Dear friends, who is studying history? I want to ask about history and briefly talk about "how Israel was founded."

/kloc-at the end of 0/9, a large-scale anti-semitism wave appeared in Europe, and the Zionist trend of thought and movement rose accordingly. 188 1 year, Pinske, a Russian Jewish doctor, published the book "Self-liberation" and put forward the idea of establishing a Jewish nation-state. This book is regarded as the origin of Zionism. 1896, Hecl, a Hungarian Jewish lawyer, published The Jewish State, which put forward the idea of Zionism completely. In response to the slogan "Jews get out" that was everywhere in Europe at that time, he wrote: "I want to ask this question in the simplest form now: Are we going out now? Where to go? " "The sovereignty of a certain part of the earth should be granted to us, and its area is enough to meet the normal needs of a nation; The rest is up to us. " Hecl's works have aroused great repercussions among Jews, but there have always been differences among Jews about where this national homeland was built. They imagined South Africa and Argentina, seriously considered Uganda and voted for it. It was not until 1897 that the first World Zionist Congress was held in Basel, Switzerland, that it was finally defined as the cultural root in the eyes of Jews-Palestine.

This congress proposed that Jews should establish "a homeland (or country) recognized by the public and guaranteed by law". At the same time, the "World Zionist Organization" was established and began its activities. They organized Jewish immigrants to Palestine, where Arabs have lived for centuries, and established the Jewish National Fund and the Palestinian Land Development Corporation. The current Congress 1897 is considered to be the year when Jews began to put their dream of homeland into practice, and it is also considered to be the year when the Palestinian-Israeli dispute began.

From Balfour Declaration to Palestinian White Paper

During the First World War, Palestine was occupied by Britain and became a "mandated territory" of Britain after the war. 1917165438+12, British foreign secretary Belfo wrote to Rothschild, vice-chairman of the Zionist league, claiming that "Your Majesty's government is in favor of establishing a Jewish national state in Palestine and will do its utmost to promote its realization". This letter was later called the Balfour Declaration. On this basis, Jews began to immigrate to Palestine in large numbers. However, this move was strongly opposed by local Arabs in Palestine, who put pressure on Britain by means of riots and strikes to restrict Jewish immigration. The unrest lasted for three years. At the same time, Jews who had no livelihood under Nazi persecution continued to immigrate to Palestine in large numbers. By 1939, the total number of Jews living in Palestine had increased to 445,000.

During the period of 1936- 1939, Britain proposed to establish a Jewish state (much smaller in area than later designated by the United Nations) and an Arab state in Palestine, but the Arabs refused. 1939 in may, the British government was afraid of further arousing the resistance of Arab countries, so it took the initiative to show goodwill to Arab countries and put forward the so-called Palestinian white paper. The white paper proposes that in the next five years, only10.5 million Jews will be moved each year; Restrict Jews from buying Arab land, and prepare to gradually hand over Palestine to a local government with a majority of Arabs, under which Jews can exercise a high degree of autonomy. The Arab unrest has subsided, but it is obviously not an easy task to build trust between Jews and Arabs who strongly oppose it.

When the White Paper on Palestine was published, it was the day when European Jews struggled to find an oasis to live in to escape the Nazi Holocaust. In the Nazi Holocaust,13 of the Jews in the world were killed, and the total number of victims reached 6 million, leaving few Jews in Europe. Before Britain declared war on Germany, local Jews and trusteeship authorities refused to let persecuted German-Austrian Jews enter Palestine because of their adherence to the White Paper, and were on the verge of war. Violence is limited only based on hatred of German fascism. But in wartime, Jewish commandos never stopped destroying British facilities that intercepted illegal immigrants.

United Nations Resolution 18 1 and the Establishment of Israel

After World War II, hundreds of thousands of Polish Jewish prisoners liberated from Nazi concentration camps were homeless. They can't go back to their hometown, because at this time, there have been incidents of killing returning Jews in various parts of Poland; Except for a few Nordic countries, war-torn western European countries are unable to accommodate them; Even the United States, known as an immigrant country, is unwilling to open its doors. At this time, the only one who welcomes them with open arms is the Jewish community in Palestine. As Britain continued to adhere to the policy of the White Paper, the conflict between Jewish commandos and British trusteeship authorities escalated. Jews bombed roads and bridges, attacked camps where illegal immigrants were held and assassinated British officials.

This will be an unpopular war for Britain. At this time, Hitler's crime of killing 6 million Jews was gradually exposed, and international public opinion expressed sympathy for the Jews. It is really unreasonable to let those liberated Polish Jews continue to live in concentration camps. With the exposure of the secret documents of the Axis countries, Britain rejected Italy's proposal, and its decision not to approve the transfer of German and Austrian Jews to Palestine through Italy was also made public. Public opinion regarded Britain as an accomplice in the massacre of Jews. Under the pressure of international public opinion, Britain decided to get away from Palestine. 1947 February 15, Britain announced that it would hand over the hot potato of Palestine to the United Nations.

