How to recite geography questions?

Reading and analyzing geographical images is the key to learning geography well. My point is: a typical image must remember the extent to which it can be drawn by closing a book; It can identify and analyze general images and special images with large information. The following information is for reference:

At present, there are three requirements for the examination of image knowledge in college entrance examination:

1, generally read visual perception to get direct information.

(1) Reading requirements: Identify what geographical things or phenomenon symbols represent.

(2) Drawing reading steps: First, look at the legend notes; Second, distinguish individual elements and explain the geographical things or phenomena represented by symbols; The third is the overall situation, from single item to synthesis, from left to right, and finally the overall description: the filling, the calculation and the explanation are answered one by one.

2. Analyze and interpret the visual analysis of the image to obtain indirect information.

(1) Visual analysis requirements: Participate in activities through feeling, perception, memory and thinking.

(2) Visual analysis procedure:

The first step is to obtain direct information through vision, feeling and perception;

The second step is to extract some knowledge related to direct information from the memory warehouse; The third step is to process and sort out the knowledge by using thinking methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, reasoning and judgment.

(3) Answer: According to the requirements of the topic, first answer what geographical things (direct information) are displayed in the image, and then answer the conclusion after analysis and explanation, which is the indirect information obtained.

3. Draw scatter chart, histogram, ocean current and isotherm, contour line, and so on.

Review methods of several common geographical images

(A), the interpretation of the regional distribution map

Generally, comprehensive maps including topography, rivers, minerals, cities, railways and other elements are based on administrative maps, and others include climate type maps, water system maps, resource maps, ocean current maps, industrial and agricultural maps, and traffic maps. The interpretation of geographical distribution map needs the following aspects:

1. Determine the geographical location and preliminarily extract effective information.

First, determine the country and region by latitude and longitude. Master the areas where the main longitude and latitude lines in the world pass, such as the equator, the tropic of cancer, the 0 meridian, and the countries, regions, continents and large topographic areas where the longitude line 120 E passes.

Secondly, the relative geographical position is determined by well-known countries, islands, lakes, rivers and topography. That is, by comparing the direction and distance of a geographical thing with the well-known geographical things around it, its position is clear. If the names of geographical things are not given, they can be judged by their contours and shapes. Because the contours of every continent, country and province in China have their own particularities, we should pay attention to observation, comparison and summary. Such as trapezoidal Egypt, rooster-headed China, kneeling figurine-shaped Shaanxi Province, fat goose-shaped Heilongjiang Province, etc.

2. Be familiar with and make full use of legends and notes to fully extract effective information.

3. Integrate information and verify the location.

The homing verification is to bring the comprehensive information back to a specific area and "look back" according to the requirements of the question type, which can ensure the accuracy.

Inspection requirements of various regional maps

1, the image of regional distribution This topic is often cut into the background of major hot issues, focusing on the regional geographical knowledge of China and the world.

2. The image problem based on regional path requires focusing on the spatial structure, development and change process of geographical things in different regions (including natural geographical elements, human geographical elements and the relationship between human activities and the environment). On this basis, students' map space concept, thinking map construction, graphic transformation and knowledge transfer ability are investigated.

3. The descriptive image problem of regional analysis requires familiarity with the basic concepts of geographical backbone knowledge, understanding and mastering the basic principles of geography, and truly embodying the significance of conceptual principles in knowledge application. This kind of problem has many forms, generally including profile, principle (cause) schematic diagram, landscape diagram, system connection diagram, statistical diagram and so on.

Regional unified examination knowledge link

1. The main contents of the regional distribution type are: ① important geographical boundaries (such as continental boundaries, monsoon and non-monsoon areas, outflow and inflow areas, three-step boundaries, climate and population boundaries, etc. ); (2) the scope of important regions (such as major countries in Central and Eastern Europe and Northern Europe, East Asian countries, West Asian non-Arab countries, etc. ); The scope of important international or regional organizations and their changes (such as OPEC member countries, ASEAN, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, etc.). ).

2. The key contents of regional path types are: ① moving path (such as typhoon moving path, frontal moving path, wind direction, etc.). ); ② Selection and design of traffic routes (such as sea transportation, railway lines and tourist routes); (3) product transportation routes (such as world oil, iron ore, coal, wood, wheat and other transportation routes); ④ Population migration; ⑤ Route of major projects in China (such as Qinghai-Tibet Railway, West-East Gas Transmission, South-to-North Water Transfer, West-to-East Power Transmission, etc.). ); ⑥ Scientific investigation route, etc.

