Who are the Hakka people? What is their cultural background?

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Hakka people, where are your roots? Hakkas looking for their ideal home, where is your paradise? In the vast Central Plains, the surging Yellow River, with its roaring waves crashing on the shore; the glorious China, a great country with a long history and profound meaning. The water of the Yellow River surges and flows in the blood of the Hakka people. The Central Plains is the homeland of the Hakkas, and the roots of the Hakkas are there! The paradise of the Hakka people is at their feet. The Hakka people, who are full of vitality and vitality, can open up a new world wherever they go!

The Chinese nation is a great nation. Hakka is an excellent branch of the Chinese nation. The ancestors of the Hakkas were originally the Han people in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins, the cradle of Chinese civilization. Starting from the Tang and Song Dynasties, a large number of them moved south due to natural disasters, wars and other reasons. They first took root in the vast mountainous areas at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and later spread to the southern provinces and overseas. There are now tens of millions of Hakka people living in more than 70 countries and regions around the world. People often say: "Wherever there is the sun, there are Chinese, and wherever there are Chinese, there are Hakkas." The Hakkas have become one of the most widespread and far-reaching ethnic groups in the world today.

Ethnicity and ethnic origin. Nation generally refers to various human beings formed in history and at different stages of social development, such as primitive nations, ancient nations, modern nations, etc. At the same time, there are other widespread uses, such as the Chinese nation, the Arab nation, etc. The concept of ethnic ties is a new term coined by Mr. Luo Xianglin, a Hakka research expert, in the 1930s for the purpose of studying Hakka. Its connotation is each independent branch or unit within the same nation. Today, the concept of various ethnic groups within the Han nation has almost become a professional term established in academic circles.

Today, the domestic Hakkas are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Taiwan and other provinces and regions; the foreign Hakkas are mainly distributed in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines and other countries and regions. In the history of the development of the Chinese nation, the Hakka ancestors and their descendants have contributed to the development of the Yangtze River Basin and the Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi triangle, the economic and cultural prosperity of South China, the development and growth of the Han nationality family, and the Han culture and Central Plains civilization. The dissemination and promotion of it have had an immeasurable impact. Since modern times, the Hakka ancestors have also played an important role in promoting economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. In the modern history of China, outstanding Hakka people have emerged in large numbers, fought heroically for the independence of the country and the liberation of the nation, and written glorious historical chapters that are both evocative and evocative. In the current wave of world development, the Hakka people still have their style, outstanding achievements and meritorious service.

The Hakka ethnic group does not exist since ancient times. From the fact that the Hakka people are called "Ke" and call themselves "Ke", we can see that the Hakka ethnicity is the product of historical immigration. Migrating - living abroad - migrating again - living abroad again, the Hakka ancestors went through many hardships. With their unique way of living and tenacious vitality, the Hakka people have created their own unique cultural traditions and vast social areas, thus becoming a special ethnic group of the Han nation with a large population, wide distribution, and numerous talents.

So, what are Hakkas? It can be said that the Hakka people are an important ethnic group of the Han nation; the Hakka people are a unique and stable group of the Han ethnic group; the Hakka people gather in the triangle area of ??southern Jiangxi, western Fujian, and eastern Guangdong (there are 20 ethnic groups here) The nine pure Hakka counties are the base camp of the Hakka people). Hakka dialect is the unique language of the Hakka people; the Hakka people have special Hakka culture and customs; the Hakka people have a unique Hakka spirit. In summary, the Hakka people are a unique and stable ethnic group of the Han nation formed due to historical reasons. They have the same interests and have a unique and stable Hakka language, culture, folk customs and emotional mentality (i.e. Hakka spirit). Anyone who meets the above stable characteristics can be called Hakka.

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The Hakka people are synonymous with displacement and hardship. The migration process of the Hakka people is full of blood, tears and bitterness; the Hakka people are another rich people. Synonymous with the glory of hard work and pioneering spirit, the Hakka people have gone through many hardships and created the famous Hakka spirit and culture - the glory and splendor of which the Hakka people should be proud of.

