Classification of Cantonese

Standard Cantonese, also known as Cantonese, is commonly known as Guangfu dialect. Cantonese, the official standard pronunciation of Cantonese, belongs to Cantonese films. There is little difference between Guangdong films and Shanghai films, and they can generally talk smoothly. There is little difference between Cantonese and Cantonese in Hong Kong, except that some words are used differently, which is related to the language environment and social system of the two places.

Cantonese pronunciation

One of the important dialects in southern China. Guangzhou dialect in a broad sense, also known as "Guangfu dialect" and "vernacular", belongs to Guangfu dialect of Guangdong dialect and is a representative dialect of Cantonese, which is popular in the Pearl River Delta, central Guangdong, western Guangdong, parts of northern Guangdong and southeastern Guangxi. Guangzhou dialect in a narrow sense refers to Guangzhou dialect, especially Cantonese, which is popular in Guangzhou. Guangzhou dialect evolved from ancient Chinese, and its formation and development went through a long process. Before the Qin Dynasty, the ethnic minorities living in Guangdong and Guangxi were called "Nanyue" (a kind of Baiyue), including Zhuang, Yao, Li and Tujia. Qin Shihuang sent troops to guard Lingnan, which initiated the early Chinese and the fusion language. Some scholars also believe that "the earliest source of Cantonese should be the result of Chu people moving south and Chu language coming south" (Li Xinkui's Guangdong Dialect). From the Han Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Han people in the Central Plains migrated to Lingnan, which promoted the development and stereotypes of Cantonese. Cantonese has not changed much since Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Guangzhou dialect, also known as "Guangzhou dialect", is a typical representative of Cantonese, but Guangfu dialect itself is constantly changing and developing. Before 1949, the words used in Guangzhou dialect were quaint and less influenced by the northern dialect.

The main items of Guangzhou dialect: Dongshan, Xiguan, Xicun and Panyu. Guangzhou dialect is "Guangzhou dialect" in a narrow sense. Because it is located in the central city of the Pearl River Basin, it is the mother tongue of tens of millions of local residents in Guangzhou, Hong Kong and other cities, and has long guided the traditional Cantonese opera culture and Cantonese pop culture, with great influence. It has been accepted as the established standard pronunciation by people in various Cantonese dialect areas. Cantonese itself is slowly changing. Guangzhou has a wide range of sound reception, even including some accents from Foshan, Zhongshan and Hong Kong.

Characteristics of Guangzhou dialect: On the one hand, it inherits and retains the characteristics of ancient Chinese, on the other hand, it absorbs some non-Chinese elements from the south, which is quite different from Mandarin and other dialects and has its own unique phonetic characteristics. (1) has no voiced initial, and retains the pronunciation of the ancient micro vowel M-, which combines the ancient essence, knowledge and understanding. Gu Xiao and Xi Mu read F-, such as Ode to Joy 55 and Kuanqu. The suffixes of ancient -m, -n, -p, -t and -k are intact and vary in length. A group of vowels (2) consists of as many as nine tones: horizontally divided into yin and yang, and the yin tone (from the ancient voiced consonants) is well matched with the yang tone (from the ancient voiced consonants). There are three tones, including yin tone (upper yin tone), middle tone (lower yin tone) and yang tone, with long vowels with middle tone and short vowels with yin tone, such as "Ba Pai 3". T5 "(3) Tone sandhi is not obvious, but it has rich semantic sandhi, such as" Mao ":Mao Moufa → Mao Mou (moldy)," pian "P? in→p？ (4) There are many monosyllabic ancient words, such as "neck" and "hope"; Some words may come from the ancient Chu language (such as "Kan Kan") and the ancient Zhuang and Dong language family (such as "Aquilaria sinensis"); The word order of some disyllabic words is different from that of Mandarin, such as "neat"; There are many foreign words, such as "ball" and "peptide (iron)"; There are some unique words, such as "elegance" (things) and? ? "(dinner dishes)," bang "(take) and" beauty "(beautiful)

(5) Grammatically, quantifiers can form quantifier phrases with nouns alone, such as "what beautiful clothes"; Some adverbials can be postpositioned, such as "go first"; The word order of the comparative sentence "I am older than you (I am older than you)" and the double-object sentence "Give him a pen (give him a pen)" is different from that of Mandarin, and some aspects (such as reply and continuation) are also very special.