3. The key contents of explanatory regional analysis include drawing or interpretation of the following charts: ① section; ② Statistical chart of climate data (precipitation, temperature); ③ Various scale charts and statistical curves; ④ Comparison chart of regional differences (distribution of industry, agriculture, etc. ).

(2) Interpretation of topographic maps (including topographic profiles)

Interpretation of contour topographic map

1, you should master the basic characteristics of isoline map.

(1) quantitative characteristics,

② Morphological characteristics,

2, master the basic knowledge of contour (see contour map), which is the key to identify contour map.

3. Proficiently judge the basic landform types on the contour map; Learn to identify some special landform types. Such as crescent dunes, volcanoes and terraces.

4. Learn the comprehensive interpretation and application of isoline map. (See contour map for details)

Interpretation and drawing of topographic profile

1, the explanation method and steps are as follows:

① See in what direction the section line is made;

(2) According to the curve bending and the altimeter on the map (that is, the height of the vertical scale), read out the topographic features and topographic fluctuations along the line;

③ Interpret the terrain features along the line or judge the terrain area.

2. The drawing method and steps are as follows:

(1) Determine the vertical and horizontal coordinate scale and draw the coordinates according to the requirements of the section line.

(2) Find the intersection of section line and high line on the map, and record their elevation and elevation difference one by one.

(3) map them to the coordinates of the outline one by one,

(4) Connect these coordinate points into a smooth curve, that is, complete the outline.

It should be noted here that when the curve turns to potential, the shape of the connecting line between two adjacent points depends on the local shape of the plane topographic map.

(3) Interpretation of contour map

Isogram is a common thematic map, which generally includes isoline map, isobar map, isotherm map, isoprecipitation map, isobar radiation map, isobar density map, isobar height map, isobar salinity map, isobar map, isobar potential map, isobar map, isobar map, etc. In recent years, there have been several forms of combining isolines in test questions, such as using one map for multiple purposes, which can better examine the ability. The following aspects should be paid attention to in the interpretation of isoline map:

1. Look at the numerical value of isoline and determine the gradual change law and direction of geographical elements. This step is the most critical, it will affect the judgment of a series of problems.

2. Look at the curve shape change of isoline and determine the distribution characteristics of geographical elements.

3. According to the density of isoline, determine the urgency and size of the change of geographical elements.

4. Look at the closed curve of isoline and determine the local high or low value center of geographical elements.

Isothermal diagram

1, the distribution and change of the highest and lowest months of temperature, paying special attention to some important isotherms, such as the highest month 20 isotherm and the lowest month 0 isotherm.

2. Density and temperature difference of isotherm.

3. The relationship between isotherm strike and latitude, coastal strike and topography.

4. Bending of isotherm. The curve of isotherm is related to many factors, such as land and sea distribution, ocean current, topography and so on.

5. Closure of isotherm. The closed area of isotherm is mostly influenced by topography, forming a cold and warm center.

Isobar diagram

1, the basic form of sea level pressure field:

2. Explanation of wind force and direction.

3. The weather has changed.

① Interpretation of air mass weather map

② Interpretation of cyclone and anticyclone weather charts.

③ Interpretation of frontal weather map

contour map

1. Roughly judge the terrain type according to the numerical value (elevation) of the contour topographic map.

(1) Generally, plains are below 200 meters above sea level.

(2) The elevation of hills is below 500m, and the relative height is below100m.

(3) Mountains with an altitude of more than 500 meters and a relative height of 100 meters.

(4) Above 500 meters above sea level, the relative height is relatively small. Contours are very dense at the edge, but sparse at the top, such as plateau.

2. When the contour line is a closed curve, the top of the mountain is the place with high inside and low outside, as shown in Figure A, with high outside and low inside.

3. Where contour lines overlap and are jagged, it is a steep cliff. The relative height of the cliff can be calculated by the formula: (n-1) d ≤ h.

4. Saddle represented by the relative protruding parts of two sets of contour lines between two mountain tops.

5. The contour line protrudes from the higher part to the lower part as the ridge line, and the connection line at the maximum bend is the ridge line, also called the watershed.

6. The contour line protruding from the lower part to the higher part is the valley, and the connection line at the maximum bend of the contour line is the valley line, also called the catchment line.

7. Dense contour lines are steep slopes, while sparse contour lines are gentle slopes. Note that when judging the slope, we should also look at the isometric values of the scale and isoline.

8. Some contour topographic maps have no data, but are represented by slope lines.

(2) Practical application

1. Optional reservoir: it should be built at the narrowest exit of rivers and valleys with dense contour lines; It is also necessary to avoid geological fault zones and consider issues such as immigration and ecological environment. The reservoir area should be selected in valleys and valleys or "pocket" depressions or small basins. ?

