Yong Zhengdi's reform policy during his administration.

Yong Zhengdi (16781February13-17351kloc-0/October 8), Manchu, was the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty, the third emperor after entering the customs, and the third emperor of the Qing dynasty. During the Yongzheng period, the rebellion of Zangdanjin in Luobu was put down, the military department was established to strengthen the imperial power, and a series of iron-fisted reform policies such as "returning farmland to the stream" and "returning fire to consume the people" were implemented, which played a key role in the continuation of the prosperous period of Kanggan. After his death, the hall number was Sejong, and posthumous title: Jing Tianchang, Yun Jianzhong, Wu Yingming, Kuan Renxin, Yi Rui, Sheng Daxiao and Cheng Xiandi were buried in Qing Xiling and Qing Tailing.

After he ascended the throne, he took various political measures to consolidate his throne. The first is to eliminate dissidents, divide and disintegrate the Prince Group, and bring Yin Gui from the West.

Yong Zhengdi seeks road map.

Recall before the northern army, ban. Jinfeng named Yin Gui as Prince Lian and Minister of Prime Minister Affairs. Yin Yan was sent to West Datong, Qinghai (now northwest of Datong, Qinghai). In view of the fact that there was no effective storage system in Qing Dynasty, disputes often occurred in succession to the throne, so a secret storage system was established.

In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), he accepted the suggestion of Nuo Min, the governor of Shaanxi Province, and implemented measures of strict economy and fund-raising to increase the central fiscal revenue and limit local expropriation.

In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), in view of the serious shortage of money and grain in various places in the last years of Kangxi, Yong Zhengdi decided to conduct a strict inventory, immediately seized the property of corrupt officials, defaulted on the people, and ordered them to collect taxes in a short time.

In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Yong Zhengdi ordered Nian Gengyao, the general of Fuyuan, to commit suicide in the name of bossiness and cronyism. At the same time, he cut off Kodo Pacific Insurance, and the latter circle was forbidden to die. Therefore, Wang Zhengwen's Western Expedition case and Justine's examination case were implicated.

In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), Zhang Xi, a disciple of Ceng Jing, instigated the rebellion of Yue Zhongqi, governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, implicated the late Neo-Confucianism Lv Liuliang, and Yong Zhengdi established a literary inquisition as a means to control thoughts, crack down on political opponents and improve authority. In the same year, in order to meet the needs of northwest operations, a military confidential room was set up (the military department was changed in the tenth year of Yongzheng), and important ministers were appointed to assist military affairs. Military ministers can only explain the emperor's orders, but have no right to praise the paintings, thus making the emperor more centralized. In addition to writing and playing books, he also ordered the governor to give secret reports to local officials in order to strengthen the emperor's control over local administration.

Yong Zhengdi compiled some of the memorials he had reviewed into "Records of Bamboo Skin and Yu Yu". His letters to courtiers were compiled by Zhang and others into cabinet style and the Eight Banners of the Empire. His articles in various genres were compiled into the Royal Collection by later generations. [4]

Political initiative editor

politics

Enhanced secret folding system

Inside the military department of the Forbidden City

Yong Zhengdi expanded the scope and content of secret folding. The secret folding began in the twentieth year of Kangxi. Secret folding helps the emperor to better understand the situation, grasp the dynamics, formulate targeted measures and effectively implement the rule. In order to give full play to the role of secret folding, Yong Zhengdi expanded the scope of secret folding to deployment, provincial judges, political studies and so on. And the content is extended to livelihood, customs and so on.

Establish a military department

In order to strengthen the imperial power, Shunzhi restored the cabinet of the Ming Dynasty. The purpose of Kangxi's establishment of the South Study Room was to disperse the discussion right of the King's Meeting, but it did not fundamentally solve the problem.