Hong Kong and Macao Cantonese

Cantonese is widely used by Hong Kong and Macao officials, media and society, and its pronunciation is Guangzhou. The vocabulary of some proper nouns is different from that of Guangzhou dialect, but it does not affect the communication between the two sides. Macau Cantonese is exactly the same as Hong Kong Cantonese. Loanwords are mostly in English, but few in Portuguese. Before 1997, there were still quite a few people in Hong Kong who called it Cantonese and Mandarin. After 1997, Cantonese and Cantonese are basically the official names of Cantonese in Hong Kong.

Cantonese in Hong Kong is mainly Wanbao dialect and Tujia dialect.

The local Cantonese in Macao is mainly Guangfu Xiangshan dialect, but it is not easy to find.

Before Hong Kong 1949, Cantonese and Hakka dialect lived together, so the early Hong Kong dialect had a strong Cantonese-Hakka mixed accent (that is, Hong Kong Cantonese and Hakka dialect influenced each other in tone and vocabulary). Among them, Jintian dialect is the representative, but this accent only exists among the elderly people in Hong Kong today.

After 1949, especially after the great escape of Hong Kong, a large number of immigrants from the Pearl River Delta moved to Hong Kong, becoming the main body of Hong Kong people today. Due to the high political and economic status of Guangzhou people and Foshan people who moved to Hong Kong, Cantonese soon occupied a dominant position in Hong Kong and became the main language for Hong Kong people to communicate. The mainstream of Hong Kong dialect has also evolved from Wanbao's Wai Tou dialect to Guangfu's Guangzhou dialect, and a large number of sound simplification phenomena have begun to appear, among which the disappearance of nasal sounds (that is, n/l is difficult to distinguish) and the disappearance of W awkwardness are the most obvious. Some young people pronounce "you" and "I" as "thunder" and "I" respectively. Put "Guo" gw? K misread as "angle" g? K, "over" gw? Read "a" g? . Some scholars in Hong Kong call it "lazy voice". This phenomenon seems to be related to a large number of foreign immigrants. For them, the pronunciation of n/l is not much different. In most cases, confusing the two will not bring serious communication obstacles. Therefore, when they come to Hong Kong to learn this new dialect, they often give up what is difficult and take what is easy, and play down some indistinguishable pronunciation differences, which is the so-called "immigration theory". This phenomenon has also appeared in the evolution of desktop Mandarin and American English.

However, the mass media before1980s still tried to avoid "lazy voice" in radio and television programs. Up to now, Hong Kong linguists have repeatedly criticized and put forward the activity of "correcting pronunciation". However, it seems that "lazy voice" has become a feature of Cantonese in Hong Kong, frequently appearing in most mass media, singers' performances and the generation born in 1970s and 1980s. But on the whole, Hong Kong dialect and Guangzhou dialect are highly close.

English is more popular in Hong Kong, and in the past, Hong Kong often came into contact with foreign new things before the mainland. In the past, the lower classes who didn't know English spelled everyday English words in Cantonese, so English loanwords in Cantonese are very common in Hong Kong. For example, the floor coiler is called foreman, the brake is called brake, the bearing is called bearing, the strawberry is called strawberry, and so on. Many old people still refer to stamps as stamps and insurance as insurance. In addition, Hong Kong people address male teachers and policemen as "gentlemen" and female teachers as "ladies".

In fact, before 1949, these English words that had not been translated from Putonghua at that time were often used in Cantonese areas such as Guangzhou, but later, due to the promotion of Putonghua in the Mainland, these words were gradually replaced by standard Putonghua. Now the older generation of Guangzhou people, especially those in some industries (such as car repair), call male teachers and police "brakes", "bearings", "wrenches", "gentlemen" and "strawberries". It's just that the above words are rarely used by the younger generation except "Stoli Pear", but they are completely understandable.

