Ecological Migration in Central China

The main achievements of the western development

1Since the Fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee formally put forward "the country should implement the strategy of developing the western region" on September 22nd, 999, a series of policies and measures have been formulated and implemented one after another, with remarkable results.

First, the growth rate of investment in fixed assets has accelerated. From 2000 to 2008, the investment in fixed assets in the western region grew at an average annual rate of 23.4%, which was 65,438 0.9 percentage points higher than the national average growth rate and 4.4 percentage points higher than that in the eastern region. From the perspective of investment in fixed assets, the proportion of investment in basic fields such as agriculture, transportation and water conservancy has been increasing, from 20.39% in 1999 to 28.36% in 2007. With the support of investment and national policies, transportation and communication facilities have been greatly improved. In 2007, the total mileage ratio of highways in the western region increased by 0.6 compared with 1999. In 200 1 year, the penetration rate of telephones and mobile phones in western China was only 9. 10 and 7.05 per 100 people, and it increased to 20.78 and 32.68 per 100 people in 2007. Great achievements have been made in ecological construction, and the forest coverage rate has increased from 9.03% in 1999 to 14.4% in 2007. In recent years, sandstorms in the northern region have been significantly reduced, and the western region has made great contributions.

Second, the rapid growth of regional economy. Since the implementation of the western development, the growth rate of gross domestic product (GRP) in the western region has been accelerated year by year for eight consecutive years, from 7.3% in 1999 to 14.5% in 2007. In 2008, affected by the financial crisis, the growth rate of the western region declined, but it was still as high as 12.4%, which was higher than that of the whole country and the east respectively. From 1999 to 2008, the average annual growth rate of GRP in the western region reached 1 1.4%, of which the average annual growth rate from 2003 to 2008 reached 13.2%, which was the fastest among the four major regions in China. Judging from the situation of western provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, the economic development speed of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Guangxi and other provinces has been at the forefront of the country. Among them, the growth rate of Inner Mongolia has been the first in the country for seven consecutive years since 2002, and the total economic output of Sichuan Province also exceeded the trillion yuan mark in 2007.

Third, regional industrialization has advanced rapidly. From 1999 to 2008, the proportion of industrial added value in GDP in the western region increased rapidly from 32.9% to 4 1. 1%, an increase of 8.2 percentage points, while the eastern, northeastern and central regions only increased by 4.5, 4.5 and 6.4 percentage points respectively in the same period. The proportion of added value and employment of the primary industry in western China is declining. The proportion of output value dropped from 65,438+23.8% in 099 to 15.6% in 2008, down by 8.2 percentage points, while the proportion of added value of the primary industry in the whole country and the eastern region only dropped by 6.4 and 5.4 percentage points in the same period. The proportion of the added value of the secondary industry in the western region has increased by 7. 1 percentage point, which is also much higher than the eastern region and the national level.

Fourth, the living standards of residents have improved significantly. After ten years of development, the level of economic and social development in the western region has been significantly improved, the comprehensive development ability has been continuously enhanced, and the people's living standards have been significantly improved. First of all, in terms of the per capita GRP growth, from 1999 to 2008, the per capita GRP in the western region increased rapidly from 4,283 yuan to 1595 1 yuan, and its relative level (the average in each region was 100) increased from 60.7% to 63.8. Secondly, urban and rural residents. From 1999 to 2008, the per capita net income of farmers in western China increased from 1662 yuan to 3525 yuan, an increase of 1. 12 times; The per capita disposable income of urban residents increased from 543 1 yuan to 1428 1 yuan, an increase of 1.63 times. Among them, from 2004 to 2008, the average annual growth rate of farmers' per capita net income in the western region reached 1 1.92%, which was 2.8 percentage points higher than that in the eastern region (among them, the income data of urban and rural residents in the eastern and western regions in 2008 was calculated by weighting the income data of urban and rural residents in each province according to the urban and rural population, and summarizing the weighted income data of urban and rural residents)

