A case of founder effect

Influence of Founder Effect on Genetic Diversity of Ex-situ Conservation Population of Hainan Polu

1. In ex-situ conservation, the founder effect usually leads to genetic differentiation between the newly-built population and the source population, which makes the genetic diversity of the newly-built population lower than that of the source population. Hainan Polu is an endangered species in the world, and its wild population is only distributed in Hainan Island, China. By the 1970s, due to habitat destruction and overfishing, there were only 26 species left, which were on the verge of extinction. It has been listed as a national first-class protected animal. Since 1976, Hainan red deer have been protected in situ and ex situ, and the population has increased from the initial 26 to more than 1 600. In this paper, 10 microsatellite loci were used to analyze 1 provenance population (field population) and 5 ex-situ populations (Bangxi, Ganshiling, Mu Feng and Jinniuling). The five ex-situ populations have 1, 3 or 5 haploid loci respectively, while the field population has no haploid loci. The genetic differentiation between Bangxi population and wild population is significant, but the genetic differentiation between Shi Gan population and wild population is not significant. The results show that the founder effect leads to a low level of genetic diversity and has different effects on different ex-situ populations. These differences are caused by the number of founders, the introduction method and the structure of the established population. This study provides suggestions and references for establishing a new ex-situ population of Hainan deer in Hainan Island in the future, and also provides theoretical guidance for ex-situ protection of other endangered species.

2. There is a sect in an American state, which was founded by 27 families who moved from Germany in the middle of19th century. They live in their own circles and hardly marry people around them. The role of genetic drift can be observed in several loci. For example, the frequency of blood group A (genotype IAiA, IAI) is 0.40 to 0.45 in the German population, while it is 0.60 in the German-American population in this community, and the allele frequency is only 0.025. On the MN blood group locus, the frequency of M allele is 0.54 in German and American population, but 0.65 in German-Americans in this community. Amish communities are plagued by many genetic diseases. The founder effect of inbreeding is the root of Amish genetic disease. Some diseases are rare, unique and serious, resulting in a very high mortality rate of Amish children. Amish people accept this puzzle as "God's will". They refused to have a genetic test before marriage, and even if the child had a genetic disease, they would not have a genetic diagnosis. However, many parents are willing to treat their children with modern technology.

Amish are a group of Protestant Baptist Mennonites in the United States and Ontario, Canada. They are famous for refusing modern facilities such as cars and electricity and living a simple life. Amish is a traditional and strict religious organization, which is composed of descendants of German-born Swiss immigrants and leads an isolated life.

1972, three Amish families refused to send their children aged 14 and 15 to high school and were fined $5. The Supreme Court of Wisconsin overturned this judgment and ruled that "receiving compulsory education" violated the freedom of belief clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution and was not justified. The Federal Supreme Court upheld the review decision.

They don't join the army, accept social welfare, accept any form of government help, and many people don't buy insurance. Amish communities are divided into several fellowship groups. This item mainly introduces the friendship between conservatism and old dogma. The new dogma fellowship uses cars and telephones, but they also consider themselves Amish.

Anti-individualism tendency is the starting point of the following behaviors: refusing to use labor-saving technology to avoid relying on neighbors' help; Don't use electricity, so as not to cause competition in buying goods that show identity; Don't take pictures, so as not to cause personal or family vanity. Similar practices include refusing education beyond junior high school, especially theoretical study, which will not help daily farm life and will only lead to personal or material ambitions. In American high school education, it is a good thing to cultivate the sense of competition and self-reliance, which runs counter to Amish values.

Most Amish people, especially old dogmatists, are famous for not using electricity and cars. The reason why they do this is often misunderstood. Amish people don't think technology is evil. People can ask the community to accept technology. In some communities, church leaders hold regular meetings to listen to these requests. In some communities, such meetings can be held at any time. Because Amish and other Mennonite churches do not have a top-down governance system like Anglican or Catholic churches, each community has different views on which technologies are acceptable.

According to the figures published by Amish community publications in 2000, the Amish population in the United States is 65,438+098,500; Each family has an average of 7 children, and the population is growing rapidly, constantly exploring new settlements and cultivated land; The old creed community is distributed in 2 1 state, mainly living in Ohio, Pennsylvania and Indiana.

Two important concepts help to understand Amish people's daily behavior: fear of "pride" and admiration of "humility". Humility is usually manifested as "obedience" and "entrustment", and perhaps a more accurate understanding is unwillingness to express self-assertion. Willing to obey God's will and express it as a group norm is an abnormal phenomenon in American individualism-centered culture.

In addition to English, most Amish people also speak a unique highland accent German called "Pennsylvania German" or "Pennsylvania Dutch". Not only Amish people, but also many German immigrants living in Pennsylvania speak this language. The so-called Swiss Amish speak Alemani, which they call "Swiss". Amish people in riverside, especially those born after 1960, often speak English mainly at home. Amish children learn German first, then English. Different communities have different accents. Their German is also different from the accents of other anabaptist communities.

The dress code of some Amish communities is that there are no buttons, only buttons. Some communities also allow buttons to be sewn on clothes. Buttons are banned because of their historical origin with military uniforms. The general aesthetic standard is "simplicity": one's clothes cannot stand out by cutting, color or other styles. However, the clothing style of Amish people still stays in the style of19th century. When they appear in the outside world, they are maverick, which goes against their original intention and often attracts curious eyes.

Amish people shave their beards clean when they are single, and keep sideburns when they get married. Beards are not allowed on the lips, because this is the custom of the European army from 16 to 17 century. The custom of keeping sideburns mainly comes from a Jewish tribe.

Amish people pay more and more attention to intermarriage. Genetic diseases in one area usually disappear in other areas. Choosing a spouse from unrelated communities can avoid genetic diseases, for example, between Amish communities in Pennsylvania and Ontario, Canada.

Because they do not buy insurance, it is difficult for Amish people to get medical services in the United States, and there is no universal medical service system in the United States. Since the mid-1960s, some hospitals in the United States have set up special programs to help Amish communities. Most Amish people do not take any birth control measures, including safe period contraception.