There is a view that it is more reasonable to use the popular "lazy voice" in Hong Kong as the standard to distinguish Cantonese from Cantonese in Hong Kong. Distinguish Hong Kong standard Cantonese from Cantonese by "English Cantonese spelling". For example, Guangzhou is called "Floor Plumber", Hong Kong is called "Kewen", and Foshan is translated into "Wen", so there is Foshan standard Cantonese. This division method is not valid from the perspective of language, because its pronunciation is exactly the same, and the words are not exclusive. In fact, before the opening of Hong Kong, Guangzhou was already using loanwords, and today's loanwords are not necessarily created by Hong Kong.

Since a large number of Hong Kong people immigrated overseas from1980s to1990s, overseas Cantonese was also influenced by Hong Kong dialect, which established that standard Cantonese appeared in the world, and the phonetic and grammatical standards were still Cantonese. In daily language and news, there are also Hong Kong-style expressions such as "awesome" (describing things as powerful or describing the prosperity of the situation) and "luka" (swiping cards).

Nanfanshun dialect

Guangzhou itself is composed of Panyu and a part of the South China Sea, so Guangzhou dialect can actually be regarded as a special case of Nanfanshun dialect. The dialects of Guangzhou, Panyu and Nanhai are close, but the pronunciation of many words in Shunde is different from other places. For example, "Ao" reads nap instead of lap "eat" is not called "eat rice", but "eat J ɑ: Km". Such as male, difficult, friend, ning, etc. , originally pronounced with n, has become the same Panyu sound as blue, blue, Li and zero pronounced with L: some words that were originally vowels are pronounced separately, but with ng initials, such as sub-aa3 (up), pronounced as ya ngaa5 (down). The other part does not pronounce ng, but recites the original vowels. For example, the pronunciation of "Hook" is ng, but the pronunciation is the same as that in Europe. From the Panyu dialect quoted below, we can see that it is different from the standard Guangzhou dialect. Try to read: "bud" vegetables stir-fry "beef", but also "go down" and "bite" Xiguan sound: it is also a little different from the old city sound. For example, when a family (now) talks about clothing, what (these) talk about clothing; There is also a Xiguan sound that strengthens the dental sound, and the consonants, paper sounds and branches are equal, and the pronunciation is like the ㄗ () of the national sound; Female, infatuated, homophonic, pronounced as a national sound? ); Thinking, poetry, history and other sounds, such as the national voice (s? )。 There is a saying that represents the voice of "twisting" Xiguan: Ya "Si", twisting a few cents to buy a "persimmon" with water. The words "four", "zi" and "persimmon" are another intonation when spoken with the tip of the tongue.

Xiangshan dialect

Xiangshan Cantonese refers to Cantonese dialects popular in Zhongshan City and Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province. In the early days of Macao, the local Cantonese was mainly Guangfu Xiangshan dialect, but it was hard to find. Shiqi dialect is the representative dialect of Xiangshan Cantonese. Shiqi dialect is mainly popular in the urban and southern parts of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province. It is similar to Guangzhou dialect, but not the same. Compared with Guangzhou dialect, the names or generic terms of some things have their own uniqueness. Shiqi people in Zhongshan fully understand and speak Guangzhou dialect, but Guangzhou people or Hong Kong people don't fully understand Shiqi dialect. For example, in Guangzhou dialect, Shiqi dialect also uses "sleep" (meaning sleep), but it is generally called "sleep" (sleep is pronounced "mi" m ι here). Shiqi dialect describes a person as lazy, and there is an idiom "eat and sleep". Guangzhou dialect and Shiqi dialect also use "Touxian" (meaning just now), but they are often called "Jin", "gn si" and "Eight Immortals". In addition, there are some differences in accent between Shiqi dialect and Guangzhou dialect, such as there is no light lip sound in Hekou characters; The initial consonant of "Xiao Mu" or "Boxu" in Guangzhou dialect is F, and the initial consonant of "H" in Shiqi dialect is H, such as: Fan and Shiqi dialect pronounce hong-sin；; . Overcome, read kaak-huk in Shiqi dialect.