When the Hakka ancestors traveled around and finally found the base camp at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, they were regarded as "guests", that is, "outsiders" by other surrounding ethnic groups. The Hakka people who "are guests all the time and everywhere" are not only called "guests", but also call themselves "guests", which shows the generosity and open-mindedness of the Hakka people. It is precisely with this kind of generous and open-minded spiritual quality that the Hakka people can realize that "when you enter a foreign land, you are your hometown", they can integrate the indigenous residents in the triangle area of ??southern Jiangxi, western Fujian, and eastern Guangdong, and finally "turn the main focus on the guests" and form Unique and outstanding Hakka ethnic group. The formation process of the Hakka ethnic group is also the process of the formation, development and growth of the Chinese nation. Hakka are outstanding members of the Chinese nation. Learning and understanding the formation process of the Hakka ethnic lineage will help Hakka descendants have a deeper understanding of the historical footprints of the Chinese nation, and will help Hakka descendants enhance their sense of historical responsibility and mission of the times for the country and the nation.

The formation of the Hakka ethnic system and the origin of the name Hakka

What is the Hakka ethnic system

In the past thousands of years of history, the Hakka ancestors Always in a state of flow.

Migration and re-migration are important features of the formation of the Hakka ethnic group, and when other ethnic groups have basically settled down, the Hakka ethnic group is still migrating, constantly searching for their ideal homeland. It was the great migration that carried the civilization of the Central Plains that formed a unique and outstanding ethnic lineage.

So, what is the Hakka ethnic group? The so-called Hakka ethnic group is a branch of the Han ethnic group. After a long period of migration, it finally arrived and settled in the border area of ??Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and formed a unique dialect and customs that are different from other surrounding ethnic groups. and other cultural groups.

The standard for the formation of the Hakka ethnic system. First, Hakka dialect. One of the basic and most important aspects that distinguish Hakkas from non-Hakkas is language. Hakka dialect is not only the symbol of Hakka becoming Hakka, but also the cohesive link of Hakka self-identity. Specifically, the most direct and simple reason why a Hakka identifies another Hakka as his own group is because both parties speak the same Hakka language, not because of the same geographical location or blood relationship. Something like that. Second, it is an important cultural phenomenon in the base camp area. The so-called cultural phenomenon refers to the deep cultural things that are closely related to people's daily life and are directly or indirectly reflected in people's daily behaviors. Such as folk customs, religions, life concepts, value orientations, psychological emotions, etc. Contemporary cultural anthropology research results show that self-identification between different human groups (groups, genus, etc.), in addition to innate factors such as race, ancestry, etc., is mainly a cultural phenomenon.

The base camp of the Hakka people

The triangle area of ??southern Jiangxi, western Fujian and eastern Guangdong is the base camp of the Hakka people. The base camp area has traffic jams and is full of hills and mountains. It is the concentration of southeastern hills. Here the Wuyi Mountains and the Nanling Mountains meet, forming a natural barrier that separates the Central Plains from the southeastern coast. It is in the heart of this natural barrier that the three great rivers of Ganjiang, Tingjiang and Meijiang, which nourish the people of the southeast, are born. Small basins are dotted on both sides of these three rivers and their many tributaries. The Hakka ancestors migrated from north to south and finally found a more ideal place to settle. The small basins here have been developed and constructed through the hard work of the Hakka people for generations, forming a series of bustling market towns and smoke-filled villages.