Fifth, the relative gap between the east and the west tends to narrow. Since the reform and opening up, the development gap between the eastern and western parts of China has experienced a process of first expanding and then narrowing, and the turning point appeared in 2003. It can be clearly seen from the figure 1 that since 2003, although the absolute gap between eastern and western GRP per capita is still widening, its relative gap has gradually narrowed. In 2003, the per capita GDP of the western region was 63.0% lower than that of the eastern region. In 2005, the coefficient decreased to 60.7%, 58.9% in 2007 and 56.9% in 2008, which was 3.3 percentage points lower than the gap level of 1.999. At the same time, after 2007, the relative income gap between urban and rural residents in the eastern and western regions began to narrow. It can be said that in recent years, China's regional economic development has undergone major changes, gradually changing from unbalanced growth to relatively balanced growth.

Sixth, the level of opening up has improved significantly. From 1999 to 2008, the proportion of imports and exports in the western region in the whole country also decreased first and then increased, showing a "U"-shaped change (see Figure 2). This shows that in recent years, the development of open economy in the western region has achieved initial results, and the level of opening up has improved significantly. In 2008, the total import and export volume of the western region reached1142.3 billion US dollars, accounting for 4.46% of the total import and export volume in China, which was 0.365438 and 0 percentage points higher than that of 199 and 105 respectively. From 2000 to 2008, the export volume of the western region grew at an average annual rate of 26.4%, ranking first among the four major regions in China and 1.6 percentage points higher than the national average growth rate. In 2008, the export volume of the western region accounted for 4.5% of the whole country, which was 0.5 percentage points higher than that of 1.999 and 1.0 in 2004 respectively. The average annual growth rate of total import and export in Xinjiang and Gansu exceeds 30%, and the growth rate of import and export in Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces exceeds the national average. From 1999 to 2007, the actual utilization of foreign direct investment in the western region increased from177.3 billion US dollars to 5.05 billion US dollars, with an average annual growth rate of1/kloc-0.3%, much higher than that in the eastern region/kloc-0.0/6. In recent years, the proportion of foreign direct investment actually utilized in the western region has also increased rapidly, from 2.88% in 2004 to 3.45% in 2006 and 4.92% in 2007.

Seventh, the input-output benefit has been steadily improved. The implementation of the large-scale development of the western region has provided unprecedented opportunities for the economic development of the western region, and the industries with distinctive advantages such as energy, heavy chemicals, tobacco and agricultural products processing have made great progress. Driven by these industries, the benefits of industrial input and output in the western region have been significantly improved. During 1999, most indicators of industrial economic benefits in the western region were lower than the national average, but by 2008, all indicators exceeded the national and eastern levels. Among them, the average contribution rate of total assets of industrial enterprises above designated size has reached 13.8%, 0.5 percentage points higher than that of the eastern region; The profit rate of industrial costs and expenses reached 65,438+00.4%, which was 5.3 and 5.6 percentage points higher than the national and eastern average respectively (the data of total assets contribution rate and cost and expense profit rate are the arithmetic average of the national and western provinces).

Problems in the current development of the western region

It should be noted that the implementation of the western development is a long-term and arduous historical task. There is still a long way to go in the future to achieve the goal of building a modern new western region with economic prosperity, social progress, stable life, national unity, beautiful mountains and rivers and rich people. At present, the main problems facing the development of the western region are:

First, the infrastructure is weak and the soft environment needs to be improved. The infrastructure in the western region, especially in rural areas, poverty-stricken areas, remote mountainous areas and border areas, such as transportation, communication, medical and health care, culture, running water and garbage disposal, is still very weak, especially the gap between the information infrastructure and the eastern region has a tendency to expand. For example, the capacity of long-distance automatic exchanges, local telephone exchanges and mobile telephone exchanges in the western region, the density of long-distance optical cable lines per thousand people and the density of broadband Internet ports are far below the average levels in the east and the whole country. The soft investment environment in the western region also needs to be further improved, which is manifested in the following aspects: the degree of marketization in the western region is not high, the proportion of state-owned economy is high, the development of factor market, especially capital market, is imperfect, and the development level of export-oriented economy is still relatively low; The government is huge, the administrative efficiency is low, the examination and approval process is complicated, and the service consciousness is poor; Wait a minute.

