Wuyue Immigrants and Ancient Japan

In his book wuyue Immigrants and Ancient Japan, Professor Wang Yong of Zhejiang made the following discussion on the immigration problems of ancient Japan and wuyue:

The origin of the Japanese

1, half-blood

The origin of Yayoi people has been debated for more than one hundred years since the Meiji era. The representative views are "indigenous race theory", "foreign immigration theory" and "mixed blood theory"

Those who hold the "indigenous race" theory, such as the archaeologist monk Hasebe, believe that the tattooed rope people have adapted to the changes in living conditions, become yayoi people, and then developed into ancient grave robbers until modern Japanese. Some people say that they are Austrians, some people claim that they are Koreans, some people claim that northerners should come to China, and some people insist on the theory of "wuyue immigrants".

Kenji Julia may be the initiator of "mixed race theory". He thinks Yayoi is a mixture of rope-tattooed people and immigrants. Kazuhiro Ihara made a unique calculation of the half-breed ratio of the Yayoi people. He regards the change of height as a quantitative expression of genetic factors. The measured mixed-race rate of Jingbang people is 1 to 1.25, and that of Sanjin people is 1 to 0.8, indicating that this is the first generation of mixed-race.

The theory of "half-breed" has been generally accepted by academic circles. The question is how big these immigrants who are called "uninvited guests" are. According to a statistic made at the foot of Xiushan Mountain, the population of Japan except Hokkaido was 1.66 million 1.000 in the late rope pattern, and increased to 60 1.500 in the yayoi period, with a difference of nearly four times.

In addition to the improvement of living conditions and the promotion of population growth, the increase of a large number of migrants is a factor that cannot be ignored. If Kurihara's mixed-race ratio is calculated correctly, the number of immigrants is close to one to one with the rope-striped people. There can't be tens of thousands of immigrants scattered around the world. There must be immigrant groups from somewhere.

2. Where did it come from?

Where do the immigrants who are obviously taller than those who tattooed ropes come from? Chinese and foreign scholars have put forward various views on this issue. The following are some main arguments and some brief comments.

Directly across the Korean peninsula. Masaaki Ueda pointed out that there were four waves of immigrants in Japanese history: the first wave around 200 BC, the second wave around the 5th century, the third wave at the turn of the 5th and 6th centuries, and the fourth wave in the second half of the 7th century. He believes that the first wave of immigrants came from the Korean peninsula. According to the average height (male 65,438+062.9 cm, female 65,438+050.3 cm) of 63 human bones unearthed from the ancient tomb of Lian in Korea (4th-7th century), Shahala further defined these immigrants as coming from the south of the Korean peninsula.

The above viewpoint is mainly based on the cultural similarities between the two places, but it does not explain the inevitability of population moving eastward. In fact, the phenomenon of Yayoi people moving to the peninsula also exists. For example, The History of the Three Kingdoms (biography of Shu Wei and Chen Ge) said that the Japanese bought iron from Chen Ge, and later Sui Shu (biography of Dongyi) said that Baekje people lived with Japanese and China people. Therefore, the cultural similarity between northern Kyushu and southern Korea is not enough to prove the relationship between giving and receiving, or it may be caused by the simultaneous spread of a certain culture between the two places.

Indirect hybridization of North Asian races. According to geographer Hideo Suzuki, about 3,500 years ago (in the late and middle period of rope pattern), the temperature in East Asia gradually dropped, that is, a cold wave phenomenon appeared, which triggered population migration. After calculation, Sakaguchi obtained more accurate data: the first cold period was from 3200 to 2400 years ago, and the temperature once warmed up in the next 300 years, and the second cold period appeared before 2000. Based on these data of climate change, Dr. Kazuhiro Sakahara came to the conclusion that in the first cold period, all ethnic groups in North Asia began to move to the warm south, and in the second cold period, the speed of moving south accelerated, and the two times of moving south coincided with the Yayoi era, which proved that Yayoi immigrants came from North Asia through the peninsula.

Although it is reasonable to attribute the migration of mainland immigrants to the East around the 3rd century BC to climate change, the biggest regret of the above explanation is that the social changes in East Asia during this period were not taken into account at the same time, and the immigrants were divided into North Asian races, which is inconsistent with archaeological findings and literature records.

Farmers in the south of the Yangtze River directly cross the river. /kloc-at the end of 0/6, Rodriguez, a Portuguese missionary in Japan, wrote in the History of Japanese Churches: "The earliest immigrants in Japan came from Zhejiang, and the king of Japan was their descendant." What is the basis? The author did not express it. In the middle of this century, Yutaro Ando pointed out from the perspective of rice transmission that rice originated in India and southern China respectively; Jiangnan people spread rice farming to northern Kyushu and southern Korea; Rice planting in Japan and South Korea started almost at the same time, and there is no difference between them.