Before the arrival of the Hakkas, the Jiangxi-Fujian-Guangdong triangle was a primitive forest with sparse human settlement and wild animals. In this wilderness of mountains, local indigenous people such as Baiyue, She and Yao people live. These ethnic minorities are culturally backward and are in the barbaric era of slash-and-burn farming, with extremely low productivity levels. The large number of Hakka people migrating south has brought vigorous vitality to this remote and magical land. The Hakka people brought crop seeds, advanced farming techniques and construction techniques from the Central Plains. They felled trees to reclaim wasteland, built dams and cultivated fields, and reclaimed small basins or gentle slopes into well fields or layers of terraced fields. They also built canals and slopes, and diverted water to irrigate the fields, making the quiet mountains criss-crossed, poetic and picturesque. The once desolate and isolated mountains and fields have become noisy with people, chickens and dogs can hear each other, and the level of productivity has been greatly improved. The Hakka people build roads across the mountains and build bridges over water. Each village is connected by winding trails or thoroughfares. Some larger villages with concentrated populations have formed markets. In this way, the Hakka people brought excitement into thousands of ravines, brought prosperity into remote areas, and brought civilization into the wilderness. The pioneering work of the Hakka ancestors in the triangle area of ??southern Jiangxi, western Fujian, and eastern Guangdong reflects their hardworking, brave and hard-working spirit, as well as their courage to fight against the harsh environment. It is precisely with this spirit and this kind of courage that we can forge a strong and resolute outstanding people.

"The birds in the pond are nostalgic for the old forest, and the fish in the pond miss their hometown." The Hakka people have not forgotten the Han culture in the Central Plains. First, they persisted in speaking "Awa dialect" (the mother tongue of the Central Plains), and absorbed and integrated the local dialect, forming a relatively independent and self-contained Hakka dialect that preserved the phonology of the Central Plains. Second, they inherited and carried forward the Confucian spirit of benevolence and righteousness in governing the world, resolved the wariness and hostility of the local indigenous people, educated and assimilated them, and integrated the local indigenous people into the Hakka ethnic group. Third, they actively spread the Central Plains culture. They actively set up schools and developed education, and batches of native-born Hakka intellectuals emerged from the mountains and valleys.

Hakka ancestors supported the old and young, carried the civilization of the Central Plains on their backs, overcame thorny roads, fought against rapids and natural chasms, crossed the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, crossed the Wuyi Nanling Mountains, and took root in the triangle area of ??southern Jiangxi, western Fujian, and eastern Guangdong. Women weave, develop production, live and work in peace and contentment, and sow civilization, showing a vivid and wonderful picture of self-sufficient farming and reading culture. So far, a Hakka ethnic group with distinctive characteristics has been formed, which has continuous connections with the Han people in the Central Plains in terms of language, folk customs, customs, culture, etc., but is also relatively independent. Then, the Hakkas spread to Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, crossed the strait, spread all over the five continents and developed into an outstanding ethnic group with a large population and far-reaching influence in the world. Huang Zunxian, a famous poet in the late Qing Dynasty, said in his poem: "The peach arcs of the road have been torn and turned, and it has been more than a thousand years since I came south. The dialect fully proves the charm of the Central Plains, and the etiquette and customs still remain three generations ago." The poem refers to the hardships that the Hakka ancestors experienced after leaving their homeland in the Central Plains. and suffering, moved to Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and then developed to the southern provinces and overseas.

The origin of the name Hakka

The formation of the Hakka ethnic group in the triangle area of ??Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong makes the southeast corner of Chi County dazzling and full of vitality.

The magical and colorful Hakka base camp proudly announces to the world: here is a group of people with Yanhuang blood flowing in their blood, who are working hard to sow and cultivate Chinese civilization. The name of this group of people is "Hakka".

So, where did the name Hakka come from? The famous linguist Mr. Wang Li believes in "Chinese Rhythm" that "Hakka means 'guest' or 'foreigner'. Therefore, Hakka is an outsider." It can be seen that Hakka is relative to the "main" (indigenous) people. A kind of symmetry in terms of Hakka, "Ke" in Hakka means outsider. "As a guest, we are at home." Those who visit a foreign country and call it home are called Hakkas.

The term "Hakka" generally reflects the Hakka people's historical experience of being guests all the time and being a guest everywhere, and the generosity and open-mindedness of "calling themselves guests". "Man is gifted with ambitions in all directions, and he can establish a constant guideline wherever he goes. When he is in a foreign land, he is still in my own land. When he enters a foreign land, he is his hometown." This is a song that has been circulated in the Hakka area for a long time. This ballad reflects the historical experience of the Hakka people leaving their homeland and traveling to other places. It also expresses the Hakka people's happy-go-lucky and broad-minded spirit. The magnanimity of "people are gifted with ambitions all over the world" and the spirit of "when you enter a foreign country, you are your hometown", which shows the Hakka people's heroic spirit of "being a guest in my home and calling myself a guest". Without this heroic spirit, how could the Hakka people be proud to be called or call themselves "Ke"?