1Since the late 1970s, Shi Qi dialect has been moving closer to Guangzhou dialect because of Hong Kong opera, and many old pronunciations and vocabulary usage have gradually decreased or even died out. For example, the pronunciation of the above-mentioned combination words, later generations began to pronounce the combination words as light lip sounds according to Guangzhou dialect, and the frequency of the above-mentioned "sleeping" became lower and lower, and was gradually replaced by "sleeping". "Xiajian" (kitchen) and "Yin Qian" (Yuan's common name, "two Yin Qian" means two Yuan) are rarely used by the new generation of Zhongshan people in the old Shiqi dialect.

Wuzhou dialect

Wuzhou Cantonese belongs to Guangfu film, which is very close to Guangzhou dialect. They are mainly distributed in the urban area of Wuzhou City, the old Cangwu County (now the urban area of Weilong District of Wuzhou City), the urban area of Babu District of Hezhou City and its vicinity, and Daan, Danzhu and Wulin Town of Pingnan County and its vicinity. The internal differences are very small. Pingnan county's three towns of Daan, Danzhu and Wulin distinguish ts-t from the old Wuzhou dialect. ，-t，s-？ The new Wuzhou dialect is indistinguishable.

Represented by Wuzhou dialect, the phonetic system has 24 initials, 56 finals and 8 tones. Initial consonant part: ① The old Wuzhou dialect is divided into two groups, and the quaint group reads the tip of the tongue, ts, ts? , s, for example: refined ts, village ts? Yn, heart s? m； Ancient knowledge, Zhuang and Zhang group words read tongue sounds t? ，t，？ Example: t, t, k? . The new school has been merged into one set. 2. Guying mother reads the first and second words of glottis. , doubt mother first-class second-class word reading soft palate nasal? , the two don't mix. For example: Asia? A≠ tooth a; Hey? Ann ≠ goose? Ann; an n≠shore[n； Love me ≠ me; Evil k Guangdong k? . The same is true of the standard pronunciation of Guangzhou dialect, but in recent decades, most people are confused. A group of people? Fall off, especially young people, all pronounce zero initials; The other group will understand it as. Cantonese opera singing and most Cantonese media broadcasts are based on this pronunciation. 3 Old Wuzhou dialect has a gum, palate and nose nj? , mainly corresponding to the ancient Japanese mother and the suspected mother, such as: Japanese t? , people n, meat k? , month? yt？ , let? . In addition, the nasal reading of individual dental sounds? Example: wrinkle u, claw? Au, step? Ai. New school? There is a tendency to blend into jj, similar to Cantonese (4) Gu Ni's mother and daughter are distinct and not mixed. Brain nou≠ old Lou; ; Male nam≠ blue lam；; Ning n≠ zero l ⑤ lip initial gwk? Kwk and o? What is a round lip sound when vowels are put together? Easy to fall down. Example: pass k→k? ; Guang k? →gongk； Country kk? →k？ k？ Vowel part: ① Wuzhou dialect has not taken vowels so far, but still reads I and does not split into ei. Example: sad pi; p？ Me; Tasty rice; Non-fi; Didi; Uni; Li Li ② Wuzhou dialect still reads Y when it comes to vowels, but it doesn't crack. Y. example: ju ky canal k? y； Virtual hy; Female ny; Wuzhou dialect is not mixed with modal rhymes u and ou. Bupu ≠ Baopu; ; Tu Dao Tou; ; Earth t? U≠ Please T? Europe; nunu≠brain Nou； ; ≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠≠𕫠⊰𕫠𕫠⊰𕫠𕫠8880 Example: Zi, Zi, Zi tsy；; Division, division and matter? Y. The new school read I and converged to Guangzhou dialect. ⑤ The old school Wuzhou dialect is salty, and the first-level word reads omop? . For example: Gan, dare kom；; Hop combination and box; Dove kop, the new school has merged? m？ p？ Cohesion of Guangzhou dialect 6 Wuzhou dialect without Guangzhou dialect? n？ t？ The two rhymes. Which one should I read in Wuzhou dialect? n？ t？ . Example: spring t? n； Out of t? t？ Tone part: ① The two words before and after touching Yin Ping are Yin Ping, and there will be 55 and 53 tones before and after, and the rest are mostly 53 tones; ② Yang Pingyang is not mixed; (3) Most of the voiced initials in the Middle Ages still read Yang Shangsheng without entering tones. For example, Wanbao dialect is distributed in Dongguan, Shenzhen (Baoan) and the New Territories of Hong Kong, represented by Dongguan dialect and Weitou dialect. Cantonese and Cantonese dialects are difficult to communicate in Guan Bao (for example, there are many dialogues in the movie "I love to twist firewood", and many Hong Kong people living in urban areas can't understand these dialogues).