2. Land use type: according to the terrain type reflected by contour lines, agricultural production division is carried out according to local conditions. Generally, most of the plains are cultivated land, while most of the grasslands on hillsides develop animal husbandry and most of the mountains develop forestry. Construction land is mostly near plains, rivers and lakes and traffic lines.

3. Factory location: In addition to traffic, resources, technology and other factors, terrain and geological conditions are often considered.

4. Construction of bathing beaches and docks: bathing beaches are mostly selected on beaches with gentle slopes, and docks are selected on rocky shores.

5. Building a sanatorium: generally choose a place with quiet environment, fresh air and high forest coverage on the sunny slope of suburban mountainous areas.

6. Selection of traffic routes: Using favorable terrain, we should not only consider the length of the distance, but also consider the stability of the route. Generally, we should try to be parallel to the contour line, avoid steep cliffs and landslides, cross rivers and build bridges as little as possible.

7. Interpretation and analysis of hydrological system characteristics

Isogram

High-value area or low-value area subtropical sea area, forming high-value area; The highest salinity in the world appears in the Red Sea and the lowest salinity in the Baltic Sea.

Numerical variation trend and its application: from nearshore to ocean, salinity becomes higher; From the equator to the subtropical waters, the salinity becomes higher; From the high latitude sea area to the subtropical sea area, the salinity becomes higher.

At the mouth of the river, the salinity changes rapidly and the isobars are dense.

The factors affecting the bending are climate (precipitation and evaporation), river runoff, cold and warm air flow and so on.

It is used to judge the changes of river runoff, cold and warm air flow, etc. Judge the draft of the ship, the direction of density current, etc.

Isoline height map

Basic interpretation method of isocentric height map

1. Generally speaking, in an isocentric diagram, the circle represents the isocenter, the center of the circle is the direct point of the sun, and the straight line passing through the center of the circle is the meridian (except the equator). Pay special attention to the fact that it is not necessarily the same meridian, and the arc passing through the center is the latitude.

2. If there is no special digital label, the largest circle in the heliograph is the heliograph with the solar height of 0, which is the termination line, and the solar altitude angles in other places in the graph are all greater than 0, so it can also be said that the hemispheres shown in the graph are all daytime hemispheres. Generally speaking, the largest semicircle in the east of the direct meridian of the sun is the dark line, and the largest semicircle in the west is the morning line. However, there are exceptions to figures marked with numbers.

3. The central point in the schematic diagram is the point of direct sunlight, so the meridian passing through this point is 12, and the latitude passing through this point is the latitude of direct sunlight on this day, and its noon sun height angle is 90. According to this latitude, we can infer the hemisphere and season where the direct sunlight is located at this time.

As far as the north-south direction is concerned, the latitude difference is as much as the height angle of the sun on the direct meridian of sunlight. As far as the east-west direction is concerned, if the sun is direct sunlight, how many degrees is the difference between the longitude and the height of the sun on the equator? If the sun shines directly at other latitudes, the longitude difference must be greater than the height difference of the sun.

5. Because the north-south span of the sun's height on the meridian where the sun's direct point is located is 180, the latitude span of the meridian where the sun's direct point is located in the hemisphere during the day is also 180.

6. Pay attention to the differences between noon sun height and sun height, local time, Beijing time and universal time when interpreting.

isohyet

① Regional distribution difference of precipitation: dense-large difference, sparse-small difference.

② The isoprecipitation line is parallel to the coastline-the precipitation decreases from the coast to the inland.

③ The isorainfall line runs parallel to the mountain range: windward slope-rainy, leeward slope-rainy.

(4), the interpretation of geographical statistics.

According to the geographical digital data, the intuitive graphics are called geographical statistical maps. Generally, it can be drawn as column (or straight line), fan (or pie), curve (or broken line) and so on. It shows the quantity of things and its changing trend intuitively and concisely.

Graphics (generally based on rectangular coordinate system)

Graph is a kind of statistical graph with high frequency in college entrance examination, which uses the ups and downs of lines (gradual rise and wave rise) to express the changes and development trends of geographical graphs, and is mainly used to observe the laws of geographical elements changing with time and space. Such as temperature curve and river flow curve.

1, rectangular coordinate graphics have the following characteristics:

(a) there are two or more coordinate axes representing two or more geographical things;

(2) Representing the temporal and spatial distribution and changes of geographical things;

③ Reflect the internal relations of geographical things, especially the appearance of their causality.