Hakka, this resounding name, makes future generations of Hakka proud and proud. The formation process of the Hakka ethnic group allows people to clearly see the formation and development process of the Chinese nation; the Hakka spiritual culture of the Hakka people reflects the brilliance of the Chinese nation's extensive, profound and long-standing civilization. The magical and colorful Hakka spiritual culture needs us to inherit, carry forward and expand it.

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Chinese culture is splendid and has a long history. It is like a grand and extraordinary symphony, and Hakka culture is an exciting cadenza. In the past, Hakka traditional culture created batches of outstanding Hakka talents; today, Hakka culture, shining with the brilliance of humanistic ideals, nurtures a new generation of Hakka children to thrive.

Hakka culture

The foundation of Hakka traditional culture: "Where did the Hakka origin come from? Originally Huang was of Hanzhou (zh怽plainu) origin, a survivor of three generations, and had lived in Heluo for generations. Since the early Jin Dynasty and the wars, Unlucky, the clothes and clothes went south. After the disasters of the Tang Dynasty and the tribulations of the Song Dynasty, the origins were sent to the wilderness, and the four industries were established. They traced their origins and were called guests for thousands of years, but they were not guests. Where is the hometown? From the late Song Dynasty, Ju'an settled down and settled in Meizhou. After the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, the people were divided into border counties. Guapuan (di哱plain) stretched across the five states. They had the same roots (d円plain). They were home all over the world. "(Huang Huoxing: "A Long Couplet" is excerpted from the first issue of "Hakka Culture Research")

In the unprecedented national migration in history, countless hardships have tempered the perseverance and perseverance of the Hakkas people. The sacred fire of the Central Plains civilization is lit everywhere in the wandering migration; it burns brightly in the suffering of wandering. Perhaps it can be said that if the Hakka people did not carry the Central Plains civilization and migrate southward, so that the ancient civilization can be maintained and continued, the Chinese civilization may be interrupted or even destroyed. It can be seen that the Hakka people are the oldest bearers of Chinese civilization and the "living fossils" of the ancient Han people.

So, what is traditional culture? Traditional culture usually refers to cultural elements that existed stably in the past, have been passed down to the present, and are still functioning today. The Hakka have their own traditional culture, which is the inheritance and development of the Central Plains and Heluo cultures. It has a long history. Historical migration and the environmental conditions in remote mountainous areas have formed a Hakka cultural tradition that is both Han nationality and has its own characteristics. Therefore, Hakka culture is a subculture subordinate to Han culture with ethnic colors and regional characteristics.

Heluo culture is the root of Chinese culture and the root of Hakka culture. Heluo culture originated from the ancient Chinese traditional culture in the Yellow River and Heluo areas, and is the core and symbol of Chinese culture. Heluo culture is the most mature main line of ancient Chinese culture. It is the central axis, cradle and holy land of the development of Chinese national culture. Heluo culture has a long history and rich connotations. As early as the Paleolithic Age, humans were living and engaged in production activities in the Heluo area, and the Heluo culture was born. By the Neolithic Age, Heluo culture had developed greatly. Heluo was the first in the country to enter the civilized era and became the core of Chinese civilization for a long time. Chinese writing was first produced in the Heluo area. The four major schools of Chinese academic thought, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, trace their origins to Heluo. Among China's four great inventions, papermaking and woodblock printing originated in Luoyang. Zhang Heng made the "Armillary Sphere" and "Seismograph" in Luoyang; Ma Jun of the Three Kingdoms invented the overturned cart in Luoyang. Milestone articles of the Han and Wei dynasties, literature of the Western Jin Dynasty, poetry of the Tang Dynasty, masterpieces of history and geography, and famous calligraphy and paintings have all flourished in Luoyang throughout the history of literature. Luoyang is an ancient capital with thousands of years of history, rich in humanities and treasures. There are countless cultural relics on the ground and underground. The cultural accumulation is rich and ranks first in the country.

