What was the fate of the Reformed Sect who fled across the border to the Southern Song Dynasty after the national subjugation of the Northern Song Dynasty?

In the second year of Jingkang in northern Song Qinzong (A.D. 1 127), the Jin army went south again and finally conquered Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. Thousands of Song Huizong, Song Qinzong, Song Zhaozong and Guan Bairen were taken into exile in the north, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. This event was called "Jingkang Change" by later generations. After the Jingkang Revolution, Zhao Gou, King Kang, re-established the Southern Song regime in the south, but a large area south of the old Yellow River in the Central Plains became the sphere of influence of the Jin State, and a large number of adherents of the Northern Song Dynasty became the people of the Jin State. However, many officials and people loyal to the Song Dynasty organized rebels to resist the Jin Dynasty and cross the Southern Song Dynasty. They were called "Righteous Men" by the Southern Song Dynasty court. Zhu Ziyu's definition of "reformed man" in the Southern Song Dynasty is: "reformed man was originally from the Central Plains, then exiled to the Central Plains and escaped from evil". So how did the court in the Southern Song Dynasty treat the reformed people?

First, recruit people to be honest.

Zhao Jian established the Southern Song Dynasty, knowing that he was unable to recover his hometown of the Central Plains in a short time. His first task is to recruit believers from the north. On the one hand, the emerging Southern Song regime urgently needed people's support. At this time, it is very beneficial for Zhao Gou to hold high the banner of "the crime of hanging people"; On the other hand, there are a large number of civil and military talents among the northern adherents, which can play a positive role in the establishment and stability of the Southern Song Dynasty. Therefore, both Song Gaozong and Song Xiaozong had imperial edicts to recruit talented people, and their practices won the support of the people. For example, Ye Shi praised in Shangdian Miscellaneous Son: "Your Majesty pitied the disaster of his family. At the beginning of his succession, he repaired Huaihuai Water, managed Jingxiang, comforted Sui Shu Road and settled down to righteousness."

Second, protect the reformed people.

In the thirty-first year of Shaoxing, Wan Yanliang, the king of Song Gaozong and Hailing, spent almost all his money to go south in order to realize the dream of "stationing troops to the West Lake in millions and immediately climbing the first peak in Wu Shan". In the Southern Song Dynasty, the famous soldier Yu struggled for it, and Jin Jun finally withdrew. Song Xiaozong took advantage of the situation and ordered veteran Zhang Jun to preside over the "Longxing Northern Expedition", but it ended in failure. Later, Song and Jin reached the "Longxing Peace Talks", which was unfair, but compared with Song Gaozong's "Shaoxing Peace Talks", it saved a little face for the Southern Song Dynasty.

When he ordered Wei Qi to negotiate peace in the north, Song Xiaozong told Qi Wei four things: "First, correct his name, second, quit his teacher, third, reduce his salary, fourth, don't give up joining others". Finally, "Zhang, a museum friend, called it' Da Song' with his credentials and threatened to remove the word' Da Song'. (Wei) Qi refused, died in the enemy's body, lost 50,000 yuan, and did not return it to the righteous people. " That is to say, after the Long Xinghe talks, the Song Dynasty no longer called Jin Guo a vassal, but a nephew, and the silver silks given to Jin Guo every year were no longer called "old tribute" but "old coins". More importantly, the two countries agreed that anyone who crossed the Song-Jin border to the Southern Song Dynasty would not be recovered by the Jin State and would not be repatriated in the Southern Song Dynasty. In this way, the immigrants who arrived in the Southern Song Dynasty after difficulties and obstacles and were loyal to the Southern Song Dynasty finally got legal protection.

Third, place the right people.

"If you come, you will be safe." The resettlement policy of reformed people in Southern Song Dynasty can be divided into three ways: abel tamata; Tax reduction (exemption) and taxation; Recruit soldiers.

For example, in the thirty-second year of Shaoxing, Song Gaozong (A.D. 1 162), Zhao Gou issued an imperial edict: "The state is owned by the righteous, and farmers are willing to give the official land and rent it again for ten years; Willing to go to the army as a soldier "; In the first year of Longxing, Song Xiaozong (A.D. 1 163), "Zhaochu Prefecture gave Zheng Rentian, cattle tools and grain money 50,000 yuan"; In the fourth year of Xichun, Zhao Huaibei returned to the righteous Qiang Yongjun. In the seventh year of Xichun (A.D. 1 180), the imperial edict said, "I returned to righteousness for three years."

