Review materials of geography exam in the second day of junior high school of People's Education Edition (satisfaction plus points)

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The first volume of the eighth grade biology outline

Fifth unit

Chapter 1 Animals in Different Environments

1. There are many kinds of animals, and there are about1.5000 known at present. These animals can be divided into two categories: one is vertebrates, which have thorns in their bodies; One is invertebrates, which have no spine in their bodies.

2. Earthworms live in humid soil rich in humus, and make their bodies squirm through the cooperation of bristles and muscles.

3. The living environment and movement modes of animals are varied, which are adapted to them from the aspects of morphological structure and life activities.

Fish can live in water, which has two important characteristics: one is that they can get food and defend against enemies by swimming, and the other is that they can breathe in water.

5. There are many kinds of mammals, except a few, all of which have the characteristics of body surface coat, viviparous and lactation.

6. The rabbit's heart is divided into four chambers: right ventricle, right atrium, left ventricle and left atrium.

7. Rabbits and other mammals have brains and nerves all over their bodies, and they can feel the stimulation from the environment and adapt to the environment better.

8. Like frogs, larvae live in water and breathe through gills; Adults live an amphibious life, breathing with their lungs and at the same time breathing with their skin. This animal is called amphibian.

9. The body surface of this insect is covered with a tough exoskeleton, which can maintain and support the soft organs inside and prevent water loss in the body.

10. Birds are covered with feathers; Forelimbs become wings; There are airbags in the body, which can assist breathing; Body temperature is high and constant. All these characteristics are the characteristics that birds adapt to flying life.

1 1. In order to survive, animals should be good at finding and getting food to avoid being preyed by other animals. It all depends on the motor system and nervous system; Unlike plants, most animals can move freely.

12. The blood circulation of mammals and birds includes systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. The ability to transport oxygen is strong, which is beneficial to the decomposition of organic matter and provides enough energy for the body, which can keep their body temperature relatively constant and reduce their dependence on the environment.

13. Insects are the most diverse animals, with more than 1 10,000 known species.

14. There is rich mucus on the surface of earthworm body wall, and there are dense capillaries in the body wall. The oxygen in the air first dissolves in the mucus on the body surface, then permeates into the body wall, and then enters the capillaries inside; At the same time, carbon dioxide in the body oozes from the body surface through capillaries in the body wall. Earthworms can't keep a constant body temperature and can only live in deep soil with little temperature change.

15. In the process of scientific inquiry, it is sometimes difficult to draw a conclusion by observation alone, so we rely on experiments or simulation experiments to explore.

16. When a fish swims, it relies on the swing of its tail to generate the power to move forward; The balance of the body is maintained by pectoral fin, ventral fin, dorsal fin and gluteal fin, and the forward direction is maintained by caudal fin.

17. When observing fish gills, there are many filamentous structures called gill filaments. This filamentous structure is red because it has many capillaries inside, which makes it suitable for breathing.

18. Arthropods are characterized by: the body is composed of many segments; There is an exoskeleton on the body surface; The foot and antenna are segmented.

Chapter II Animal Movement and Behavior

1. The motor system of mammals consists of bones and muscles.

2. The movement of mammals is not only completed by the motor system, but also controlled and regulated by the nervous system. At the same time, the respiratory system, digestive system and circulatory system need to work together to provide energy for the movement of the motor system.

3. When the human body bends the elbow, the biceps brachii contracts and the triceps brachii relaxes. When doing elbow extension, triceps brachii contracts and biceps brachii relaxes.

4. Termites are gregarious insects, and gregarious members have different functions. "The spawning machine is a female ant; Termites guarding nests are soldier ants; The role of worker ants is to build nests and feed male, female, soldier and young ants.

5. "Eating prunes to quench thirst" belongs to learning behavior, "watching prunes to quench thirst" belongs to innate behavior, and "saying prunes to quench thirst" belongs to innate behavior.

6. On the leaves of Chinese cabbage, cabbage, Chinese cabbage and other vegetables, you can often see some small dark green carnivores, which are Pieris rapae, fine worms of Pieris rapae, which grow into pupae and then emerge into Pieris rapae.

7. The colony of bees consists of queen bees, drones and worker bees. Different members work together to maintain the life of the group and have a series of animal social behaviors.

8. A newborn pony can stand up quickly, shake its body a few times and walk. Chickens can peck with hens as soon as they come out of the eggshell. These behaviors are all natural behaviors.

9. In nature, information exchange between organisms is everywhere. Due to the existence of material flow, energy flow and information flow, the relationship between organisms is complex, and organisms and the environment become a unified whole.