2. Basic methods of explanation

(1) Name and legend.

② See clearly the names, units and scales of geographical things on the coordinate axis;

③ Read the data and meaning on the coordinate axis;

(4) Read the highest and lowest values of each curve, understand its overall changing trend and summarize its overall characteristics;

⑤ Clarify and distinguish the meanings represented by each axis;

⑥ Explain and infer the corresponding results.

When reading Cartesian coordinate map, we should pay attention to avoid the following mistakes: First, on the map representing two or more types of geographical things, we can't correspond each curve to the corresponding ordinate one by one, but we are confused, which leads to wrong judgment; Second, we should not only pay attention to the quantity, strength, increase and decrease of geographical things in the image, but also further distinguish different development stages, increasing and decreasing trends and differences, otherwise it will be impossible to summarize the geographical laws.

bar chart

The histogram focuses on the absolute number of geographical things. For example, the column of precipitation in the "annual precipitation change map of a certain place" shows the value of monthly precipitation. The quantitative information on the map can not be ignored in the interpretation of histogram, which will lead to misjudgment. For example, if you compare the precipitation of two precipitation histograms, you can't judge whether the precipitation is the same or different just by looking at the height of the precipitation column, but also by looking at the unit value of the ordinate clearly.

(5) Schematic diagram of geographical principle

The schematic diagram of geographical principles uses concise and vivid graphics to explain the geographical principles such as the causes and evolution laws of geographical things, and its forms are flexible and diverse. There have been a large number of teaching materials, and various variant diagrams have appeared according to the schematic diagrams and related text contents in the teaching materials, which are frequent visitors in the college entrance examination in recent years and deserve attention. The basic steps of its interpretation are:

1, look at the picture and try to understand the meaning of the question.

2, recall association, looking for the known

3. Extract information, analyze and infer,

4, according to the problem, do the problem.

(6) Geographic data table

It is clearly pointed out in the outline of geography college entrance examination that the investigation of students' ability to analyze geographical tables is also the weak link of middle school students in the three subjects of literature and synthesis, and of course it can best reflect the scientific characteristics of geography. However, when students finish this kind of problems, they are not satisfactory, exposing many deficiencies in knowledge, methods, analysis and problem solving. The explanation of several levels is:

1, based on the existing tabular data, pays attention to the cultivation of language elaboration ability.

Some answers have been clearly shown in the table, so in essence we only need to explain them in accurate and standardized language. In language elaboration, we should not only focus on the whole and grasp the general laws, but also reflect the key changes or special differences of elements; Strive to accurately and comprehensively reflect the characteristics of elements with geographical terms. Don't compress the text for simplicity, so that the explanation of elements is too superficial, or even there is a generalization error.

2. Expand tabular data information and improve the ability to analyze problems.

For some tabular data, the geographical elements provided by different fields, that is, comparison items, are not isolated. They can not only show us the characteristics of the element itself (such as size, height, etc. ), it also reveals deeper information to us through some relationship between them, which opens up the thinking space for better analyzing related problems. A deep understanding of the meaning of each comparison item element is to be able to tap the deep relationship foundation of tabular data and find more useful problem-solving information, which is an important aspect of the college entrance examination now.

3. Mining the data hidden behind the table to improve the ability to solve problems.

If the previous analysis is based on the data provided by the form itself, it is even more necessary for candidates to incorporate the background data hidden behind the form into the analysis process of the overall form data. Obviously, in this process, it is very important to memorize the basic data such as the area and population of continents, oceans and key countries, as well as the important geographical factors such as the length and flow of world-famous rivers. It is worth noting that in recent years, the college entrance examination image questions have gradually developed into diversification and integration, and there have been complex images with novel styles, various image combinations and emphasis on examination ability. However, as long as we master the basic judgment methods of common image questions and use them flexibly, we can cope with all kinds of changes and be prepared and invincible.

(7), lighting, terminator diagram

1, alternating day and night: Because the earth is an opaque and unlit sphere, it forms a day and night phenomenon under the irradiation of sunlight; The alternation of day and night is influenced by the rotation of the earth.

2. Day and night hemisphere: the hemisphere illuminated by the sun is the daytime hemisphere, and the hemisphere not illuminated by the sun is the night hemisphere. The banded region at the junction of the day and night hemispheres is the termination line. Among them, along the direction of the earth's rotation, the morning line changes from night hemisphere to day hemisphere; The change from the daytime hemisphere to the nighttime hemisphere is a blurred line. The terminator line in the picture is the morning line.

(8), geographical space evolution map