Compared with Guangdong Cantonese, Guan Bao Cantonese is characterized by many nasal sounds, such as the "basket" reading of Guancheng dialect. Answer? , "column" read lik, "give" read K "? k； When we say "new" is the word "star", "door" is the word "fierce" and "late" is the word "fierce", some h- s in Cantonese films become f- s (such as "open" is the word "gray", "cold" is the word "abundant" and "thirsty" is the word "blessing".

Dongguan dialect

Dongguan dialect is distributed in Dongguan City, Guangdong Province. Dongguan dialect is represented by Guancheng dialect. The accents of Guancheng dialect and Guangzhou dialect are quite different. Without training, it is difficult for Guangzhou people to understand Guancheng dialect without adaptation. On the other hand, it is difficult for the elderly in Guancheng who have little contact with Guangzhou dialect to communicate with Guangzhou people.

Baoan dialect

Baoan dialect can be divided into Weitou dialect and Nantou dialect.

Among them, Weitou dialect is named because it is widely distributed in the surrounding villages in this area. In Fuyong, Songgang and Shajing in Baoan District of Shenzhen, Pinghu in Longgang District, Nantou in Nanshan District and Jintian in New Territories of Hong Kong, 80% of the local population in Hong Kong use Wai Tou dialect. There are dozens of natural villages in Shenzhen, such as Shuiwei, Shangsha, Xiasha, Shawei, Shazui, Shi Xia, Meilin, Huanggang, Xinzhou, Futian, Gangxia, Shangbu and Chiwei. These words are exactly the same as those in Jintian, New Territories, Hong Kong.

Nantou dialect is mainly distributed in Nantou area of Nanshan District, with a population of about 5,000. Siyi dialect refers to the dialects of Xinhui, Enping, Kaiping and Taishan in Jiangmen City, among which Taishan dialect is the representative. Guangfu Cantonese is popular in Jiangmen and Siyi City. Half of the people in Zhuhai speak Siyi dialect (especially in Doumen area), and other areas use Xiangshan Cantonese, but the two dialects have gradually merged, and Siyi dialect is the closest to Guangzhou dialect in Siyi dialect, but Siyi dialect is one of the most different dialects from Guangzhou dialect in Cantonese system. Let's briefly analyze the reasons for the great difference between Siyi dialect and Guangzhou dialect.

Su was a native of the Western Han Dynasty, named Luo Zhu, and was the ancestor of Luo Gui. Later, he went out to defend Jiujiang, moved the capital to Jiujiang, and installed Zhang Yu in the court. Since then, Roche has regarded Zhang Yu as the land of hope. Sun Luogui, the 38th Sun Luogui, was awarded the command for his contribution to the founding of Song Taizu, and was later promoted to zhang de Festival. In the second year of Kaibao (969), he begged for relieving the military power and moved from Xiangfu to Zhuji Lane because of his "slight punishment" with Fan Ju and wang pu of Zhou. Luo Gui is Luo Gui's seventh grandson. It can be inferred that Luo Guijia has been using Nanchu dialect.

During Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty, 97 families with 36 surnames moved south under the leadership of Luo Gui, which was the most representative collective migration in Zhuji Lane.