10. From the way of obtaining animal behavior, animal behavior can be divided into two types: innate behavior and learning behavior.

1 1. The thicker part in the middle of skeletal muscle is called muscle abdomen, and the thinner and milky parts at both ends are called tendons.

12. Animal learning behavior refers to the behavior obtained from life experience and learning on the basis of genetic factors and through the role of environmental factors.

13. The innate behavior of animals refers to the innate behavior of animals, which is determined by the genetic material in animals.

Chapter III The Role of Animals in the Biosphere

1. There are interdependent and restrictive relationships among various organisms in the food chain.

2. The radar is made according to the echolocation principle of bats, and the flash is made according to the luminous principle of fireflies. People are simulating the function of human brain and developing intelligent robots.

3. Animals and plants in nature have formed an interdependent and adaptive relationship in the long-term survival and development process.

Animals can help plants pollinate and make these plants reproduce smoothly. Animals can help plants spread fruits and seeds, which is beneficial to expand the distribution of plants.

5. Animals, as consumers, directly or indirectly feed on plants, and through digestion and absorption, convert the ingested organic matter into substances for their own use, which can be used by producers. The excreta or remains discharged by animals can also release substances such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen-containing inorganic salts after decomposition by decomposers, which shows that animals can promote the material cycle of ecosystems.

6. From the movement of "killing sparrows" in 1950s and 1960s to the call of experts to protect sparrows now, all these are to warn future generations to pay attention to the relationship between man and nature from the perspective of ecological balance.

Scientists study the use of animals as "production workshops" to produce certain substances needed by human beings. This is a bioreactor.

8. The proportion of animal husbandry and fishery output value to agricultural output value is one of the signs to measure the degree of economic development of a country or region.

9. With the rapid development of science and technology, there are more and more new instruments and equipment that imitate biological manufacturing.

Chapter IV Widely Distributed Bacteria and Fungi

1. Bacteria and most fungi are relatively small. In order to facilitate observation and detection, substances needed for their growth can be added to Petri dishes and made into culture media for culture.

2. Morphologically, bacteria can be divided into three categories: cocci, bacilli and spirillus, all of which are single-celled individuals.

3. After a bacterium or fungus propagates, it forms an aggregate visible to the naked eye, which is called a colony.

4. The prepared culture medium can be used after high temperature sterilization and cooling. The process of putting a small amount of bacteria or fungi on the culture medium is called inoculation.

5. The individual of bacteria is very small, about 65.438+0 billion bacteria piled together, only the size of a small grain of rice. The morphology of bacteria can only be observed by high power microscope or electron microscope.

6. Penicillium is cyan and Aspergillus is yellow, black or orange-red.

7. Mature yeast cells protrude outward and are called buds, which gradually grow up and eventually leave the mother and become new individuals. This kind of propagation is called bud propagation.

8. Bacterial colonies are relatively small, and the surface is smooth, sticky or rough and dry. The colonies formed by mold are fluffy, flocculent or cobweb-like.

9. More people suffer from gastroenteritis in summer than in winter. This is because the hot summer has high temperature and high humidity, which is suitable for the reproduction and growth of bacteria and fungi. If food is not preserved properly or for a long time, it will be contaminated by bacteria and fungi and deteriorate. People who eat bad food are prone to gastroenteritis.

10. Joan refers to a substance that can gel into a solid state after boiling and cooling, and is one of the commonly used materials for making culture media.

1 1. The cell structure of bacteria includes cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, areas where DNA is concentrated, and no nucleus is formed. Among them, the cell wall has the function of protecting bacteria. Some bacteria have an envelope outside their cell walls.

12. If you have 100 bacteria in your hand, the reproduction speed of bacteria is calculated as one generation every 30 minutes. If you don't wash your hands, theoretically the number of bacteria on your hands is 25600 after 4 hours. What is your deepest experience about this?

Hint answer: Pay attention to personal hygiene and wash your hands frequently.

Chapter V Functions of Bacteria and Fungi in Biosphere

1. Bacteria and fungi can get organic matter from food, and grow and reproduce in food, leading to food decay.

2. Some kinds of bacteria and fungi live parasitically. They absorb nutrients from living animals, plants or people, leading to different diseases between animals, plants and people.

3. Using bacteria and fungi as biological pesticides can not only control the number of pests, but also reduce the use of pesticides and reduce environmental pollution.

Most bacteria and fungi are decomposers of ecosystems. Without decomposers, the remains of animals and plants will pile up like mountains, and animals and plants will lose their living space.