Second, the level of development is low and the industrial support is not perfect. The mining and raw material industries in the western region have a large proportion, short industrial chain, low processing depth and comprehensive utilization. In 2007, the added value of high-tech industries in the western region only accounted for 5.6% of the added value of industries above designated size, which was 7.8 percentage points lower than that in the eastern region. At the same time, the development of producer services in the west is lagging behind, the logistics cost is high, and the industrial support is imperfect. The logistics efficiency in the western region is obviously lower than that in the eastern region, and the GRP and the added value of the secondary industry generated by unit freight volume are only about 50% of that in the eastern region. In addition, the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises in the west is difficult, the corporate tax burden is heavy, and the business environment is tense. Western enterprises, especially domestic small and medium-sized enterprises, have difficulty in financing, and the proportion of bank loans available is much lower than that in the eastern region, so they have to obtain the funds needed for enterprise development through non-bank institutions. There are many high-tax industries in the western region, with a high proportion of value-added tax and a low proportion of income tax. The central government takes more taxes from the western region through value-added tax, while less taxes remain in the western region through income tax and other taxes. In addition, the state's tax preference for the western region is mainly enterprise income tax, which leads to a heavier tax burden in the western region.

Third, urbanization lags behind, and the urban-rural dual structure is obvious. In recent years, the western region not only has a low level of urbanization and a serious lag in development, but also has a widening gap with the eastern region. In 2007, the urbanization rate in the western region was only 37.0%, which was 8.0 percentage points lower than the national average and 18.0 percentage points lower than that in the eastern region. From 2000 to 2007, the gap of urbanization rate between the western and eastern regions expanded from 7.2 percentage points to 18.0 percentage points. At the same time, the income gap between urban and rural residents in the western region is large, the dual structure is obvious, and the driving role of central cities is not strong. In 2008, the ratio of per capita disposable income of urban residents to per capita net income of rural residents in eight western provinces exceeded 3.5: 1, among which Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi and Gansu exceeded 4: 1.

Fourth, local financial resources are weak and public service capacity is low. The local financial strength, per capita disposable financial resources and public service capacity in the western region are far lower than those in the eastern region. In 2008, the per capita local fiscal revenue in the western region was 14 13 yuan, only 64.5% of the national average, 40.5% in the eastern region and1/0.3% in Shanghai. At present, local governments in the western region, especially county and township governments, are obviously short of public services. At the same time, the efficiency of fiscal expenditure in the western region is low, and the driving effect of fiscal expenditure on economic growth and improvement of people's living standards is far less than that in the eastern region. From 1999 to 2008, the ratio of GRP growth rate to fiscal expenditure growth rate in the western region was only 0.7, that is, fiscal expenditure growth 1 percentage point, which could only drive GRP growth by 0.7 percentage point; The ratio of per capita GRP growth rate to per capita fiscal revenue growth rate is 0.69, that is, per capita fiscal expenditure growth 1 percentage point, which can only drive per capita GRP growth by 0.69 percentage point, which is lower than the average level of 1.0 in the eastern region and 0.82 in the whole country.

Fifth, the consumption of resources is high and the discharge of three wastes is large. Influenced by resource endowment, industrial base and development stage, the scale of heavy chemical industry and raw material industry in the western region has expanded rapidly in recent years, and the characteristics of high resource consumption and large discharge of three wastes are very obvious. In 2008, the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP in the western region was as high as 1.8 1 ton of standard coal, and the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of industrial added value was as high as 3.43 tons of standard coal, which were 63.9% and 36.7% higher than the national average respectively. It is higher than the national average 17% and 1 14. The industrial added value of the western region only accounts for 14.8% of the whole country, but industrial wastewater, industrial waste gas and industrial solid waste account for 22.5%, 26.9% and 56. 1% of the whole country respectively. The emission of "Three Wastes" per unit of industrial added value in the western region is also much higher than the national average. In 2007, the western region discharged 295,000 tons of wastewater, 556 million cubic meters of industrial waste gas and 356.86 tons of industrial solid waste per 100 million yuan of industrial added value, which were equivalent to 1.72 times, 2.37 times and 46 times respectively in the eastern region.

