Praise the sloping plank road (2)

"Gu Jie Road is a 500-mile-long cave ear"

Oblique ramp is a highway that runs along the two valleys of oblique water, a tributary of Weihe River, and holding water, a tributary of Hanjiang River, from Chang 'an to Qinling Mountains and reaches southern Shaanxi and Sichuan. That was a long time ago, and it was the only way to communicate between the north and the south of Qinling at that time. As for its founding age and process, the specific history is not detailed and the traceability is quite long.

The Records of Huayang Country quoted the Records of Shu as saying that "it began with three emperors and five emperors". In Reading History Yu Fang's Notes, it is said that "praising the oblique way was done by Yu Xia". Later, according to the records of Oracle Bone Inscriptions excavated in Joo Won?, it is said that during the period of Zhou Wenwang, the territory was opened in the Hanshui River Basin, which was called "governing the south". Although the specific route is not specified, the entrance of Praise Ramp is not far south of Joo Won?. Therefore, judging from the military actions of "cutting Shu" and "conquering Shu" in history, it can be basically concluded that the road of praise and inclination at that time was already a frequently used road.

According to Records of the Historian, "Shu followed suit", that is, eight southern tribes crossed the Qinling Mountains and entered the Central Plains to participate in Zhou Wuwang's military operations. It can be seen that during the Yin and Shang Dynasties, there was a road from Hanzhong to the northern Qinling Mountains. By 779 BC, Zhou Youwang sent troops to attack and praise the country, praise the people and offer beautiful women, and it is also possible that this road leads to the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains.

In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, from Qin Wengong to Mu Gong (762 ~ 62 BC1), there were both military offensives and business trips between Qin and Shu, that is, "Qin Wen, Xiao (Germany) and Miao (Mu) lived in harmony, and there were many goods in Gansu and Sichuan." In the 26th year of Qin and Li (45 BC1), Qin grew up in the south of the city. In the 13th year of Qin Dynasty (387 BC), Qin conquered Shu and captured Nanzheng ... All actions in Shanghai proved that a series of activities at that time were most likely to pass through the road of praise and slanting (or the old road), and it was also most likely to build plank roads in military operations.

Before the plank road was built, there was only Gu Dao, and it was hard and difficult to climb in dangerous places. In the 11th year of Qin Huiwen's reign (3 16 BC), Sima Cuo and others were sent to Hanzhong via an inclined plank road, and then returned to Mianxian (now Mianxian), where they entered Sichuan and cut Shu through Jiange, and were destroyed in October this year. This time, on the basis of praising the oblique ancient road, the king of Qin expanded the ancient road into a plank road for the first time along the canyon of praising the oblique two waters.

From 306 BC to 25 BC1year, during the reign of Zhao Xiang, the king of Qin, Fan Sui was appointed as the prime minister. Between the passing cliffs, "Cave Mountain is a hole, wood is inserted as a beam, and wooden boards are laid" as a stack pavilion to connect roads. Since then, Zan ramp has become a post road. As the saying goes, "the plank road is a thousand miles long, which leads to Shu and Han, making the world fear Qin", and the inclined plank road became the main traffic artery between Qin and Shu during the Warring States Period.

In the first year of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (122-BC 1 17), Zhang Jian, the son of Zhang Tang, the satrap of Hanzhong, was ordered to "send tens of thousands of people for more than 500 miles". According to "Ode to the High Song" in the Thirteen Classics of Shimen, "The stone is carved on a cliff, with a stable column, more than 300 feet deep, and there are tens of thousands of wooden pipes and columns". When this large-scale renovation of the inclined plank road, it is also planned to use the inclined water and inclined water of the inclined plank road for water transportation, that is, "the water goes back to the inclined water from Nanyang, and it is more than a hundred miles, from the army to the water." Because the water was fast and the stone was big, it could not be transported in the end, and the water transportation was not completed.

From six to nine years in Yongping (Liu Zhuang) (AD 63-66), Emperor Hanming sent Governor Zhi Jun of Hanzhong to "pick up 2,690 people from Guanghan, Shu and Ba counties with letters, open a praise ramp ... in April of the ninth year, Yizhou made meritorious deeds, and it was safe to the east". The project employs more than 766,800 employees and uses 369,840 tiles ... It costs 499,400 yuan, starting with 623 bridges and 5 bridges, with a total length of 250 miles ... and 64 official temples. " In this project, the Shimen tunnel on Zan ramp was dug, which became the earliest mountain tunnel in China and set a historical precedent.