The Ganjiang, Tingjiang and Meijiang river basins in the base camp area are the most important areas for the formation of Hakka culture. Hakka research experts summarize the formation and evolution of modern Hakka traditional culture as "Sanjiang Culture" (i.e. Ganjiang Culture, Tingjiang Culture and Meijiang Culture), indicating that the formation of Hakka traditional culture is closely related to the natural conditions and society of the base camp area. conditions are closely related.

“Sanjiang Culture” and its representatives.

First, Ganjiang culture: mainly the culture of the Song Dynasty, with cultural characteristics formed in the Hakka settlements in southern Jiangxi. Its representative figures include Hakka Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, etc. Second, Tingjiang culture: As the Hakka people migrated south to Tingzhou Prefecture, Fujian, they experienced wars in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and formed the characteristics of Tingjiang culture. Its representatives include Li Shixiong, Liu Fang, etc. Third, Meijiang culture: At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Hakkas migrated south to Jiaying Prefecture, forming one of the Hakka strongholds in eastern Guangdong. It became a cultural hometown and gave birth to Meijiang culture. Its representatives include Huang Zunxian, Qiu Fengjia, etc.

Hakka traditional culture has a long history, just like a towering tree with green leaves. Her tall and straight figure is bathed in the warm sunshine of the south; her well-developed root system is deeply rooted in the ancient soil of the Central Plains and Heluo. This is a towering tree standing in the Holy Land of the East! This is a towering tree with greenery reflecting all over the world!

Basic characteristics of Hakka culture

Culture, as a way of life with internal stability and external regulation, is a result of human beings’ natural environment (i.e. the relationship between man and land) and social environment. (that is, the product of relationships between people). The formation and evolution of the culture of any ethnic group or nation are inseparable from the specific geographical environment, economic foundation and social structure. The same is true for the generation and development of Hakka culture. The following is a preliminary summary and analysis of Hakka cultural consciousness and its basic characteristics.

Hakka cultural awareness is the spiritual product of the Hakka people’s gradual formation and development during their long migration history.

The so-called cultural consciousness is an ideological form formed in the historical process of the development of human society. It is the accumulation of human experience and wisdom in life practice. It is a way for human beings to understand and transform the objective world. kind of spiritual power. It plays a leading, regulating and regulating role to a large extent in people's thoughts, behaviors, psychology, language, moral concepts and other aspects. The Hakka cultural consciousness is not only rich in humanistic ideals, but also rich in the spirit of seeking truth. It emphasizes honor and integrity over utilitarianism; it values ??filial piety and brotherhood over power; it values ??culture and education over ignorance; it values ??integrity over villains and other moral values ??in dealing with the world. Values ??are the basic content of modern Hakka cultural consciousness.

The basic content of Hakka cultural consciousness (that is, the specific expression of Hakka values) is: "four layers" and "four thins". First, "emphasis on reputation and integrity, but little on utility." Hakka people regard personal integrity as more important than money. Unkindness to individuals, disrespect and filial piety to ancestors and parents, infidelity between husband and wife, betrayal of the country and the nation, as well as male theft, female prostitution, laziness, gambling and other behaviors are considered immoral and insulting to the ancestors. , damaging to personality and integrity. Hakka people often say: "A person has a face, a tree has a bark", "Don't do bad things, don't be greedy for unjust money", "Money is like dung, but kindness is worth a thousand gold". Second, "Place filial piety and brotherhood more than power." The suffering of migration and the adventure of going abroad gave the Hakka people a strong desire and sincere desire for economy, equality and friendship, and made the Hakka people strongly resent being rich and being unkind and treating others unfairly. This value is closely related to the historical situation and social status of the Hakka people. Third, "value trust and trust, but treat villains less". Hakkas regard trustworthiness as the basic moral character for dealing with people in social interactions, and regard it as the value standard for judging friends or "villains". In order to survive and gain a foothold in a foreign land, the Hakka people first win the trust of others with their trustworthiness. Hakkas regard all behaviors that harm others, defraud, deceive, frame, and betrayal as the actions of "villains". Hakka people often say: "If you don't have faith, you are not a gentleman; if you don't have righteousness, you are not a husband"; Fourth, "emphasis on culture and education, but not agriculture and industry." Hakka people believe that only by reading can one understand reason, clarify one's aspirations, and be successful. Especially in modern times, the population of the areas where the Hakka people live has expanded, there are many mountains and few fields, backward productivity, and underdeveloped economy. In order to get rid of poverty, people have made a living in large numbers in other places and overseas, and cultural knowledge has become their main means of making a living. There is a popular saying among Hakka people: "It is better to raise a big pig if you have a son who doesn't study." Hakka nursery rhymes include: "Moonlight shines, the talented lady rides a white horse, crosses the lotus pond...", "Toad Luo, cluck, cluck, don't study, there is nothing. Wife..." The Hakka concept of "poor farmers and workers" seems to be undesirable today.