Cantonese was formed in Guangxin (now Fengkai and Wuzhou), the capital of Jiaozhou in Han Dynasty, and spread to Guangzhou along Xijiang River. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, it had a relatively stable phonology and distribution pattern. Therefore, before the immigrants led by Luo Gui entered, Cantonese was already in Zhougang area, but it was not the center of Cantonese. At the same time, this Han immigrant entered with the team and settled in Zhuji Lane. Their original Nanchu dialect will not be easily abandoned, but will continue to be used for a period of time and within a certain range, forming a bilingual phenomenon in which Nanchu dialect and Cantonese coexist. With the increase of southward migration, dialects and Cantonese have influenced and absorbed each other, and gradually formed a dialect based on Cantonese pronunciation, which absorbed some factors of Min dialect, Gan dialect and Wu dialect, namely Siyi dialect.

During the Song Dynasty, there were hundreds of clans in the Central Plains and Jiangnan from Zhuji Lane. Some settled in Zhougang, some settled in the hinterland of Pearl River Delta such as Guangzhou, Nanhai and Panyu, and some settled in Duanzhou and Xinzhou of Xijiang River Basin. Because the Xijiang River Basin and the hinterland of the Pearl River Delta belong to the central area of Cantonese, Cantonese in this area has become strong, so we have to do as the Romans do, gradually give up dialects and speak local Cantonese. However, from the phonology of Cantonese in this area, we can still find some situations similar to Siyi dialect. For example, Longjiang, Shunde, pronounced the initial consonant of the aspirated vowel on the tip of the tongue as a laryngeal fricative, Daliang, Panyu Shiqiao and the emerging nasal vowel on the tip of the tongue as a nasal vowel, Zengcheng did not pinch its mouth, and so on. These are all caused by the influence of immigrant dialects in Zhuji Township on local Cantonese. Goulou Cantonese is mainly distributed in Yulin and Wuzhou 13 counties and cities, Yulin City, Wuzhou Suburb, Guigang City, Hezhou Suburb, Beiliu, Cenxi, tengxian, Cangwu, Mengshan, Rongxian, Xingye, Bobai, Northern Luchuan, Zhaoping, Zhongshan, Pingnan County, Guiping City and other places, as well as Huaiji and Feng Ping in Guangdong. Mainly in rural areas, with a population of nearly 6.5438+million, it belongs to a relatively large branch of Cantonese. It is very different from Guangzhou dialect, and its accent is also different. The phonology is complex, with 8- 10 tones, which is one of the most tones in Chinese dialects in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. However, because most of the residents who use Goulou Cantonese are rural areas or small and medium-sized towns, their phonology is complex, so their circulation is not high.

Goulou Cantonese is the earliest Chinese dialect in Guangxi. Historically, there was an authoritative Chinese dialect in the border areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. In BC 1 1 1 year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pacified South Vietnam. On the basis of Guilin, Xiang Jun and Nanhai in the former Qin Dynasty, the administrative divisions were readjusted: Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Jiaodi, Old Town, Rinan, Yuer and Zhu Ya, and the administrative divisions were reorganized. Cangwu belongs to Guangxin (now Wuzhou and Fengkai), which is a history of cross-toe. Wuzhou was the administrative center of nine newly established states at that time and the capital of the region. It was not until AD 2 17 that Sun Quan moved the political center of Lingnan from Cangwu Guangxin to Panyu (now Guangzhou) in the South China Sea. Guangxin's position as the political center of Lingnan lasted for more than 300 years, forming an authoritative Chinese dialect-Guangxin dialect in the border area between Guangdong and Guangxi. Goulou Cantonese is a direct descendant of Guguangxin dialect. Although it has been eroded by Guangfu Cantonese and Yongxun Cantonese today, its characteristics have been stubbornly preserved. For example, Gubang (P) and Duan (T) pronounce voiced sound, D, refined sound (ts), unvoiced sound (tsh), subordinate sound (dz), evil sound (Z), and stop sound T, th or D, etc. Take Yulin dialect as an example, read "no, right, lost, Tao, tin and ladder".

Goulou Cantonese is characterized by:

① There are extremely rare voiced initials B and D or imploded voiced initials in Chinese. (2) Fine and clear, converging from head to tail. This is a common feature of Goulou Cantonese. (3) The ancient voiced initials are flat and flat, and they are not aspirated. (4) There is a fricative sound (or an interdental sound). ⑤ Most of them are tone sandhi.

