Forming factors of Qin Long culture

Geographical environment is an important factor affecting human life. Excellent geographical environment is conducive to people's survival and reproduction, and provides convenience for social life and cultural development; The harsh geographical environment will objectively cause social development and cultural backwardness, and even bring disaster to the region or nation, but at the same time it will inspire people to transform nature. The formation of Qinlong culture is closely related to the geographical environment of Qinlong region.

In terms of natural conditions, the vast loess plateau in Qinlong area is connected with the Gobi Mangchuan in Hexi, the desert grassland in Inner Mongolia, the hilly and gully areas in Shanxi and Henan, and the Qinling Mountains in Bashu. The Yellow River runs through Qinlong area in a convex shape twice. There are thousands of miles of plains, high and flat tablelands, mountains with high peaks and deep valleys, and rolling mountains in Qinlong area. Hexi Corridor used to be a long and narrow artery leading to the western regions, and the business and cultural exchanges between Central Asia and West Asia depended on it.

Guanzhong's "left" is based on the resistance of Hangu, which shows that Taihua is the mountain that ends in the south, and the right boundary praises the danger of slanting the dragon head, with the river of Honghe Jingwei (Ban Gu: "Two Beijing Fu. From Jiuquan, Zhangye, Wuwei and Lanzhou to Tianshui, Pingliang and Xi 'an, they are all located in the geographical crossroads. The Qinlong culture formed under this special spatial condition is not only beneficial to directly absorb foreign cultures, but also beneficial to export China culture. It is by no means the geographical addition of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces and a single agricultural culture. It should also include Sichuan, Qinghai and Ningxia. Its cultural content is similar and different, and its cultural prototype is also extremely high.

From the perspective of economic base, Qinlong has typical mixed characteristics of agriculture and animal husbandry. In ancient China, the grassland culture in the north, the agricultural culture in the Central Plains and the water culture in the south are very clear, while the Qin-Long region has the characteristics of both "agriculture" culture and "animal husbandry" culture. The painted pottery of millet and wheat and the skins of horses, cattle and sheep exist together, and many farming and animal husbandry are found in representative cultural sites such as Banpo, Jiangzhai, Majiayao and Qijiaping in the Neolithic Age. Until modern times, the trade between cloth and silk and leather goods, grain and dried meat was still a characteristic of Qin-Long economy. The Qinling Mountains, as a natural barrier across the south, separate the northern and southern cultures, while the Yellow River, which flows from Shaanxi to Gansu, does not hinder the conflict and integration of pastoral cultures in the northwest and Mongolia. In ancient times, on the premise that land transportation was the main communication channel, the complementary economy of agriculture and animal husbandry in Qinlong had various influences on culture.

From the perspective of ethnic integration, there are a large number of ethnic minorities in Qinlong. In the Zhou dynasty, there were dogs and dogs in the north of Shaanxi and Gansu. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were Yi Qu, Dali and other Xirong in Longdong and Luoshui Valley. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Huns, Qiang people and clans in Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and Hetao areas in Inner Mongolia were very powerful. There were more than 2, clans living in Guanzhong alone, and more than 3, Huns living in Hexi Corridor. The Huns cultural relics left in Qinlong were everywhere, especially the gold and silver ornaments reflecting the fighting style between livestock, poultry and grassland. There are countless Xiongnu, Xianbei, Rouran, Jihu and Jiezu who migrated and settled in Qinlong after Wei and Jin Dynasties. There are more than 2 tribes of Beidi who entered the fortress recorded in historical books, and the ethnic minorities in Guanzhong, Longdong, Longxi and Hexi account for almost half of the population < P >. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people of Turkic, Tuguhun, Tangut, Uighur, Tubo and other nationalities lived together in the wrong place in Qinlong area, which is a phenomenon not found in any other cultural area. Nomadic people entered Qinlong, and their brave, simple, strong and rough features not only changed the character and quality of the people in Qinlong, but also brought new cultural vitality. The glory of Qin and Han Dynasties and the meteorology of Sui and Tang Dynasties are closely related to the minority culture.