The Southern Song Dynasty imperial court's policy of resettlement and preferential treatment for reformed people will inevitably inspire more northern adherents to cross south. After all, "Julian Waghann Northland Day" is out of reach, and it is better to put all your eggs in one basket than to be searched and abused by the State of Jin. Once they arrived in the Southern Song Dynasty, they could live a relatively stable life.

Fourth, refused to return to the right person.

However, the court of the Southern Song Dynasty refused to accept it and sent them back to the right people for a period of time. For example, in the second year of Longxing (A.D. 1 164), when 8 Jin Army broke through the Huaihe River defense line and advanced to the Yangtze River, Song Xiaozong told Huangfuya in Guangzhou not to recruit the right people in March and Wulin not to recruit the right people in May. Avenue for four years (A.D. 1 168), the Song Dynasty prepared to repatriate Zhengren. Wang Zizhong insisted on "recruiting heroes and showing loyalty to the Central Plains" at this time, but he was relegated. Therefore, the most important reason for refusing to accept and repatriate people is that Jin put pressure on the Southern Song Dynasty. In the case of inability and determination to fight to the end, the Southern Song Dynasty could only adopt a compromise "appeasement policy".

Fifth, debate.

In fact, the Song government has never given a clear answer to the question of whether to accept it, how to dispose of it, and whether to send it back to righteousness-the Southern Song court has also been in a state of controversy for a long time. Its focus is mainly in the following three aspects:

1, the reformed people have complex internal components.

It is true that people with lofty ideals such as Xin Qiji, Wang Youzhi and Fan Bangyan were also reformers accepted by the Southern Song Dynasty, but apart from these talents playing a positive role in the Southern Song Dynasty, many negative elements "messed up" the Southern Song Dynasty. For example, in The First Year of Avenue (A.D. 1 165), "Liu Yungu, an upright man, was sent to the north by military means, and he was punished." Therefore, if all reformed people are accepted and treated in a unified manner, it is obviously unfavorable to the Southern Song Dynasty.

2. The Southern Song Dynasty was powerless.

In the last article, Shi Jun of China (General Theory of National History) once said that every Northern Expedition in the Southern Song Dynasty was unsuccessful. An important reason is that many people in the Southern Song Dynasty did not support the Northern Expedition! The reason is simple-on the one hand, soldiers and materials are taken from the people; On the other hand, when the Northern Expedition failed, the people suffered. When the Northern Expedition was successful, the people had to add a greater burden to heal the wounds of the city and the people. Therefore, for the people in the Southern Song Dynasty, only by not provoking wars and not accepting refugees can they live a rare and stable life.

Accepting, resettling and giving preferential treatment to the reformed people also requires huge economic costs! Of course, the Emperor of the Song Dynasty understood this, and Song Xiaozong once expressed his ambivalence: "If an enemy comes to ask for an old gift, he can't bear to give in, and if he doesn't obey, he will suffer. There is an endless stream of righteous people in the Central Plains. If you accept it, you can't give it to the southeast, otherwise you will be alienated. "

3. The influence on the relationship with Jin Guo.

Whether to recruit reformed personnel in the Southern Song Dynasty is a very sensitive topic for the Jin State and the Southern Song Dynasty. After all, the state of Jin did not want the people who had been under its jurisdiction to flee to the south, but it was unable to stop them completely. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the loss of population through two ways: to stop and combine the refusal of the Southern Song Dynasty imperial court to reform people.

However, if the reformers are repatriated to China under the pressure of the Jin State in the Southern Song Dynasty, they will be alienated and have a hostile attitude towards the Song Dynasty. If the Southern Song Dynasty resolutely refused to repatriate upright people, it would give the coveted Jin State an excuse to send troops.

In this regard, Hu Quan, one of the "four ministers of the Southern Song Dynasty", once expressed hesitation: "All the reformers, such as Cheng and Zhao Liangsi, are sent back, and a few are worried about the wall. Those who have to make every effort to get back to the present right will change on the other side. If they don't, they will never agree but have done it. On the opposite side of the husband, the elbows and armpits will become deeper. If you refuse to do so, you must not start to make a fuss, you will suddenly have a backlight plan. I don't know what to do. "

To sum up, we can know that the original intention of the Southern Song Dynasty was very willing to accept and give preferential treatment to the northern adherents of Du Nan. However, under certain historical conditions (the pressure of the State of Jin and the economic difficulties of the Southern Song Dynasty), the Southern Song Dynasty also had to carry out a policy of refusing to accept or even repatriating the reformed people to the north with a sad mood.