Praise ramp is a general term for praise valley and inclined valley. Because its north entrance is in Xiejiakou, Meixian County (Baoji City, Guanzhong), and its south exit is in Baogu, Mianxian County, Hanzhong, it is called the praise ramp. They are bounded by five Li Po in Taibai Mountain (called Yalu Mountain in ancient times), and enter Weihe River in the north and Zhenjiang River in the south. In ancient times, from Chang 'an to Hanzhong, it entered the inclined valley first and then the praised valley, so it was also called the inclined valley road.

Inclined water (now Shitou River) originates from the west side of Taibai Mountain in Qinling Mountains, flows northward through the east side of WuLi Po Village in Taibai County, and then bends northeast out of the inclined valley mouth to inject Wei water. Baoshui (now Baohe) originated in the southern foot of Qinling Mountains, and there are many sources in Taibai County. The easternmost source is located in Xigou and Tangkou Street on the west side of Lipo. Five Li Po adjacent to the two rivers is actually a gentle slope about five miles long, hence its name. Through this gentle slope, the oblique valley and the praise valley are connected. Therefore, Zan Ramp is a valley with two mouths. Although it runs through the Qinling Mountains, it is not necessary to cross mountains and mountains.

The valley is located in Zhongshan, 50 miles north of Chengjian County in Liangzhou, which is now Mianxian Town in Hanzhong City. Also, "the oblique water source comes from Yalu Mountain in the northwest of Ancheng County, which is the same origin as water", "Water is connected with the river, and oblique water is connected with the Weihe River, all of which are sailing." Therefore, from the general trend, the oblique road is Gu Dao with a relatively flat route in the Qinling Mountains. However, after passing through the southern section of Baogu Canyon, the water depth is swift and the cliff is volley. Ouyang Zhan, a Tang Dynasty man, described the precipice in the preface to the inscription on the plank road as follows: "Although it is high, it is also deep", "The undercurrent is poor, Wan Ren is straight down, the cliff is cut, and there is no soil for thousands of miles ... Elks have no way, apes are facing each other, and their hoofs and feet can't cross it".

Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi says: "However, there are four jams, and the plank road is a thousand miles away, and everything is impassable. Only boasting that it is easy to be fresh and has a prominent role. " Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, Xie Xielu has been the main post road from Xianyang or Chang 'an, the capital city, to southern Shaanxi and even Sichuan. The route at that time was roughly as follows:

From the south of Chang 'an to the west via Huxian County, turn to Zhouzhi and enter Baoji County. The southwest line enters the mountain from Xiegukou (Linxiyi) at the northern end and goes south along the east side of Xieshui (now Shitou River).

Pass Songlinggang in Taibai County (also known as parrot pigeon mouth or Ying Ge mouth and parrot mouth), pass Laoyeling (also known as Laojunling in Gubaliban), enter Taochuan Valley in Taibai County, and swim in the oblique water;

Go west to Lingdan Temple, Dujiaping, Pingchuan Post (Taibai Tangkou Street) and Fangchaiguan (Taibai County), climb Lipo (called Wuliling and Yalu Mountain in ancient times, also known as Hoya), and enter Zuitou Town, the starting point of Baohe Canyon (where Taibai County is now located) along the slope beam;

Then turn southwest, along the lower Hongyan River, pass Lianghekou, Guanshan Street (ancient Hechi Pass), Upper Baiyun, Lower Baiyun, Historic Street, Gao Qiao (about 1 1 km away from here, there is a site of ancient plank road with a slope) and Wangjialeng (Tuling);

Turn south again, enter the mud ditch in Zheliyuan, Liuba County, Hanzhong, pass through 48 holes, pot factory and Nianzigou, and reach Jiangkou Town, the ternary interchange of the upper reaches of Baohe River (the intersection of Taibai River and Hongyan River, which was called Heilongjiang in ancient times; There is a post station called Songqing Post Station, also called Xijiangkou, which is an ancient gateway), and this section is about 14 km;