Domestic scholars tend to think that wuyue immigrants are the disseminators of rice farming when they are looking for "the road of rice farming". Zhimin An demonstrated the relationship between Yayoi culture and Jiangnan in detail from the aspects of rice farming, dry fence architecture, earrings and lacquerware, pottery and printed pottery, Yoshinoya relics, ocean currents and transportation.

3. Overseas Vietnam in the East China Sea

The History of the Three Kingdoms (Shu Wei's Biography of Japan) says that "everything in Japan is the same as Bo 'er and Zhu Ya", and its geographical position is "East of Huiji, East of Governance", and it also records the Japanese custom in detail: "Men, big or small, are tattooed whales. ..... The son of Xia Hou Shao Kang was sealed in Huiji, and his hair was tattooed to avoid the harm of dragons; Nowadays, Japanese fishermen are tired of catching mussels, and tattoos also hate big fish and waterfowl, and they are slightly modified. Different countries have different tattoos, whether they are left or right, big or small, and there are grades. "

The meaning of this passage is that the tattoo custom, fishery economy, native products and geographical orientation of the Japanese are closely related to the Vietnamese distribution circle centered on Huiji. This multi-dimensional similarity should be related to Vietnamese immigrants at sea.

In 333 BC, the state of Yue was destroyed by Xiong Shang, and "the vassal states fought for positions, or were kings, or stood in the sea and worshipped Chu". Since then, the state of Yue has been scattered into hundreds. With the integration of Qin and the six countries and the unification of China, people in the south of the Yangtze River migrated to avoid chaos, and many people moved eastward by boat.

Yuejueshu can be divided into "Yueyue" and "Yueyue", which is also called "Yueyue in the East China Sea". "Historical Records" (Qin Shihuang's biography) said: "Those who commit the crime of emigrating to the world are exiled to Hainan in preparation for crossing the East China Sea." Although Qin destroyed the six countries, the more it refused to accept it outside the East China Sea, it formed a huge fleet, cruising at sea or taking refuge abroad, posing a threat to the Qin Dynasty.

Due to the strict defensive measures taken by the Qin Dynasty, foreigners drifting in the East China Sea had no hope of restoring their country, so they went out to sea to find another way to live. Dong Chuping said that they are "the most adept at controlling waves among Vietnamese people and pioneers in spreading Vietnamese culture". Chen Qiaoyi believes that "inner Vietnam" refers to a branch that moved into Huiji and Siming Mountain; "Beyond the East China Sea" refers to a branch that crosses the ocean from the present Ji Shao Plain, and some of it is likely to reach "Taiwan Province Province, Ryukyu, southern Japan, Indian zhina and other places".

The History of the Three Kingdoms (Biographies of Shu Wei and Japan) said that the Japanese were "tattooed", the later Han Dynasty (Biographies of Dongyi) said that Qi Chen was "tattooed because of the recent country" and Mahan was "tattooed because of the recent country". "Tattooing your face" is an ancient custom of crossing the border. Liu Xiang told Shuo Yuan (the envoy) that the Yue people "cut off their hair and tattoos, which are rotten, so that the dragon can avoid the water god." Explain that the style is the shape of a dragon and a snake.

In ancient times, when transportation was underdeveloped, the sea was far faster than the land. Imagine sailing by current or wind, crossing the East China Sea from the south of the Yangtze River takes only a few weeks or even less, but it often takes generations of unremitting efforts to reach Japan through North Korea, because their first destination is not necessarily Japan. Once they found a suitable place in North Korea, they settled down and gradually moved eastward under the pressure of subsequent immigrants until they finally crossed the sea and arrived in Japan.

According to the above analysis, it can be inferred that the large-scale immigrant groups that crossed the East China Sea around the 3rd century BC were probably "crossing the East China Sea" to the south of the Yangtze River. They refused to obey the rule of the Qin dynasty and had a powerful fleet, which not only had the motivation to avoid chaos and migration, but also had the ability to cross the sea. They brought fishing and farming techniques, bronze weapons and navigation knowledge to Japan, which are the essence of Yayoi culture.

4. After Taber

Wuyue lives in the south of the Yangtze River and has been at war since ancient times. In 473 BC, Gou Jian defeated Fu Cha, the king of Wu. "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" says: "If I go again today, I will die and my branches will go to the sea for the day." It shows that the Wu people dispersed after the national subjugation, and some of them crossed the sea and moved eastward, reaching Japan before the Vietnamese.

