Live in Germany

There is a saying in western Europe: eat in France, wear in Britain and live in Germany. German housing is relatively spacious, generally 100 square meters. However, this state of life has also been achieved through decades of efforts.

During World War II, many cities in Germany were razed to the ground, and there was a serious shortage of housing in Germany after the war. At that time, the country could provide170,000 families with only100,000 houses, and many people took their children, relatives and friends to live in married or temporary reception stations. The first problem facing the government is to make every effort to build houses to alleviate the shortage of people's housing. Today, there are about 34.99 million houses in Germany, including large villas, single-family courtyards and apartment units, of which 27.92 million houses are in the former West Germany, with a per capita living area of 35 square meters, and the number of houses is basically the same as that of families, which fundamentally alleviated the housing shortage after the war. Of the 27.92 million houses in Germany, 40% are private houses and 60% are rented.

With the improvement of housing conditions, people pay more and more attention to the quality of housing, which not only requires housing to have modern high standards.

Such as reasonable housing structure, modern sanitary equipment, stainless steel series kitchen utensils, central heating and telephone access to every household.

At the same time, with the improvement of residents' cultural quality, beautifying the living environment has become a new requirement for people. In Germany, not only do families decorate their rooms with flowers and green leaves, but there are also enough open spaces between buildings for lawns and children's playgrounds.

From the point of view that the number of houses corresponds to the population, the housing situation in Germany cannot be said to be tense, but in western Germany,

In some densely populated areas, it is not easy for young couples, families with many children and foreigners to rent suitable housing. The reasons for this situation are very complicated. It is generally believed that: first, there are fewer and fewer it runs families in today's families, while monogamy and even individual "small families" are increasing. Some teenagers even move out of their homes to run their own nests in pursuit of all kinds of freedom; Second, the post-war baby boomers have reached the age of marriage, and these people urgently need housing; Third, the influx of foreign immigrants and former GDR residents, from the beginning of 1988 to the end of 1994, the number of residents increased by 4 million, which made the housing in some areas tend to be tight to some extent. The increase in people's demand for housing also promoted the revival of the construction industry in the former West Germany, with 480,000 houses built in 65,438+0,994, which has been growing continuously since then.

The living conditions in eastern Germany are not as good as those in the western region, where the per capita living area is 28 square meters. When Germany was reunified, many existing houses in eastern Germany were in disrepair, lacking modern sanitary equipment and outdated heating equipment, which needed urgent improvement. For this reason, the citizens of the former East Germany saw the luxurious and comfortable houses of their compatriots in West Germany and eagerly hoped to have a decent and good house in their lifetime. During the period of 1990, 2 million houses were repaired and rebuilt in eastern Germany with the help of the revival loan. 199l- 1992, the federal government allocated funds for the maintenance and modernization of 30% of existing houses in eastern Germany. 1994, another 65,438 billion marks were allocated for the construction of welfare housing and the renovation of old houses. In order to improve the housing conditions of German residents, the federal government provides funds for welfare housing construction every year, with199176 million Deutsche Mark in 0, 1992 and 1993 being 2.7 billion Deutsche Mark, and 1994 being 2.46 billion Deutsche Mark.

(2) Do not love high-rise buildings, but love rural houses.

Germans don't like noisy cities and high-rise buildings, and they don't like tower-shaped high-rise apartment buildings to ruin their pastoral scenery. Looking at the urban buildings in Germany, there are few high-rise buildings with more than ten floors, and most of them are traditional low-rise buildings. Although Germans work in cities, they like to settle down in suburban towns dozens of kilometers away from the city. Everyone who can afford it wants to have two houses, one to work in a big city and the other to rest in a quiet country on weekends. Being able to achieve this goal is not only a sign of personal success, but also a capital to show off to relatives and friends. Germans love nature very much. Traditional two or three-story buildings are scattered on hillsides, fields, forests or rivers, and there are chic small gardens behind the front room of the building. In Germany, almost every family has potted flowers, and some families also have indoor flower beds with woody and herbal flowers. Even balconies and houses are fully utilized to grow flowers and plants. The colorful flowers in the garden are full of poetry and painting, giving people beautiful enjoyment.