Thoughts on further promoting the development of the western region

At present, China's regional economy has entered an important turning point, which provides a good opportunity for the further comprehensive and in-depth development of the western region. In the new era, we should unswervingly push forward the implementation of the strategy of developing the western region in an all-round way in accordance with the general idea of "all-round promotion, scientific development, interaction between East and West, and accelerating transformation" to promote the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable economic and social development in the western region. To this end, on the basis of continuing to improve infrastructure and ecological environment construction, we should focus on the following work:

First, accelerate the development of industries with distinctive advantages. It is necessary to further vigorously promote the development of industries with local characteristics and advantages, accelerate the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries with high technology, continue to develop and expand resource-based industries with advantages such as energy and chemical industry, important mineral development and processing industry, characteristic agriculture, animal husbandry and processing industry, support non-resource-based modern industries with advantages such as equipment manufacturing and high-tech industries, actively undertake industrial transfer in the eastern region, cultivate and develop emerging industries with advantages, and vigorously promote the development of modern service industries such as tourism and modern logistics. At the same time, actively cultivate the industrial chain economy, extend the industrial chain, improve the processing depth and comprehensive utilization degree, improve the industrial supporting system, promote the establishment of a number of internationally competitive industrial bases and characteristic advantage industrial parks, promote the development of characteristic advantage industries in the direction of scale, clustering and modernization, and provide solid industrial support for the large-scale development of the western region.

The second is to vigorously promote the optimization of spatial layout. It is necessary to coordinate urban and rural development, accelerate the pace of urbanization, vigorously promote the construction of new countryside, promote the extension of urban infrastructure to rural areas, and build a new development pattern of urban-rural interaction and integration. At the same time, on the basis of continuing to do a good job in the construction of Chengdu-Chongqing, Guanzhong-Tianshui and Beibu Gulf economic zones, we will actively cultivate a number of new growth poles, including Hu Bao-Hubei urban agglomeration, urban agglomeration along the Yellow River and urban agglomeration in central Yunnan. It is necessary to intensify the reform of the household registration system, promote the coordinated agglomeration of population and industry to cities and towns, especially urban agglomerations, promote the implementation of ecological migration projects in ecologically fragile areas, and coordinate the population distribution, industrial layout and resource and environmental carrying capacity in the western region.

The third is to actively build a new pattern of opening up. Actively guide foreign capital, coastal enterprises and development zones to move to the west, and establish a number of demonstration zones to undertake industrial transfer by relying on transportation trunk lines, large and medium-sized cities and industrial parks. At the same time, it is necessary to further open up the communication channels between the west and the east, the northeast and neighboring countries, speed up the construction of highways along the western border, vigorously promote the opening up of the western border areas, strengthen international river development and sub-regional cooperation, establish a number of border free trade zones or special economic zones on the basis of existing border port cities and border economic cooperation zones, and build a new pattern of opening up of the western region.

Fourth, continue to improve basic public services. Further increase the central financial transfer payment, increase the proportion of equalization transfer payment, enhance the service capacity of local governments in the west, improve the level of public services in the west, and effectively promote the equalization of basic public services. It is necessary to optimize the allocation of educational resources in the western region, further consolidate the achievements of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, accelerate the development of vocational education and skills training, comprehensively improve the quality of higher education, and strive to improve the quality of the whole people. Further strengthen the construction of scientific and technological innovation ability in the western region, improve the level of public cultural and sports services, establish and improve the public health and basic medical service system, and improve the social emergency rescue system and rescue system.

The fifth is to improve the national support policy system. It is necessary to change the past GSP and implement targeted and differentiated state support policies for different types of areas such as central cities, resource-rich areas, old industrial bases, poverty-stricken areas and border areas in accordance with the principle of "differentiated treatment and classified guidance" to effectively improve the implementation effect of the policies. We will adopt various policies and measures to actively support the economic and social development of ethnic minority areas, poverty-stricken areas, old revolutionary areas and border areas in the west. At the same time, in view of the restricted and prohibited development areas in the west, establish and improve the regional ecological compensation mechanism.