1947165438+1On 29 October, the second session of the United Nations General Assembly voted in favour of Palestinian partition with 33 votes in favor, 13 votes against (including 10 Islamic countries) and 10 abstentions. The resolution stipulates that Britain will end its mandated rule in Palestine and withdraw its troops before 1 August 9481; Two months later, two countries were established on the land of Palestine, namely, the Arab country and the Jewish country. According to the blueprint of partition resolution, the territory of Arab countries can reach 1 1203 square kilometers, accounting for about 43% of the total area of Palestine at that time. The population consists of 725,000 Arabs and 65,438+0,000 Jews. The land of the Jewish State is 14942 square kilometers, accounting for about 57% of the total area of Palestine. The population includes 497,000 Arabs and 598,000 Jews. The resolution also stipulated that the United Nations should establish and manage an international special regime for the city of Jerusalem. In order to be the ruling Labor Party for Israel, the Soviet Union changed the anti-Semitic attitude inherent in the Russian Empire, made great efforts for the founding of Israel, and gave diplomatic and military support to the establishment and consolidation of the State of Israel. Gromyko, Permanent Representative of the Soviet Union to the United Nations, delivered a touching speech at the United Nations General Assembly, which played an important role in the smooth adoption of resolution 18 1. However, Britain, which vowed to support the Jewish Restoration in the Balfour Declaration, abstained.

At that time, there were more than 65,438+200,000 Arabs in Palestine, accounting for more than two thirds of the total population. However, the territory of Arab countries in the partition resolution only accounts for 43% of the total area of Palestine. What makes Arabs unbearable is that the territory of Arab countries is fragmented and disconnected, and most of them are hilly and barren areas. The Jewish state is not like this. Although there are only 600,000 Jews, accounting for less than13 of the total population, their territory accounts for 57% of the total area of Palestine, and most of them are located in fertile coastal areas.

On the afternoon of May 1948, the square in front of Tel Aviv Museum of Modern Art was crowded with Jews. At 4 o'clock in the afternoon, Ben-Gurion, the "father of the founding of Israel" with a height of 1.6 meters, declared the independence of the State of Israel. Ben Gurion became Israel's first prime minister.

The news of the founding of Israel spread all over the world by radio waves, and most countries responded positively. 17 Ben-Gurion announced the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), and White House Press Secretary Charlie Rose announced to reporters that the United States recognized Israel. The declaration of recognition of Israel was drafted by Americans before they knew the name of this new country. When he learned that the country was named "Israel", President Truman crossed out the word "Jewish State" in the proclamation and changed it to "Israel". 17 in may, the Soviet union announced its recognition of Israel.

The day after the founding of the People's Republic, the war broke out.

On May 1948, 15, the day after Israel announced its founding, Britain announced the end of its mandated rule over Palestine. On the same day, the armies of the Arab League countries Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan (renamed Jordan in 1950) successively entered Palestine. At the same time, the Arab League issued a statement declaring that Israel was in a state of war and the first Middle East war broke out. The history of this war is called "Palestinian War".

Different from the later Middle East war, Britain and the United States sided with Arabs in the Palestinian war because of their long-term strategic consideration of the Arab world. It was the Soviet Union that fully supported the founding of Israel. Czechoslovakia, which was under the control of the Soviet Union at that time, not only provided Israel with a lot of arms, but also provided Israel with a special airport, established an air corridor and trained the air force and paratroopers for Israel. During the war, several Jewish soldiers of the US Air Force in Europe risked being sent to a military court and stole three heavy bombers. After the airport in Czechoslovakia was filled with bombs, they took off to bomb Cairo and Damascus.

Due to the suspicion and internal discord between the Arab countries participating in the war, King Abdullah of Jordan and King Farouk of Egypt made their own calculations, which enabled Israel, which had only guerrilla strength, to take the initiative in the war. In mid-July, at the urging of Britain and the United States, Israel declared a ceasefire, but sporadic fighting continued until 1949. After the war, Palestine was divided into three parts: Israel occupied 78% of the total area of Palestine, exceeding the area of more than 5,700 square kilometers stipulated in the partition resolution; The West Bank is under the jurisdiction of Jordan; The Gaza Strip is under Egyptian jurisdiction. Nearly/kloc-0.00 million Palestinians were expelled from their homes and became refugees.

The failure of the first Middle East War made the neighboring Arab countries feel ashamed, and the revolutionary atmosphere was everywhere. 1949 In March, August and February, there were three coups in Syria. 1951July, King Abdullah and his son of Jordan were assassinated by Palestinian refugees. King Abdullah 18-year-old grandson Hussein survived because a bullet hit his grandfather's medal pinned to his chest. 1953, he succeeded to the throne of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. 1952 In July, Egyptian soldiers overthrew the Farouk dynasty, and Nasser, leader of the Freedom Officers Organization, became president in June 1956.