In the seventh year of Yongzheng, the cabinet was outside the Taihe Gate for fear of leaking secrets. It began with the establishment of a military computer room in Longzongmen, and the selection of people in the cabinet who wanted to keep secrets wrote values, thinking that it was used to deal with emergency military affairs and assist the emperor in handling government affairs. In ten years, it was renamed "Military Department" or "Military Department" for short. The military minister was selected by the emperor and concurrently held by the cabinet minister. They obeyed the emperor directly and knelt down to take notes. Their activities are under the supervision of the emperor, and their will is recorded in full accordance with the emperor's words. It can be seen that the military department was originally designed to handle military affairs, but once it appeared, it was seized by the emperor, which not only made it permanent, but also expanded its authority.

After the establishment of the military department,

Yong Zhengdi reads the map.

, ruled out the princes and ministers, also ruled out the cabinet minister, make the emperor ChaoGang arbitrary-neither allow the emperor sidelined, nor allow liegeman to obstruct the will. The emperor issued orders directly to local officials through the military department, and the parliamentary hall since Nurhachi gradually became a dead letter.

As an institution that assisted the emperor in decision-making and administration, the military department gradually became the center of handling military affairs. There is no quota for military affairs ministers, ranging from two to nine. Main responsibilities: meet the emperor every day, handle military and political affairs, and issue instructions to various departments and localities in the name of face-to-face orders; Official documents were drafted in front of the imperial edict and sent directly by the court, which is called "court delivery". The letter marked "An official somewhere opened it" was sent by the Ministry of War Information Office; Compilation and preservation of official documents is to compile a copy of the memorials reviewed by the emperor, which is called "recording the deputy memorials". The system can save a large number of files.

When Yong Zhengdi established the military department, he had a regular assistant so that he could handle political affairs in time. Therefore, his power was more concentrated than that of Ming Taizu, and the power of other emperors in the past could not be compared with him. He is actually a combination of power, and the Prime Minister is in charge of everything.

The establishment of the Ministry of War was a major change in the central organs of the Qing Dynasty, which marked the culmination of the development of the centralized monarchy in the Qing Dynasty. [5]

Be diligent

Like Emperor Kangxi, Yong Zhengdi was very diligent in politics. Later generations received

Yong Zhengdi military uniform

Zhu 13 batch of 360 bankbooks. During the reign of Yongzheng, he was diligent in political affairs, "diligent in being the best in the world" and "doing things day and night". In the early years of Yongzheng, Nian Gengyao and Longkeduo were highly valued. Nian Gengyao successively served as Governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi and General Fuyuan, and went to Pingping County, Qinghai Province, where Rutrob hid the Dan-Jin rebellion. After his success, he was made a first-class male and became the actual king of the northwest. Long is a senior official of the official department, an infantry commander and a hospital director. He was named Prince Taibao and honored as "Uncle" by Yongzheng. Both of them were prominent and abnormal, but they were purged by Yongzheng in a few years. Nian Gengyao ordered himself to commit suicide, and Longkodo was banned from death. At the same time, Yongzheng proposed a literary inquisition to crack down on two forces (Wang case and Qian case).

The four courtiers that Yongzheng once prized were: Li Jue (Jiangsu), Tian Wenjing (Fujian), Zhang (Anhui) and E Ertai; Among them, Li Jue, Tian Wenjing and Zhang are all Han Chinese, and Tian Wenjing is the flag bearer of the Han army. It can be seen that Yongzheng really understands and reuses the Han people.

Secret warehouse

"aboveboard" plaque

In view of Emperor Kangxi's failure to establish a prince in advance, Yong Zhengdi announced the secret storage method in August of the first year-he wrote down the name of his successor Li Hong, put the Summer Boating Poem in a box, put it on the "fair and square" plaque in Ganqing Palace and took it out of the box after his death. He also hid it in the palace with a secret message for verification. This method avoids the fierce struggle caused by the prince's struggle for power and profit. Later generations followed his example. Improve the secret selection and custody system, that is, when the emperor was in office, he did not publicly announce the heir, but placed two imperial edicts with the name of the heir behind the "fair and square" plaque in Gan Qing Palace and beside the emperor. After the emperor died, the imperial edict minister * * * opened the imperial edict and established a new monarch. This institutionalized the way of succession to the throne, and also largely avoided the conflict between emperors in Kangxi's later years.