To sum up, the rich and colorful Hakka culture has three basic characteristics: 1. Simple and unpretentious style; 2. The spirit of pragmatism and avoidance of shortcomings; 3. The temperament of turning back the roots and pursuing the future.

First, unpretentious style

The simple and small-scale agricultural farming in the base camp area makes the real life of the Hakka people stay in a relatively simple, extensive and low-level way. state. "There are many mountains and few fields, and there is no way to cultivate trees. What the land produces is not used for food. I walk up the river, cross the ocean, leave the well, carry my parents on my back, and use qi to make up for it. Before I reach adulthood, I am a wanderer." (Republic of China) "Dabu County Chronicle"). This is the unique life experienced by many Hakka people. Advocating "simplicity" and advocating "clumsiness", devaluing "luxury" and suppressing "luxury" have long been not only the stubborn life attitude of the Hakka people, but also developed into their lasting and strong life philosophy and aesthetic fashion. For example, "The enjoyment of life is not abolished at all times, but we are also less concerned about eliminating luxury. The clothes of young people are still new, and they are not extravagant." Another example is "We should be frugal in weddings and funerals, and we should not seek extravagance in the daily necessities of life." "Luxurious, don't seek novelty in food, don't seek novelty in utensils." In the Hakka area, everything from daily food and daily life to festivals, residential buildings, and clothing and items all reveal this admiration for simplicity. Character.

Hakka women's aesthetic consciousness of respecting simplicity and clumsiness is typically reflected in Hakka women. "At dusk, a girl comes to fetch water. She is wearing a long skirt and has her bare feet on her temples." This aesthetic concept of Hakka women is out of the question.

Second, the spirit of being pragmatic and avoiding shortcomings

Hakka people like to say: "If you sow melons, you will get melons, if you sow beans, you will get beans. A hard work will bring a harvest." They think , Talking empty words will not help, but doing practical things will definitely gain something. "As the land is tilled and hoeed, he will be full and warm, and he will thank the heavens." "All kinds of martial arts are not worth the hoe." These are songs circulated in the Hakka area, which reflect the Hakka people's truth-seeking and pragmatic spirit. "Scholarships are disgraceful to be pragmatic and rarely take publicity as a matter of fact." Even the traditional scholar-bureaucrats and literati in the base camp area also advocate this truth-seeking and pragmatic attitude towards life. This pragmatic spirit rooted in the foundation of farming civilization is not only reflected in the real life of the Hakka people, but also firmly rooted in the deep consciousness of the Hakka people.

Third, the temperament of going against the original and pursuing the past

The Hakka people have a strong sense of ancestor worship. This strong sense of history resulting from tracing back one's origins and tracing one's ancestors makes all cultural phenomena in the Hakka area imbued with ancient customs and meanings. Someone compared the cultures with regional characteristics in Chi County, China, and vividly described: Compared with the new trend of Wuyue culture, the Shen Yong culture of the Central Plains, and the mystery of Jingxiang culture, Hakka culture adheres to a kind of national history. Deep and dignified. It does not have the splendor of Wu and Yue, the majesty of the Central Plains, nor the romance of Jingchu, but it has forged the historical depth of the national culture and condensed the grandeur and profound temperament of the national historical heritage.