Most middle-class families in Germany live in traditional low-rise buildings, some of which are single-family and some are semi-independent. This kind of residence retains the traditional appearance, and the roof is herringbone or four-slope, folded and other shapes. The colors are also varied. Generally, the tone in the north is light, but no matter what color, we should pay attention to the coordination with the surrounding environment. In addition, this kind of residence has a large living area, which makes full use of space in structure and layout, and its design is reasonable and scientific. In recent years, a semi-independent building is very popular. This kind of house is called "semi-independent" because it is two small buildings connected together and the two houses stand side by side. There are gables, and each family lives in one room. There is a fence or low wall in the middle of the garden, so that two houses are adjacent and do not interfere with each other. This kind of house is absolutely separated from other neighbors, which can not only keep the living conditions relatively quiet, but also save land and appropriately reduce costs.

(C) phased realization of a well-off society

Germans attach great importance to living conditions, and housing symbolizes a person's social status and public image. It is the dream goal of most Germans to own a house of their own, but it is not easy for German working class to own a single-family house. Without strong funds to buy a house, buying a house only by private savings may not be realized until retirement. However, in quiet suburban towns, lush hillsides, forests and lakes, houses and villas with different styles are dotted. Their owners are not wealthy families, but ordinary Germans, including teachers, staff, small and medium-sized enterprises and freelancers. In what way did these ordinary people who could not make a windfall build a villa-style small building and live a well-off life? This is the method of building a house by installment.

Germany has a series of social security and housing policies, and the state has established a construction loan system and a housing mutual savings system. In order to encourage private housing construction, the government provides low-interest housing loans to private housing. The individual pays part of the house payment first, and the rest is borrowed from the bank. Both parties can purchase and build a new house by signing a legally binding repayment contract. As for the loan, it can be divided into 10 years or 20 years, and it can be repaid from its salary every month. Buying a house by installment is very common in western countries. People do not regard lending as a shame, and property lending according to law is regarded as a normal phenomenon protected by law. Of course. Building a house with a loan also has certain psychological pressure. In the western society with high unemployment rate, once the unemployed are unable to repay the loan, they have to use real estate as collateral. Only by working hard on weekdays and paying off the loan as soon as possible can we breathe a sigh of relief.

Building mutual savings system is a form of private cooperative fund-raising for building houses. The builders took the lead in organizing a cooperative and mutual aid organization. After consultation, we signed a legally binding building contract. When its members raise funds to a specified amount, they can collectively contract with the Construction Bank to build houses. This kind of house is often a row of several seats, the same style, forming a row or a residential area. Because its house cost is lower than that of a single single-family house, it is a popular way to build a house. The Federal Republic of Germany has built more than10 million houses through the savings of private cooperatives.

Welfare housing and housing subsidies

Welfare housing is built by the state for families with many children, the disabled, the elderly and low-income citizens. Because welfare apartment buildings are built by public construction companies with preferential loans from the state, they must bear the obligation of preferential rent.

In Germany, most low-income people who can't afford the high rent in the free housing market live in welfare houses with preferential rent. In western Germany, 16% of rented houses are welfare houses. At the same time, in order to improve the housing conditions of residents in eastern Germany, the federal government has allocated huge sums of money to build welfare houses here every year since the 1990s, of which 1994 allocated about 65,438 billion marks. In the following years, the federal government continuously increased its investment in building welfare housing to alleviate the housing situation in densely populated areas in the west and east.

In Germany, college student apartments are also built with huge state subsidies. The conditions of college students' apartment buildings make them very satisfied. It's a single room of 10- 12 square meters, with washbasin, wardrobe, desk, bookshelf, bed and bedding and one or two chairs. There is a shower room with 24-hour hot water in the apartment building, an electric stove, oven, refrigerator, cupboard and dining table in the public kitchen, a laundry room in the basement downstairs, and a coin-operated drum washing machine for students to wash clothes at any time. Every household has its own mailbox, and the apartment club provides a place for students who are tired of learning to exercise and entertain. The rent of such a student apartment with superior conditions is below 200 marks per month, which is only half of the market price. Therefore, student apartments are the first choice for German college students and international students. Unfortunately, there are not enough people. Only110 students have this luck. When studying, most students have to run around looking for a safe haven that suits them.

Housing is people's basic needs. In Germany, citizens whose income is not enough to rent suitable housing can apply for housing subsidies from the government. Housing subsidies granted by the government are paid in the form of rent subsidies and real estate expenses subsidies according to individual applications. When personal income reaches a certain level, you can no longer enjoy subsidies. 199 1 At the end of the year, more than 3 million families in Germany enjoyed housing subsidies.

The cost of housing subsidies is borne by the government and the state in half, and this cost is 1994, reaching 7 billion marks. Nowadays, housing subsidy has become a part of German social security system and has been implemented concretely, which has played an effective role in improving residents' living conditions.