From the perspective of population migration, Qinlong is one of the most concentrated areas of large-scale migration in China. After Shang Yang's political reform in Qin State, he increased his strength by attracting people from neighboring countries and relocating the population of conquered areas. After Qin's reunification, he relocated 12, Kanto tycoons to Xianyang at one time, accounting for 6, people. Later, he immigrated from six countries several times, and established a "New Qin Middle" immigrant area in Hetao Plain. In the Han Dynasty, we continued to implement the policy of "securing the Guanzhong and guarding the border areas". The population of aristocratic bureaucrats, powerful landlords and vassals who moved into Guanzhong from the east was nearly 3,, and their descendants were about 1.21 million by the end of the Western Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, more than 8, people immigrated to the four counties of Hexi and the counties of Longxi, Jincheng and Tianshui. In the Han Dynasty, Chang 'an Sanfu ranked the highest in population density in China. There are a large number of Kanto gentry with high educational level among the compulsory immigrants, such as the Confucian scholars who lived in Wuling Town of Xianyang and Wuwei of Hexi. Their immigration undoubtedly promoted the development of Qinlong culture. From the Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, a large number of Zhao Wu's nine surnames Hu moved eastward in the western regions of Central Asia, and many settlements were established in Hexi, Longxi and Guanzhong. They also merged many foreign cultures into Qinlong area, thus making Qinlong culture the most representative area of "Hu Han family".

from the political center, Chang' an was once the capital of 13 dynasties, the first ancient capital of China, and one of the four ancient capitals in the world. Wuwei, an important Silk Road town, was once the capital of former cool, later cool, northern cool and southern cool in the Sixteenth < P > State. This dual feature of national and local political, economic and cultural centers made Qinlong culture not only spread to all regions of China, but also penetrated into all aspects of China culture, such as first-class cultural classics such as Shiji and Tongdian, first-class international capitals such as Han Chang 'an and Tang Chang 'an, and so on. Jionji, Ximing Temple, Seiryuji and other first-class royal monasteries, as well as first-class cultural celebrities famous at home and abroad, have won immortal glory for Qinlong culture and contributed to China culture and world culture. Especially in the unified dynasties of Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, etc., the core position of Qin Long and the central position of the national capital made it easier for its culture to have the representative characteristics of the whole Chinese culture. Although Qin-Long region has merged numerous "Yi Di Rong Man" in different periods, because it is the political center and cultural center of Gyeonggi, it has always maintained a strong assimilation power. Even though the remote nomadic people defeated the agricultural people in Qin-Long militarily, they are often assimilated rapidly in cultural thought. Therefore, the Qin-Long culture has long existed in the area dominated by the political center, and it also has the characteristics of orthodoxy and authority.

therefore, in the long historical process of its formation, Qin Long culture has a very broad absorption, inclusiveness and integration. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Shang Zhou absorbed the Yin culture, while Qin people conquered the Six Kingdoms and absorbed the Kanto culture. In the early Western Han Dynasty, Chu style was advocated, while the Northern Dynasty retained the prototype of "Wuhu" culture, and the Sui and Tang Dynasties fully integrated the southern wind of Hu customs. This large-scale introduction and absorption of Sifang culture not only created a good atmosphere for the prosperity of the regional culture in Qinlong, but also had a distinctive local color that was not found in other regions from the beginning. For example, the clothing customs such as Hu's coat and ankle boots, drapery, and women's men's clothing were rarely seen in the south, and the eating habits such as Hu's cake and cheese, roasted meat, and mutton soup and wheat rice were not popular in the south. Although Qinlong has repeatedly become the central area for unifying China, some features of its regional culture have not completely disappeared. The regional concept of Qin-Long culture was formed naturally after thousands of years of evolution. Today, with a population of more than 6 million, Qinlong is inhabited by 3 ethnic groups, with an area of 655, square kilometers, which is still one of the mainstream of modern Chinese culture.