Hakka culture imbued with “native complex”

“Native complex” is one of the characteristics of traditional Chinese culture, and it is also a prominent feature of traditional Hakka culture.

China has been a typical agricultural society since ancient times. In an agricultural society, people live on the same land for generations. People who were born and raised here have an infinite attachment to their hometown. Many Hakka people have been away from their hometown for decades. Although their childhood life was so poor, they still miss their hometown so sweetly. Rural sentiment is infused into traditional Chinese culture and permeates into Hakka culture.

Migrating, leaving home, crossing mountains and ridges, and traveling across oceans, what we never forget is the land and relatives in our hometown. The Hakka people were forced to move again and again. How could people who were forced to leave their hometown and lose their hometown understand the loveliness of their hometown better? How can we not cherish the local friendship more?

Traditional folk culture and art that reflect local sentiments. In traditional Hakka culture, nothing reflects the local sentiments more than Hakka folk songs. As the saying goes, "Hakka folk songs are particularly famous" and "Hakka folk songs come from Songkou (the place name, which is a harmonious word for "from the mouth")." This kind of folk song with a strong local flavor makes people feel homesick and is unique among Chinese folk songs. . Hakka folk songs are a colorful and wonderful flower in the garden of Chinese folk literature, and they are also outstanding poems in the garden of oriental poetry. Hakka folk songs are treasures of folk literature in the Hakka area. It arises directly from the people, and expresses the production and life, joy and sorrow of the Hakkas to their heart's content. It is deeply affectionate, simple and beautiful, and is loved by the people. For thousands of years, Hakka folk songs have been widely and persistently circulated in the areas where Hakka people live. They remain charming and youthful, showing strong artistic vitality. In addition to Hakka folk songs, there are also local dramas such as Guangdong Han opera, tea-picking opera, Huachao opera, string puppet show and folk opera. These local dramas, except Han dramas, are all sung in Hakka dialect, and the tunes have strong local characteristics. In traditional Hakka culture, folk proverbs are the most widely circulated, easy to understand and have a strong guest flavor. Especially those proverbs about homesickness and missing relatives are even more engraved in our hearts. Such as: "A long life is not afraid of being far away from home", "A thousand days at home are good, but it is difficult to go out for a long time", "A tree is thousands of feet high, and the leaves fall back to the roots", "You cannot welcome guests at home, but you will know your young master when you go out", "As long as you are kind to others, "Eating sweet potato soup is also sweet"... Folk sculptures, paintings, folk handicrafts and snacks with a rustic flavor are all imbued with a strong local sentiment.

Hakka! Whether you migrate from the Central Plains to the gloomy wilderness of the southeast, or from your homeland to the thorny land of a foreign country, you are always so high-spirited, so perseverant, and the word "success" is written in your heart , you can't find the word "failure" in your heart. Hakka, why are you so strong as steel? This is because you carry in your heart a piece of black coal of traditional culture mined from the depths of the Central Plains - a soaring flame burning with humanistic ideals - lighting the way forward for all Hakka children. The heat emitted by the sky-high flames makes the land of China as warm as spring and the five continents and seas as warm as spring. Yes, the Hakka people are the messengers of spring. No matter where they go, the Hakka people can usher in a new spring.

Hakka culture is a new branch blooming from the old tree of ancient Han culture. This lush new branch is already covered with colorful fruits.

Appendix: Hakka Earth Buildings—a natural and stretched symphony

In the border area of ??Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces, strange earth buildings are dotted here and there. The Hakka people there created a huge residential building made of rammed earth. It had no intention of showing off its own style, but the world was amazed by it! A UNESCO consultant praised it as "a unique and mythical mountain architectural model in the world!" In recent years, domestic and foreign experts and tourists have come to inspect Hakka earth buildings in an endless stream. They praised Hakka earth buildings as "the best example of ancient Chinese architecture". "Wonderful flower", "a pearl of Eastern civilization", "the common cultural wealth of the Chinese people and the people of the world". A Japanese professor inspected the earthen dwellings in the Hakka area of ??western Fujian. He admired the round and square earthen dwellings with thick structures, tall and majestic, and praised them: "like a black flying saucer falling from the sky", "a song of nature" And a symphony of stretches”.