5. The main principle of preventing food from spoilage is to kill bacteria and fungi in food or inhibit their growth and reproduction.

6. In the roots of leguminous plants such as peanuts and soybeans, there is a nodule with nitrogen fixation function, which can transform nitrogen in the air into nitrogen-containing substances that plants can absorb, and leguminous plants can provide organic matter for fungi. The relationship between leguminous plants and fungi is * * *.

7. The gray-green hard-shelled plants that grow on old walls, trunks or rocks are lichens. In fact, lichens were formed when algae and fungi were born together. Algae provide organic matter for fungi through photosynthesis, and fungi can provide water and inorganic salts for algae.

8. People suffer from tonsil scarlet fever; People with tinea pedis; Both rice blast and wheat leaf rust are caused by the parasitic life of some kinds of bacteria and fungi.

9. There are many organic substances in domestic sewage and industrial wastewater, which can be used as food for bacteria. In anaerobic environment, some bacilli and methanogens decompose these substances through fermentation, and the generated biogas can be used for lighting, heating or power generation, and the wastewater has also been purified. Under aerobic conditions, these substances can also be used to survive, decompose organic matter into water and inorganic salts, and purify sewage.

10. Scientists transferred the genes controlling insulin synthesis into E.coli, and cultivated E.coli on a large scale, enabling it to produce insulin as a drug for treating diabetes on a large scale.

1. Biological classification is the basic method to study organisms. Biological classification mainly divides organisms into species, genera and other levels according to similarity, and scientifically describes the morphological structure and other characteristics of each group, so as to clarify the genetic relationship and evolutionary relationship between different groups.

2. Classification is based on the characteristics of biological morphology, structure and physiological function, and the basic unit of classification is species.

3. According to whether plants can produce seeds, they can be divided into seed plants and spore plants, including ferns, algae and bryophytes.

4. Among the seeds produced by plants, one is covered with pericarp and the other is not. Plants that produce the former seeds are called angiosperms, and plants that produce the latter seeds are gymnosperms.

5. In angiosperms, flowers, fruits and seeds often become an important basis for classification.

6. When classifying plants, biologists should carefully observe the morphological structure of plants, such as the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and species of angiosperms, and find their identical or different characteristics from these organs, so as to determine their genetic relationship.

7. The classification of animals should not only compare the external morphological characteristics, but also compare the internal structure and physiological functions of animals.

8. Besides plants and animals, there are fungi, bacteria, viruses and other organisms, which should be classified according to their corresponding characteristics.

9. Taxonomic units are in descending order: phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

10. In order to scientifically classify organisms and find out their genetic relationship, biologists divide them into different levels of taxonomic units according to their similarity, which are divided into animal kingdom, plant kingdom and other kingdoms, and each kingdom is divided into six smaller levels.

1 1. In the same taxon, there are occasionally some similar features. The smaller the taxon, the more common features they contain among species, and vice versa.

12. The species of horses belong to Equus, Chiroptera, Mammals, Vertebrates, Chordata and Animals.

13. Peach belongs to Prunus, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Dicotyledonous Plants, Angiosperms, Seed Plants and Plants.

1. The connotation of biodiversity should include three levels: genetic diversity, biological diversity and ecosystem diversity.

2. China is called "the hometown of gymnosperms".

3. The diversity of genes lies in that the genes of different species are very different, and the individuals of the same species are also different in gene composition. Every organism is a rich gene pool.

China is vast in territory and abundant in natural resources, with vast oceans, complex terrain and diverse climate, forming various types of ecosystems such as lakes, oceans, forests, grasslands, deserts and wetlands.

The diversity of biological species is essentially the diversity of genes.

6. Academician Yuan Longping, a scientist from China, has used wild rice to cross common rice for many times to cultivate new hybrid rice varieties with high yield, which has created great economic benefits. This is a typical example of using genetic diversity to improve crop varieties.

7. The understanding of biodiversity is that there are many kinds of organisms in the biosphere; Every living thing is composed of a certain number of individuals, and the genetic composition of individuals is different. They all constitute a gene pool. Each creature lives in a specific ecosystem and is associated with other witch species. The decrease or extinction of biomass in the biosphere will inevitably affect his ecosystem, and when the latter changes dramatically, it will also accelerate the loss of biodiversity and genetic diversity.

8. Living things can't survive without certain environmental conditions. Protecting the living environment of organisms and the diversity of ecosystems is the fundamental measure to protect biodiversity.