even if Zhang Yichao briefly recovered Hexi Corridor, west of Qin Zhou and north of Xining, he could not stop Hu Hua in this area.

Therefore, during the Five Dynasties, the rebels were confined to Shazhou and Guazhou, while Liangzhou, Xining and Lanzhou were re-Hu Hua, which was not controlled by the Five Dynasties Central Plains Dynasty.

Therefore, compared with the northwest situation since the end of the Tang Dynasty, in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, Lingxia was lost, but Hehuang was recovered, which was considered as a balance between merits and demerits.

4. Overview of Northern Territory in Northern Song Dynasty.

(1) Control from beginning to end: all over Henan, all over Shandong, 3/4 in Shanxi, 2/3 in Hebei (south of the Ming Great Wall), 90% in Shaanxi, and east and south of Gansu.

(2) Middle-term development: north-central Gansu and eastern Qinghai.

(3) Occupation in the last years: eleven of the fourteen states in Yanyun (including Yanshan State, now Beijing).

(4) Preliminary control: Xia Ling and the east of Hexi Corridor.

5. Comparison of Song, Liao and Xia.

(1) The northern area south of the Ming Great Wall, which was stably controlled in the Northern Song Dynasty, is about 1.8 million square kilometers.

(2) The northern area, south of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty controlled by Liao State, is about 654.38+ 10,000 square kilometers.

(3) The northern area south of the Ming Great Wall controlled by Xixia: about 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers.

Who else wants to say "Northern and Southern Dynasties" now?

Interested students can also count the number of Han households in Liao and Xixia. Personally, I think it should be tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of households per household.

In the late Northern Song Dynasty, there were more than 5 million households in Beidao.