The Japanese claim to be descendants of Wu Taibo, which was first found in Yu Qian's Wei Lue, and was included in many historical books in the Tang and Song Dynasties, such as Hanyuan, Tongdian, Liang Shu, History of the North, Book of Jin and Taiping Magnolia. Sentence Wu, originated from Taibo, is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with its capital in Wuzhong (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu was strong. First, it defeated the neighboring country Chu, and then defeated the old enemy Yue, relying on military power to compete for hegemony in the north and compete with Jin in the Central Plains. In 473 BC, Gou Jian, the King of Yue, bravely invaded the State of Wu, and Wu Sui died in Fu Cha.

The "Taber Descendants Theory" is related to the origin of the Japanese nation, so it has attracted the attention of academic circles and also caused heated debates. Among them, Sophia Kao published "Re-discussion on Miao Nationality in Wu Taibo", and advocated to explore the causes of the legend of Han ancestors from the Hua Mu psychology of the surrounding ethnic groups and adopt a more objective and fair attitude. The summary is as follows:

(1) The surrounding ethnic groups look forward to the splendid civilization created by the Han nationality, and everyone has the psychology of respecting the Han people.

(2) Ethnic groups in East Asia have a long history of recruiting Han Chinese immigrants and absorbing Chinese civilization.

(3) For East Asian nations, it is extremely beneficial to take the gods and sages of the Han nationality as ancestors in international diplomacy.

(4) In ancient Japanese tribes, similar ancestral legends have existed since ancient times. According to the records of the local conditions before the construction in Wen Yi, the 50-character handwriting of the princess of Yi Tu claimed to Emperor Chuai that "the descendants of Lushan Mountain, the national meaning of Korea, descended from heaven *". It is not surprising that a tribe with close contacts with Wu calls itself a descendant of Taibo.

Qi Faren's paper, after careful textual research, discusses that various Japanese tribes in the 3rd century A.D. hung their ancestral lines on the sage Taibo out of the need of consolidating their kingship at home and enhancing their prestige abroad, thus affirming the "Japan's self-proclaimed theory" contained in China's history books. This conclusion should be said to be fair and basically solved the case.

We believe that the ancestor theory of the Han people can be divided into three types: the first comes from the competition of all ethnic groups in the Central Plains, the second comes from the attachment of all ethnic groups, and the third comes from the migration of the Han people.

Look at the first one first. According to the standard of "Hua Yi", the Han nationality is the only one who entered the Central Plains, so it is necessary to prove the origin relationship with the Han nationality through competition with the surrounding nationalities in the Central Plains. For example, during the Spring and Autumn Period, Emperor Yidi claimed to be the "five tyrants" and competed for the Central Plains. Every country claims to be from the Han branch to show its orthodoxy: the more it obeys Shao Kang, the more it obeys Zhou Taigong, the more it obeys Zhuan Xu, the son of the Yellow Emperor.

The second one is slightly different. Although some ethnic groups have no intention of competing for the Central Plains, it is helpful to consolidate their rule at home and improve their international status abroad by marrying the Han nationality in blood and confirming their blood relationship with China. King Koryo asked the Northern Wei Dynasty to "keep the country secret", and the sai-jo "told Xia Emperor to keep his name secret from the country" (Book of the Northern Wei Dynasty). Another example is Goguryeo in A Brief History of Korea: "After Wen Zuoyou and Zhu Mengsi called themselves Gao Xin, the country name was Goguryeo because of their surnames." This artificially fabricated "quasi-consanguinity" system diagram extends the concept of Han nationality to the surrounding ethnic groups, similar to the ancient East Asian feudal system.

The third is closely related to the migration of Han people, which is an important way for Chinese culture to spread to the surrounding areas. Although the Han people moved to a foreign land and separated from China in space, the cultural heritage will not be interrupted. They sow civilization among their neighbors, and when the indigenous peoples are gradually sinicized, the ancestors of immigrants or themselves are regarded as ancestors. For example, Shao Kang's illegitimate child, Xia Hou, was sealed in Huiji, and Gou Jian, the king of Yue, regarded him as his ancestor. After the demise of the Chu Dynasty, its branches scattered, and the branches that moved to Fujian and Vietnam took Gou Jian as their ancestor. With the migration of Han nationality and the spread of Han culture, the surrounding ethnic groups were gradually brought into the quasi-consanguineous pedigree of Han nationality.

Among the above three types, the "Taibo Descendants Theory" belongs to the third type, which was advocated by Wu people who crossed Japan. According to Zi Tong Zhi Jian, the Japanese who called themselves "post-Taibo" in Wei Lue should have been supported by Wu who went to sea to be Japanese. This statement has been recorded in many China history books, and its source is not some sporadic personal rumors, but should be an ancestral legend from a certain tribe.