It is very different from Guangzhou dialect, so it is difficult for two speakers to communicate with each other. The representatives who lack Cantonese are Yulin dialect, Beiliu dialect, tengxian dialect and Mengshan dialect. Luoguang Cantonese is distributed in Luoding, Deqing, Zhaoqing, Yunan, Guangning, Huaiji, Yangshan, Lianshan and other counties and cities, with Zhaoqing dialect as the representative. There is no distinction in the early data, which is classified as Cantonese in Goulou, Guangdong.

The characteristics of Luoguang Cantonese are as follows: (1) Most initials are reserved with zero initials, such as Ya a3, Ai? I3，u 1，i3，yt8。 (2) Is Yin Hong, the suspected mother, preserved? And soft sounds are mostly mixed into j, like me, tick-tock? Au, suspected ji, moon jyt. (3) There are obvious differences between the high and low tones in Yin Ping and those in Gao Pingtiao. Yin Ping should stress (high and low) when transferring the tone, such as Zhaoqing dialect. (4) There are no vowels [imemipep, mixed inentet] in most points in the north. (5) The initial consonants are basically in opposition to nl, but some points in the east tend to merge nl.

Similarity with Goulou Cantonese: The similarity between Luoguang Cantonese and Goulou Cantonese in Guidong lies in that "the ancient voiced initials are not aspirated regardless of the tone". Such as head, tea, bridge, enterprise and proximity. , is not aspirated (except for some places that tend to be more international).

The difference between them and Goulou Cantonese: One of the main reasons for distinguishing them is their accurate pronunciation. For example, "Qing" reading t'eng means lack of Cantonese, and reading t' eng means Cantonese. In addition, Goulou Cantonese has fricative or interdental sounds, while Luoguang Cantonese hardly has them. Eternal training Cantonese is widely distributed in Guangxi. Besides Nanning and its surrounding areas, Baise and Longzhou Cantonese in western Guangxi are also Yongxun Cantonese, represented by Nanning dialect. Yong Xun Cantonese is close to Wuzhou Cantonese and Guangzhou Dialect. It is mainly popular in towns with convenient transportation on both sides of Yongzhou and Zhou Xun (called Guiping in ancient times), such as Nanning, Yongning, Hengxian, Guiping, Pingnan, Chongzuo, Ningming, Longzhou, Pingxiang, Fusui, Baise and Tiandong, as well as some subordinate towns and parts of Liuzhou. Take Nanning and Guiping as representative points. However, due to the influx of migrants since 1960s and 1980s, and the linguistic and cultural policy of Nanning Municipal Government is to weaken local dialects and promote Mandarin instead, the population using Nanning dialect in Nanning has greatly decreased, and the population using Nanning dialect has dropped to below 30%. In fact, the representative accent of Yongxun Cantonese has been transferred to the subordinate towns of Guiping City, which was called Zhou Xun in ancient times. There are also quite a few people who worry that Nanning vernacular has actually become a kind of extinct language.

Main features: ① There are vowels on the tip of the tongue? Or? , such as Nanning, Guiping? , Pingnan is? , spelled with the initials of ts- group only. Generally speaking, it sounds like Zi, Ci and Si in Mandarin. ② Some have fricative sounds? Or its variant interdental sound θ, such as Xin, Xin. Guiping Street and Heping South Street. Qinzhou Cantonese is mainly distributed in Qinzhou, Hepu (formerly known as Lianzhou), Beihai, Pubei, Lingshan, Fangcheng, Dongxing and other places, with Lianzhou dialect as the representative.

The main features are as follows: ① There is no pinch called Y (that is, in Mandarin); ② The ancient voiced initials are basically aspirated when they are pronounced with stops and fricatives. ③ Is there a fricative sound? . There are 7-8 tones.

