Articles about Cantonese and Putonghua, about 200 words.

Popularizing Putonghua handwritten newspaper materials

Mandarin is the homophonic sound of modern Han nationality, the standard language of modern Chinese, the tool for communication between different dialect areas of modern Han nationality, and also the tool for communication among all ethnic groups in China, that is, the common language of our country. Article 19 of the general program of China's constitution clearly stipulates: "The state promotes Putonghua which is commonly used throughout the country." The National Common Language Law, which came into effect on 200 1 1, clarified the status of Putonghua as a national common language.

After the founding of New China, the standardization of language and writing has been highly valued. From 65438 to 0955, the National Conference on Character Reform and the Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese were held in Beijing. These two meetings clarified the names, definitions and standards of homonyms in modern Chinese, and officially named them "Putonghua", which means "commonly used" and "* * *". At the same time, the connotation of Putonghua is defined from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, that is, "Beijing pronunciation is the standard pronunciation, northern dialect is the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular is the grammatical norm."

Mandarin is the lingua franca of modern Han nationality and the common language of all ethnic groups in China. Putonghua takes Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm.

The word "Putonghua" appeared as early as the late Qing Dynasty. 1902, Wu Rulun, a scholar, visited Japan, and the Japanese suggested to him that China should carry out Putonghua education to unify the language. The name "Mandarin" was mentioned in the conversation. 1904, when Qiu Jin, a modern female revolutionary, was studying in Japan, she organized a "lecture liaison meeting" with students studying in Japan, and drew up a booklet, in which the name "Putonghua" appeared. 1906, Zhu, a scholar who studied word segmentation, divided Chinese into "Chinese" (classical Chinese), "Putonghua" and "common sayings" (dialects) in his book Jiangsu Xin Xin. He not only put forward the name of "Mandarin", but also gave a clear definition of "Mandarin". In 1930s, Qu Qiubai put forward in the article "War beyond the Gate of Hell" that "the task of literary revolution is by no means limited to creating some new styles of poems, novels and plays. It should establish a modern Mandarin accent for China. " "Modern Mandarin, a new Chinese language, should be used in all parts of China, with modern" people's words ",polyphony and ending ..."

The definition of "Putonghua" has been unclear for decades before liberation, and there are also different views. After the founding of New China, during the "National Character Reform Conference" and the "Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese" held in June 1955, the Chinese homonym was officially named "Putonghua", and at the same time, its definition was determined, that is, "taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation and northern dialect as the basic dialect". 195510/On October 26th, People's Daily published an editorial entitled "Strive to Promote Chinese Character Reform, Popularize Putonghua and Realize Chinese Standardization". The article mentioned: "The language of China people is the same, that is, Putonghua with northern dialect as the basic dialect and Beijing accent as the standard pronunciation." 1956 On February 6th, the State Council issued an instruction on the promotion of Putonghua, adding the definition of Putonghua as "taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm". This definition clarifies the standard of Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, which makes the definition of Putonghua more scientific and thorough. Among them, the word "Putonghua" means "universal" and "accessible".

The reasons for not wanting to speak Mandarin are quite complicated. To sum up, there are mainly the following aspects.

First, it is dominated by "conformity psychology" and "convergence psychology". Because there is no atmosphere of speaking Mandarin around, some people are afraid that speaking Mandarin will not be understood by others, which will lead to irony and blow, so they are unwilling to "stand out" and adopt a herd attitude; Some teachers can speak fluent Mandarin in class, but they all speak dialects after class and in other communication occasions, for fear that speaking Mandarin will be regarded as conspicuous and difficult to get along with others. Some cadres worry that speaking Putonghua will be regarded as bureaucratic jargon, which will make people lose their intimacy and alienate themselves from the masses. Under the control of this conformity and convergence psychology, it often happens that if the other person speaks a dialect in social interaction, the other person will also talk with him in dialect, which makes him more accessible and friendly. So many people don't want to speak Mandarin socially.

Second, influenced by "dialect superiority". People in some metropolises have a sense of superiority because their urban economic construction, science and culture are in the leading position in the country, and they feel superior, so they do not speak Mandarin when communicating with foreigners, but speak dialects to show this sense of superiority.

Third, some people have no normative consciousness of language and writing in their minds. They don't know that the promotion of Putonghua is stipulated in the national constitution and is a basic national policy of our country. They don't know that to promote Putonghua, they should also fulfill their civic obligations and abide by national laws and regulations. They mistakenly believe that speaking Mandarin is a personal act and has nothing to do with others. Therefore, when they should speak Mandarin, they don't realize the use of Mandarin at all, but let dialects become popular at will.

There are some people who can't speak Mandarin at ordinary times, so they can't express their thoughts and feelings fluently in Mandarin. They always feel uncomfortable and unaccustomed to speaking Mandarin, which affects their expression, so they don't want to speak Mandarin. Sometimes they start to say a few words in Mandarin and then switch to dialects. There are also some people who simply don't speak Mandarin, because they don't speak Mandarin well and are afraid of making a fool of themselves and being laughed at.

Sister-in-law in mountain village studies Mandarin hard.

Shijiazhuang Daily News "Ben-Pen, Ma-Fa". On August 9th, a sound of learning Chinese Pinyin came from the primary school classroom at the entrance of Shangduan Village in Zanhuang County. When I entered the classroom, I saw that it was not primary school students who were learning pinyin, but a group of peasant women. Only after asking did I know that this was a short training course for Putonghua held in Shangduan Village.

Why does the sister-in-law in the mountain want to learn Mandarin? This is because Shangduan Village is located in the deep mountain area in the west of Zanhuang County and has been the poorest village in the county for many years. Desperate villagers have twice jointly requested immigrants to move. In March last year, Wang Junying, secretary of the county party committee, made an investigation here to mobilize the villagers to use the rich resources in the village, such as Sixianggongzhai, Qipaifeng and Wei Great Wall, to start tourism development. Now, the road is connected, the phone is connected, and the TV signal is available. Qipanshan Scenic Area has been developed, and every household in the village has had a tourist meal: more than 30 family hotels have been opened, and more than 20 restaurants have been built to sell souvenirs and be tour guides. Last year, the per capita income of the whole village increased by more than 600 yuan and married five good daughters-in-law. After SARS this year, tourists are full every day, and people from other provinces and cities also come here. However, in contact with tourists, farmers find it difficult to communicate with tourists in dialect, and sometimes they make jokes. The villagers realized that to develop tourism, they must learn Mandarin. With the help of the county tourism bureau, they invited the Chinese teacher of Zanhuang Middle School to teach Mandarin and reception etiquette. Shen Jinting, the village party secretary, said: "We should do more quality training in the future. Only in this way can we do a good job in tourism. "

Poetry: The favorite water is always the Yellow River water.

Give us a color of the sun to melt snow.

Favorite dish is onion mixed with tofu.

One is green and the other is white. This person is not adulterated.

My favorite shoes are my mother's musicians.

Stand firm and enter the world in a down-to-earth manner.

My favorite thing to say is always Chinese.

Clear pronunciation and mellow voice is the most important thing.

My favorite character is the square character taught by Mr. Wang.

Be upright, be like.

The favorite thing to do is to repay our mother.

Travel all over the world, never change your mind, and always love China.