policy towards nationalities

In terms of ethnic policy, Yong Zhengdi abolished the original chieftain system of southwest ethnic minorities, and changed it to "improving the local conditions" to strengthen the rule and assimilation of ethnic minorities. In addition, Yongzheng also declared that "this is aimed at thieves and so on. It means that this dynasty is the king of Manchuria and the Lord of China, and it is called blasphemy because of the privacy of this frontier. " I don't know whether this dynasty was Manchuria or China. Shun is an oriental and a westerner. How does it hurt virtue? "It means that the original intention of these rebels is just to say that this dynasty was only the monarch of Manchuria, and when it entered the customs, it became the emperor of China, wrongly harboring regional and national prejudices and deliberately fabricating some remarks to slander and ridicule. And they don't understand that the native place of this dynasty is Manchuria, just like China people have their native place somewhere. In ancient times, Dashun's native place was Dongyi, and Zhou Wenwang's native place was Yi Xi, which did not detract from the glory of their saints. Refute the unorthodox view that the adherents of the late Ming Dynasty believed that the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, and be alert to the alienation of the Han literati class. [6]

Official management in consolidation

Yong Zhengdi attaches great importance to the management of officials. Yongzheng praised the officials who were strict in law enforcement, firm in style, strict in administration, pioneering and enterprising, and had remarkable achievements. For example, Tian Wenjing and Li Jue did a good job in checking money and grain in Henan and Zhejiang, and were known as "model governors". At the end of Kangxi, the fiscal deficit was serious, and after Yongzheng, a big inventory of money and grain was resolutely carried out. He organized an effective leading group, which was jointly handled by Prime Minister Yun Xiang, Prince Yi, the 13th son of Kangxi, his uncle Long Keduo, university student Huang Bai and Shang Shu. Check the deficit of the central government first.

Andrew Wang

The local area has also carried out extensive inventory. Officials who have not been inspected are investigated and dealt with.

Inventory improved the financial situation, but it should be noted that the deposit in the last years of Kangxi was more than 20 million taels, while in the last years of Yongzheng, it was wrong to say that the deposit in the last years of Kangxi in TV series was 8 million taels, which greatly exaggerated the financial management effect of Yongzheng.

However, Yongzheng also had serious shortcomings and limitations. Yongzheng's repressive measures were very severe. No matter what the specific circumstances, anyone who resists the official will be punished as treason and beheaded. Even when resisting arrest, some people "* * * in one place, although not the initiator, but watching, that is, the same evil * * * economy", and they are determined to win. For private secret associations, officials are instructed to "visit irregularly, get the first blame, uproot and find the roots, and break contact forever." Suzhou handicraft workers demanded higher wages, went on strike and called for rest, Yongzheng severely punished them, and erected a monument to call for rest forever. [7]

Abolish the people's basic membership of a class

In Yong Zhengdi, there is a human rights reform, that is, the elimination of a group of Dalits. In the first year of Yongzheng, Shaanxi and Shaanxi were listed as descendants of "Yuegong (official prostitute)" because they were not affiliated with Judy at the end of Ming Dynasty. Yongzheng ordered them to cancel their status as "musicians" and let them become private households. In September of the same year, he ordered the cancellation of the "idle people" membership of the descendants of those who had opposed Zhu Yuanzhang in Shaoxing, making them private households. In April of five years, it was ordered to exempt "ghost households" in eastern Guangdong. [5]

military affairs

Yong Zhengdi continued its expansion policy in Manchuria. In the first year of Yongzheng, galdan's nephew Alabo supported Rob Zangdanjin, the head of Qinghai Heshuo Special Department, and assembled 200,000 people to attack Xining against the Qing Dynasty. Yongzheng ordered Nian Gengyao and Yue Zhongqi to lead a crusade and won a great victory. Qinghai was completely incorporated into the territory of Manchu Empire.