Slope plank road along the river, 4 kilometers to the south, is Jiangxi Camp (site of ancient triangle city). Then go down the Baohe River to Moqiaowan and Liuchuan Township Station (Qinggangping), pass through Hanshuigou, Linjiaba, Xuewo, Peacock Terrace, Xia 'nan River, Heiyingba and Daoshuwan, and reach Jiangwozi Township Station (Gugeyutan);

It passes through Wuguanyi (known as Wuxiuguan in ancient times, there is Wuxiutan), Maoergou, Tiefo Hall, Wulipu (known as Jiaoyanpu in ancient times), Wu Qu Store (known as the ancient Wu Qu Pass), Damao Town (known as the ancient pass where Xiao He chased the moon), passing through Shilipu, Qingqiaoyi (now retaining the statue group of Duhuoping Cliff), and

Finally, it passes through Xiaoshimen Tunnel (ancient Shimen site, also known as Laoshimen), passes through Jitouguan (ancient Qipanling), exits Baogukou, reaches Baocheng in Mianxian County, and enters the hinterland of Hanzhong.

Among them, from Zuitou Town in the upper reaches of Hongyan River to Wuguanyi in Liuba County, this large section of Gu Dao is along Hongyan River and Baohe River, accompanied by 2 10 provincial highway, overlapping and parallel with her. From Wuguanyi to Baocheng, there are 3 16 National Highway and Bao Han Expressway under construction.

The whole slope plank road is about 93 kilometers long in Hanzhong, with a total length of 470 miles, equivalent to 235 kilometers, commonly known as the 500-mile plank road. Biography of Huo Zhi in Historical Records: Zanxie plank road is 470 miles long. "Yuanhe County Records" and "Geographical Records" are also contained in 470 Li. In March of 2 19, Cao Cao left Hanzhong from Chang' an and went to Yangping to save Xia Houyuan's army. He also lamented many times that "Gu Jie Road is a cave 500 miles away". Here, Cao Cao's "five hundred-mile cave" should also be regarded as four hundred and seventy miles.

In the early history, the sloping plank road was sometimes blocked, sometimes built and sometimes destroyed by floods. For example, in the eighth year of Jianxing in Shu Han Dynasty (AD 230), "heavy rain closed the road";

Some people were wiped out by the North-South separatist regime. For example, in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, according to Hanzhong, the canyon was "absolutely closed" and "could not be reopened";

Due to the constant fighting, most people burned the plank road, such as:

In April of the first year of Han Dynasty (206 BC), great-grandfather Liu Bang came to Hanzhong as "Hanwang" and "burned the plank road he had crossed to show that the world was unintentional", and the road of praise and criticism was once cut off;

In the first and second years of Emperor Han 'an (Liu Hu) (107 ~ 108), "Zero Qiang and Yunnan were called the northern emperors first, so they invaded Sanqin ... and went south to Yizhou to kill Dong Bing, the satrap of Hanzhong", and the slope plank road was destroyed and the bridge was broken.

During the first Pingnian of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (Liu Xie) (A.D. 190 ~ 193), Ada sent Sima Zhang Lu, the capital of Han Dynasty, to occupy Hanzhong. Zhang Qian is divided into Hanzhong and the plank road is broken;

In the spring of the 6th year of Jianxing in Shu Han Dynasty (AD 228), when Zhuge Liang first fought Cao Wei in the Northern Expedition, Zhao Yun "burned hundreds of miles in the valley near the pavilion to the north of Chiya" to prevent pursuit.

In August (AD 234), the 12th year of Jianxing in Shu Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang made his sixth northern expedition to Cao Wei and died in Zhang Wuyuan's army. Shu army retreated to Hanzhong along Baopo, "burning Pavilion Road";

In May of the first year of the Western Wei Dynasty (AD 554), Emperor Gong rose up against Wei and said, "I heard that the loyalist had arrived and burned the plank road".

In the second year of Guangqi in Tang Xizong (AD 886), Li Keyong attacked Beijing and fled south. Because "Xingyuan (Hanzhong) is burning Pavilion Road in our time", he came to Hanzhong by the old road (Chencang Road) ...