The architectural form and connotation of Hakka earth buildings - revealing the Hakka spirit and the unique psychological characteristics of the Hakka people. She is a "legend in the mountains of southern China", a precious "living fossil" of Chinese folk culture, and a unique treasure in residential architecture in the world.

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The "Hakka hinterland" is rich in humanities, and advocating literature and learning has become a common practice. More than a dozen counties centered on Meizhou, the "Hakka capital of the world", are the "Hakka hinterland", that is, the Hakka central area. The education here is particularly developed and it is known as the "hometown of culture", "hometown of football" and "hometown of overseas Chinese". reputation. Meizhou is known as the "Hometown of Culture" in history, which embodies the Hakka spirit of people-oriented, culture-based, relying on knowledge and advocating education. The ancients said: "Mei people have no property and rely on themselves to make a living. Reading is a common thing, so they always follow it with books." Wang Zhizheng, the magistrate of the Qing Dynasty, once said: "Scholars like to read, talk a lot about farming, and refuse to quit their jobs even though they are poor." In Meizhou, there are private schools, social studies, and academies everywhere. In the past, many of our ancestors were selected for the imperial examination and were awarded the gold medal. It can be said that " Guangzongyao clan". Meizhou education has attracted much attention in modern times. In 1925, when Zhou Enlai arrived in Meizhou during his second Eastern Expedition, he said: "Mei County's education is so developed that it is particularly dangerous for counties in Guangdong Province, such as County Normal School, Dongshan Middle School, County Middle School, Xueyi Middle School is managed with great spirit, and the results of other schools are also good. The education is particularly popular, and even the poorest families can enroll their children. "Today, Meizhou is promoting the excellent traditional culture of Hakka and is in line with the modernization of education. Strive to create a new "cultural hometown".

French Catholic priest Léricas has preached in Meixian County for more than 20 years. In 1901, he wrote the "Hakka Dictionary" and said in the preface: "In Jiaying Prefecture (today's Meizhou), a place with less than 30,000 to 400,000 people, we can see schools everywhere, with a population of less than 30,000 people. There are more than ten middle schools and dozens of primary schools in the city, and the number of students is almost more than half of the residents in the city. Although there are only three to five hundred people in each village in the countryside, it is only three to five thousand at most. There is more than one school, because every Hakka village has an ancestral hall, which is where they worship their ancestors, and the ancestral hall is also a school. There are six or seven hundred villages in the whole territory, and there are six or seven ancestral halls. Hundreds of schools, this is really an appalling fact. In terms of population ratio, not only is there no place in the country that can compare with it, it is also not inferior to other countries in Europe and the United States. Why is education in Meixian so developed? I think the biggest reason is that it is promoted by its environment, because this place has many mountains and few fields, and there is not enough food. Men have to go out to make a living, and to learn the skills to make a living, they must learn to read and write. Moreover, their ancestors originally moved from the north. People with high status all have the idea that studying is valuable, so they try their best to set up schools. Their ancestral halls have a lot of public property, and the revenue from the public property is used to run schools. Students are mostly free, so even though they are beggars, Brother, there is also a place to study without becoming illiterate. This is what is called equal educational opportunities. "At the end of the 1940s, there were 34 middle schools in Meixian County, and the universal middle school education was the highest in the country.

The ancestors of the Hakkas came from the Central Plains and Heluo, where many humanities gathered. After taking root in the mountainous areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, they inherited the traditions of the Central Plains and passed down their family traditions through farming and reading. Advocating culture, attaching importance to education, taking learning as a pleasure, taking reading as a foundation, taking articles as a priority, and taking pride in knowledge have become a common practice in Hakka society.