In the fifth year of Yongzheng, Ling Ze was sent as the chief representative to sign the Treaty of Brinsky with Russia, and in the second year, the Treaty of Chaktu was signed, which demarcated the middle border between Qing and Russia, stabilized the situation on the border between Qing and Russia, and promoted the economic development and trade in the border areas between Qing and Russia.

economy

Main measures and achievements

"Tan Chengmu"

In the first year of Yongzheng, at the request of Li, the governor of Zhili, the principle of collecting land tax jointly with Ding Yin was implemented, which changed the previous double collection standard of per capita and per mu and reduced the burden on farmers who had no land and little land. By the time of Ganlong, this policy had been extended to the whole country.

Second, "waste envy and return to the public"

In the early Qing dynasty, the Ming system was followed, and all localities collected money and grain, adding "fire consumption" (the loss of broken silver when it was cast into silver ingots by fire, also known as consumption envy). In practice, officials arbitrarily increase cakes and count one or two as money. Because it is not within the amount paid, it is a bad habit for officials to arbitrarily invade corruption. Emperor Kangxi once said that even honest officials take fire. In the last years of Kangxi, officials all over the country arbitrarily forced a hunger strike in the name of burning fire, which could not be stopped. When cleaning up the money and food in Yong Zhengdi, Shanxi Governor Nuomian and Minister Gao Chengling played in the second year of Yongzheng, demanding that the fire consumption of schools be increased in all parts of the province to relieve the treasurer of the minister.

Yong Zhengdi farmstead

It is called "honesty" to use 202,000 yuan to make up the deficit in the province and distribute it to local officials except for public use. Yong Zhengdi pointed out that fire consumption has always been levied by prefectures and counties, and the national treasury has been eroded by millions. The reason is that counties collect fire consumption and distribute it to superiors, and all kinds of feed are varied. Counties are wantonly corrupt and bosses pretend to be hermits. This is a long-standing problem and should be eliminated. He adopted the construction strategy of Shanxi officials and said: "Instead of fanning the flames to support the boss, it is better to keep the fire to support the boss." ("Records of Sejong", Volume 22) It is an open and illegal bribe to raise a boss in a county. When the boss allocates funds to counties, it becomes legal "honesty", that is, official salary subsidies. After Shanxi's implementation, various provinces followed suit, using fire consumption to make up for the deficit of money and grain, and dialing counties to ensure honesty. 1727, ordered the provincial governors to discuss and play according to the situation of the province. The system formed by this reform is called "fostering honesty", which is also called "returning envy to the people", that is, the higher authorities distribute it to officials according to the quota. In the future, the use of fire will be divided into three parts: one part will be used to keep local officials clean, the other part will be used to make up the local deficit, and the other part will be used for local public use. This not only increases fiscal revenue, but also helps to build a clean government.

Third, officials and gentry receive grain and serve as one.

In ancient times, taxes were collected only in the homes of ordinary people, and officials and gentry came from outside. Ordinary people still have to be policemen, that is, military service and corvee. Officials and gentry belong to the ruling class, so they don't have to be policemen and pay taxes! "Officials and gentry are police officers, and they are paid as a whole" means that they have to pay taxes when they are police officers. Of course, they are not really required to perform military service and corvee, and they can be bought with money. However, because it touches the interests of officials and gentry, it is more difficult to implement. However, in order to consolidate the rule of the dynasty, the interests of bureaucrats must be sacrificed temporarily, and this temporary sacrifice of the interests of bureaucrats is to enjoy more interests after the consolidation of the dynasty.

Disadvantages:

Pay more attention to agriculture than commerce.

Yong Zhengdi

Yong Zhengdi continued to implement the late king's policy of developing production. Like his predecessor, he encouraged land reclamation. From the 60th year of Kangxi to the 12th year of Yongzheng, the cultivated land in China increased from 7.35 million hectares to 8.9 million hectares, and the Weihe River, He Dian River, Ziya River and Yongding River were dredged. Completed Zhili farming project, Zhejiang seawall project, Jiangnan seawall project and other water conservancy projects, and built the Yellow River and canal dikes. Yong Zhengdi continued to abandon the policy of money and food. According to Qing History, he was in office for 13 years, and he was exempted from taxes in the disaster area 12 years and grain in some areas.