Only during the Three Kingdoms period, the dispute between Wei and Shu was cut off many times, but there were also four major overhauls:

In 228 AD, after the reign of Shu Kingdom was founded for six years, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister, stationed in Hanzhong, made a northern expedition to Cao Wei and went out to Qishan, making Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi suspected soldiers of Shu Kingdom, responsible for refusing Wei, and was defeated by Cao Zhen. When he retired, he burned the red cliff plank road, and Zhuge Liang organized manpower to repair it.

In 230 AD, in the fourth year of (Cao Rui) Taihe, (Fu) Cao Zhen attacked Shu, and an army entered from Xiegu. "Go deep into the obstacles and open the way ahead ... Those who are martial arts are also learning from the military" (contained in the biography of the Three Kingdoms Wang Su).

In 233 AD, in the 11th year of Jian Xing in Shu Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang attacked Wei for the sixth time, sent troops to Qishan, and sent troops to Wuzhangyuan to "rule the Emperor Pavilion" on a large scale. The following spring, the sloping plank road was renovated to transport grain and grass with "flowing horses". In August, Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan. Wei Yan and Yang Yi were at odds, so they led their troops back to Hanzhong and then "burned the plank road" to repair it.

In 263 A.D., in the fourth year of Jingyuan, Emperor Wei Yuan (Cao Huan), in November, General Wei Zhong Hui divided his forces to recommend the Xielu Road, Ziwu Road and Luo Luo Lu Road to destroy Shu, and ordered dentist Xu Yi to repair the road ahead. /kloc-in October/February, Li Bao, the general of Wei Dangkou, "put 2,000 China soldiers in front of masons and then passed the pavilion road".

For the repeated destruction of the inclined plank road, officials and people in history, out of the needs of war and tourism trade, always try their best to repair and restore it. Among them, there have been some large-scale excavations and maintenance, such as:

In November of AD 125, Emperor Hanan (Liu You) extended the light for four years, and Yang Huan, a captain, asked the court to "write a letter to Yizhou as a secretariat, stop the meridian passage and pass the praise ramp", so he renovated the praise ramp to save the day and facilitate travel;

In September (AD 263), the fourth year of Jingyuan in the Three Kingdoms, Emperor Wei Yuan (Cao Huan), General Wei Zhong Hui pacified Hanzhong, and immediately ordered Hou Ting Li Bao, the general of Dangkou Mansion, to "renovate the pavilion road with 2,000 Han soldiers, masons and carpenters", which was completed on December 10 of the same year;

From the first year of Taishi (AD 270) to the first year of Taikang (AD 280), Emperor Wu of Jin (Sima Yan) ordered Xifu (now Fengxiang County, Baoji) and Hanzhong to build inclined plank roads twice. Later, according to Shimen Ming, "moving from Shanxi to the south, the road is abandoned";

In the third year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (Yuanke) (AD 506), Liang and Qin visited the sheep site, and invited Jia Sande, a left scholar, to lead 10,000 disciples and 100 masons to build a sloping plank road, which was completed in the second year of Yongping (AD 509).

The plank road to be built this time is called "Back Lane", which is also called the garrison or road into the city (named after the river into the city, now the Pingmu Donghe Bridge in Fengxian County). It is a branch of the praise ramp, and the route is from Sanguan to Fengzhou South.

It's the first time to change lanes. The new route is as follows: the southern end enters from Baogu, passes through Liuba County, crosses Baizi Mountain, enters Chaiguanling of Baoji, returns by carriage, reaches Liangquan County (Fengzhou Town, Fengxian County), passes through the three customs, and reaches Chencang to Baoji at the northern end. This route is roughly equivalent to the plank road after the Yuan Dynasty (another road connecting Chencang Road and oblique road) and the provincial highway line of Jinbao (Jihan (Middle) 2 10.

In this way, since the Northern Wei Dynasty, or even later, many changes have taken place in the route of the inclined plank road. Moreover, until the Tang dynasty, the ancient road of praise and inclination in the early stage was still a journey, but it was not a post road. After the mid-term, Zan ramp has deviated from the old line and was opened as a post road.

In the second year of Pauli, Tang Jingzong (Li Zhan) (AD 826), Xingyuan (Hanzhong) ordered Pei Du to repair the ramp.