From the perspective of internal differences, it can be roughly divided into five parts: ① Qinzhou Cantonese, including Beihai dialect in Beihai city and its suburbs, Hepu dialect in nankang region in the east of Hepu, Qinzhou dialect in Qinzhou city and its suburbs, and Fangcheng dialect in Fangcheng county. Although there are some differences between these words, their internal consistency is still great. Mainly distributed in towns and counties, seriously affected by Guangfu, far from the following words. (2) Lianzhou dialect, including most areas of Hepu County today, and towns such as Li Na in the southeast of Qinzhou City adjacent to Hepu County. Among them, Lianzhou dialect spoken in the south of Hepu, near Beihai City and Ganzhou Island is slightly different from Lianzhou dialect spoken in other areas of Hepu. ③ Lingshan dialect is mainly used in the north of Lingshan. Lingshan dialect is also spoken in some towns in the north and northeast of Qinzhou. ④ Xiaojiang dialect is mainly used in the middle of Pubei (formerly known as Xiaojiang) county in Northeast China. ⑤ Liuwanshan dialect is mainly spoken in the northeast of Pubei County. Pubei County is geographically adjacent to Yulin and Yulin Bobai, so Xiaojiang dialect and Liuwanshan dialect are close to the Cantonese of Yulin and Bobai. Tujia dialect, also known as Huashui dialect, is the mother tongue of Tujia, a sub-ethnic group in the Han nationality that is on the verge of disappearing. Its members are widely distributed in the coastal areas and major inland rivers of Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Hong Kong. And most of them often communicate with local people nearby. Therefore, "every family" refers to a completely different language family in different provinces. For example, Tujia dialect in Guangdong and Guangxi belongs to the sub-dialect of Cantonese. Fuzhou Qijia mainly uses Fuzhou dialect.

Zijia dialect in the coastal areas of Guangdong and Xijiang River basin is a Cantonese dialect, which is connected with the standard accent of Cantonese, Guangzhou dialect.

The pronunciation of Hong Kong Tujia dialect is very similar to Cantonese, but there are some unique words. The English name of Hong Kong is a transliteration of Tujia dialect pronunciation.

At present, the fishermen on the water have gradually moved to the shore to live, and their next generation has completely integrated into the mainstream society. Therefore, few young people know how to speak a unique Tujia accent or vocabulary. In the past, most family members lived in typhoon shelters in Aberdeen, Stanley, Yau Ma Tei, Kowloon, Sai Kung, Castle Peak in the New Territories and Tai O or Cheung Chau on Lantau Island. From the 1970 s, family members in urban areas gradually moved to the shore to live and quickly integrated into the mainstream society. Therefore, in small fishing ports such as South Hong Kong Island, Tai O on Lantau Island or Cheung Chau, many Tujia people still retain their Tujia accent. Dongjiang dialect, namely Huihe dialect, is called Huizhou dialect in Huizhou and Heyuan dialect in Heyuan. It is a dialect group in the middle and upper reaches of Dongjiang River Basin, mainly distributed in Huizhou and Heyuan. Dongjiang dialect has the characteristics of both Cantonese and Hakka dialect, and its classification is controversial. There is little special research on Dongjiang dialect in academic circles. Some people claim to classify it as a Cantonese Uighur film (or Dongjiang film), while others claim to classify it as a Hakka Cantonese central film. Liu Shuxin and others have made a systematic study of Dongjiang dialect, and think that this dialect group is older than Hakka dialect, which was the local language before Hakka moved to the central part of Guangdong Province and has close kinship with Cantonese. Later, surrounded by Hakka dialect (mainly Cantonese), it moved into Guangdong on a large scale, and gradually assimilated, forming a dialect group close to Hakka Cantonese, but retaining the typical characteristics of Cantonese to varying degrees, so Dongjiang dialect was classified as Cantonese. Typical Dongjiang dialects are Heyuan dialect, Huizhou dialect and Longmen dialect.

Longmen dialect

Generally classified as Cantonese. Some of them are classified as Dongjiang in Hakka dialect. Actually. Local dialects have both these characteristics, which can be regarded as the product of the mutual infiltration of Cantonese and Hakka dialects. Guangxi Nanping dialect is traditionally classified as Cantonese, and some people try to separate it from Cantonese. However, compared with many similarities in other Cantonese dialects, a few differences are difficult to be used as evidence of the independence of Nanping dialect in Guangxi.