However, he overemphasized agriculture and restricted commerce. He said: "agriculture is the most important thing in the world, and workers are at the end." People who work more in the market plant less crops in the fields. If a group tends to be a worker, then there will be more producers of things, and if there are more things, it will be difficult to sell and the price will be low. It is because there are many people chasing the end that it is not only harmful to agriculture, but also harmful to industry. " The policies formulated according to this theory are bound to be detrimental to the development of industry and commerce. He also believes that mining is "absolutely infeasible". Because mining will tempt people to leave the farm and pursue the last business, and miners gather in one place, which is easy to make trouble.

Be eager for success, the means are too harsh.

Yongzheng was eager for success, so he reclaimed land in Henan, cleared Zhang in Sichuan, dug wells in Shaanxi and plowed fields in Zhili. The original intention was to benefit the people, but in vain, it became a burden to the people. He is quick-tempered, moody and harsh, resulting in many unjust, false and wrong cases. After his death, Qianlong succeeded to the throne, rebelled against the harsh rule of Yongzheng, and implemented the policy of "tempering justice with mercy" to avenge the dead, release prisoners and ease contradictions. Therefore, later generations commented: "The pure emperor (Qianlong) ascended the throne, and the serious rule of Seung Heon Emperor (Yongzheng) was based on leniency.

culture

literary inquisition

During the Yongzheng period, literary inquisitions became more and more frequent. Wang was beheaded for "flattering" Nian Gengyao, Justine was slaughtered for showing his body in public, and Lu was punished before the army for talking about current politics. The most sensational case is the Lv Liuliang case. Lu was a scholar with national thoughts in the early Qing Dynasty. He died 40 years ago. Later, and read Lu's book. Influenced by it, they turned against Yue Zhongqi, demanding that he clear up the Qing Dynasty and see the light of day again, which led to a major case. Lv Liuliang was beheaded and his son and students were executed. During the Yongzheng period, Wen Chao's network was very dense, which implicated many people and imposed heavy sentences. Intellectuals are easily criticized, forming a dull atmosphere of closing their eyes and not looking at reality and keeping their mouths shut about politics. At the same time, Tang Bin, who had been silent in Nuo Nuo for more than 40 years, was enshrined in the "Immortal Hall" and became a positive example for Han people to learn.

nation

Bureaucracy of local officers

Yong Zhengdi has carried out the reform of "returning home" in southwest minority areas. In the fourth year of Yongzheng, the chieftain was abolished in the southwest minority areas, and the floating officials who could be appointed and removed at any time were reassigned. Returning home helps to alleviate the oppression and exploitation of people in minority areas, and is of great significance to the implementation of national rule and national unity in the Qing Dynasty. However, when the Qing Dynasty carried out the policy of returning to the native place, it put too much emphasis on force, suppressed the resistance in some areas with cruel force, and also brought disasters to some ethnic minorities in southwest China.

diplomacy

At first, the maritime ban was strictly enforced, and later, considering the livelihood difficulties of the people in Fujian, they agreed to lift the ban appropriately; In the second year of Yongzheng, Cantonese were allowed to immigrate to Taiwan Province Province. However, people who come back from abroad are still very vigilant.

At that time, more and more foreign businessmen came to China to trade, but Yongzheng banned Chinese businessmen from going abroad to trade, and set up various obstacles, claiming that "the sea ban is strict but not wide, and there is no good policy." Later, at the repeated request of coastal provinces, although the sea ban was slightly relaxed, there were still various restrictions. Especially for overseas Chinese businessmen and workers who have lived in foreign countries for a long time, "those who fail to return after the deadline are willing to emigrate and are not allowed to return to the mainland." At that time, advanced western countries were encouraging overseas trade, while China, even an outstanding monarch, lacked a world vision, restricted foreign exchanges and became a laggard in the international trend.