This route is still along the old line of Bao and Xie Dao in Qin and Han Dynasties, but a more convenient route is chosen as the second diversion between Taibai River in the northeast of Xijiangkou (Jiangkou Town, Liuba County) and Chengzuitou Town, Taibai County, Baoji. The new route starts from Zuitou Town to the south, passes through Fangjiaguan, Jiangjiafen, Lujiaya, Mofanggou, goes down Taibai River, reaches Tianbazi, enters Liuba County in Hanzhong, passes through Sangyuanba to Jiangkou (about 30 miles between the two places), and joins with Baoxie Old Road. This is the atlas of Taibai Road in Yuanhe County.

In the fourth year of Kaiyuan in Tang Wenzong (Li Ang) (AD 839), Shannan West Road (belonging to Liangzhou) was restored to repair the Qin-Shu passage, starting from Baoji in the north and reaching Jianmenguan in Sichuan in the south, and the plank road was chiseled and repaired for more than a thousand miles, leading to the post road.

The northern section of the whole postal route, from Baoji to Hanzhong, is divided into the following routes: between Baoji, Sanguan and Fengzhou, it is the old Chencang road; It opened a cloister between Fengzhou and Wuxiutan (namely Wuxiuguan and Wuguanyi) for the Northern Wei Dynasty. South of Wuxiutan is still the old line of praise and thanks in Qin and Han Dynasties. In this way, Chencang Road, return lane (new ramp) and ramp are connected, and a new line integration is made.

In November of the third year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 849), Zheng Ya and Fengxiang, envoys of Shannan West Road, made Li Xie perform "Wenchuan Gu Dao".

Wen Chuan Road is another branch of Bao Xie Plank Road, with Xijiangkou as the center. The general route is: the northern section enters the oblique valley along the Bao-Xie plank road, and the Xijiang River enters the mouth along the Qin and Han ancient roads. The southern section opens up a new road, turning to the southeast from Xianan River in Liuba County today, crossing Mast Liang Shi (the boundary mountain between Chenggu and Liuba County) from Xijiangkou (Jiangkou Town, Liuba County), entering Chenggu County, passing through Taoyuan, Xiaohekou and Shuituan, crossing Guangtou Mountain, and leaving Beimucaguan from Changgou. After going through the customs, I went all the way to the county through Xujiamiao, and turned southwest to Hanzhong through Wenchuan.

The route of Wenchuan Road in Hanzhong is about 50 kilometers long, with stops along the way including Xianling Station (Zheliyuan), Songqing Station (Jiangkou Town), Shanhui Station (Shangnanhe River) and Xue Hui Station (Shalingzi). During the Shu-Han period, Zhuge Liang made his first Northern Expedition and sent Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi out of the valley. Later, because Zhao and Deng Bingtun established the city (known as Lecheng in ancient times), Wen Chuan Road was taken as the marching route. Zhuge Liang's sixth northern expedition also sent his men out of the inclined valley.

This time Wenchuan Road is the third lane change of Baoxie Road. It's close, but it's hard to make a sharp turn. A few years later, it was washed away by heavy rain, and it was briefly abandoned the following year. Later, it was changed to a new package ramp built by Rong Gui as a post road, which was later called "Li Anyun Plank Road".

Tang Xizong (Li Xian) served as an official for two years (AD 876), and "ordered Hui Jin and Shence Army to make Zhang Zao, led the troops to divert to Heishui (that is, praise water), and built a plank road to lead to the future".

This Xiegu Post Road into Shu (Li Anyun plank road) has been used by the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties since the Tang Dynasty. By A.D. 1664, in the third year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, this ramp in the prosperous Tang Dynasty was repaired on a large scale for the last time by Jia Hanfu, the governor of Shaanxi Province.

Therefore, on the whole, Baoxie plank road is an important post road connecting Qin and Shu with a long history, convenient route, long use time and high utilization value, and its contribution and influence are far-reaching. As Liu Yuxi praised in the Record of Newly Built Post Roads on Shannan West Road in the Tang Dynasty: "Because the coachman forgot his labor, fortunately, the traveler was slow, the traveler's home was safe, the goods traveler's shoulders were not ill, the traveler's feet were not cocoon, and the traveler's hoofs were endless, and the public and private discussions were overwhelming."