Mars is 200 million kilometers away from the earth. How long does it take for astronauts to go to Mars?

1969, American Apollo 1 1 successfully landed on the moon. Astronaut Armstrong took a historic step on it, and his dream of landing on the moon came true.

Since then, many people have begun to think that Mars and the moon are similar and belong to the stars in the universe. Being able to land on the moon means that you can land on Mars. But in fact, they are very different in star environment and distance from the earth, and it is far more difficult to land on Mars than on the moon.

With the development of science and technology, mankind has made breakthroughs in the space field, but there is no news about the plan to land on Mars. So, why haven't relevant activities been carried out? How long will it take us to become the "twin brothers" of the earth?

Mars is the fourth closest planet to the sun and the second smallest planet in the solar system. The surface of Mars is covered with reddish iron oxide, which is red in the telescope, hence the name "Mars".

The atmosphere on Mars is mainly carbon dioxide, accounting for 95% of the air. Moreover, Mars has a thin atmosphere and a low temperature, with a surface temperature of MINUS 63 degrees Celsius. The climate of Mars is also changeable. Sandstorms and ice explosions often hit Mars, sometimes for months. In this climate, the surface of Mars is covered with gravel, sand dunes and impact craters. In addition, there is no stable liquid water on Mars, but there are signs of groundwater under the surface of Mars.

In ancient Roman mythology, Mars was also called the "red planet". In the mouth of Qu Yuan, a pre-Qin poet in China, Mars was romantically named "Fluorescent Star".

For thousands of years, people's curiosity and yearning for Mars have never stopped. Since modern times, the space agencies of the United States and many developed countries in Europe have successively launched several orbital probes to Mars, undertaking a series of observation and investigation tasks. In 20021year, China also launched the "Tian Wen-1" Mars probe and successfully reached Mars, enabling China to successfully complete its first Mars exploration mission. The name "Tian Wen" is the name of a long poem by Qu Yuan.

Mars is called the "twin brother" of the earth and has many similarities with the earth. In order to cope with the population problem in the future, the scientific community put forward the plan of "immigrating to Mars".

But Mars, as the next research focus in the world space field, has not been set foot by astronauts. So what difficulties do you need to deal with when landing on Mars, and how long will it take?

The first thing to consider is distance. The average distance between the moon and the earth is about 380,000 kilometers. It takes about four days to launch a spaceship from the earth to reach the moon. The average distance between Mars and the Earth is 200 million kilometers, and the nearest point is more than 50 million kilometers, which is much greater than the distance between the moon and the Earth.

According to the current level of space, it takes about 580 days for humans to launch spacecraft from the earth to reach the nearest point of Mars.

The main problem brought by distance is that astronauts need too much materials on the way. Generally speaking, in order to realize the landing plan, a spaceship needs three astronauts, and an astronaut needs 3 kilograms of food and water a day. It takes three years to complete a round-trip mission, so ten tons of grain are needed.

As we all know, the spacecraft is equipped with all kinds of equipment, and the space for storing materials is already very small, so the huge food demand cannot be met at all. Therefore, in order to land on Mars, material storage is the first problem to be overcome.

The problem of fuel needed by the spacecraft is also a big test. Although humans have sent a probe to Mars, it is still one-way and has not returned. Manned to Mars means there must be a return trip, so the fuel needs twice as much as one way.

How to carry and store fuel can not only ensure the safety of navigation, but also minimize the weight of the spacecraft, which will be the focus of future work.

Apart from the fuel problem, the current technology has not developed to a certain extent. The current technology of human beings can only achieve the goal of launching probes to Mars, but how to return the probes that have arrived at Mars to Earth is still a difficult problem. None of the inanimate probes have carried out the experiment of returning, let alone the spacecraft carrying astronauts.

Only when the technology reaches a certain level can the spacecraft return safely and human beings dare to continue the challenge of landing on Mars.

There is a more important issue, that is, the environmental conditions of Mars. The environment of Mars is much more complicated than that of the moon. Humans will only go to the moon if they are sure that there is no life on the moon, so the life safety of astronauts is guaranteed. At present, people know less about Mars, and there is no comprehensive observation of Mars.

Whether there is life on Mars is still unknown, and scientists are more inclined to answer this question positively.

If there are life forms on Mars, whether these life forms are advanced or low-level should also be seriously investigated by human beings. If it is a low-level life, if it is brought back by astronauts, will it pose a threat to the current human society, such as virus spread and species invasion?

If it is advanced life, will it attack astronauts or even the earth? It sounds like a science fiction movie, but science must be carried out in a rigorous manner and in a very safe situation.

Humans still face the above difficulties when landing on Mars. If any problem is not solved, landing on Mars will be impossible. Although there are still many difficulties to be overcome, several space powers have begun to take action and made a series of research and preparations for landing on Mars. So what kind of plans or preparations should humans make if they want to land on Mars?

First of all, a series of calculations should be carried out. The nearest distance between Mars and the Earth is 55 million kilometers, and the farthest distance is 400 million kilometers. Therefore, if human beings want to land on Mars the fastest and most fuel-saving, they must calculate when they can land at the nearest point, and choosing the landing time is the primary goal of the whole activity.

The second problem to be solved is the fuel problem of the spacecraft. Even if you choose the nearest place to land, it is much farther than going to the moon, and you need enough space to ensure the supply of fuel. There are two ways to ensure the fuel supply of the spacecraft. The first way is to expand the fuel storage space and make maximum use of the carrying capacity of the spacecraft. The second is to use more efficient fuel, so that limited fuel can be used to a greater extent.

Landing on Mars should also ensure the safety of astronauts. As we all know, the most basic thing to ensure the safety of astronauts in space is the spacesuit. This kind of spacesuit adopts the most advanced materials and technology, and has the ability to resist the harsh environment in space. There is a pressurization system in the spacesuit to ensure the safety of astronauts in a vacuum. Astronauts' spacesuits for landing on Mars should also be tailored according to the situation of Mars, which is a huge challenge.

The atmosphere of Mars is too thin to effectively avoid radiation, and astronauts have to be exposed to a lot of radiation. The temperature on Mars is also very low, which can reach 80 degrees below zero, and it also has the characteristics of low gravity and low air pressure, which puts a great test on spacesuits. Spacesuit costs a lot, a set of hundreds of millions of yuan, so there must be huge capital investment.

The psychological state of astronauts also needs training and preparation. Mars is far away from the earth, and it takes three years to go back and forth, which means that several astronauts spend most of their time in a closed space, which is a great test for people's psychological endurance. At present, the longest human stay in space is 803 days, which was created by the former Soviet astronaut Krikalyov.

The time to land on Mars will be longer than this record, and the psychological challenges faced by astronauts are unprecedented.

In addition to psychological stress, astronauts' physical endurance also needs to be evaluated. Although human beings are protected by spacesuits in the universe, they will inevitably be damaged. In the second space mission, Krikalyov stayed in the universe for more than 300 days. When he returned to the earth, his body was already weak, and the calcium in the astronauts' bones in the universe would be lost and his eyesight would be affected.

The longer the spacecraft stays in the universe, the greater the risk it faces. Meteorites and comets from the universe will pose a threat to the spacecraft. Any small threat may lead to the tragedy of plane crash and death. The whole Mars landing plan faces great risks. How to effectively avoid the risks from the universe and return to the earth safely is also the preparation for the Mars landing plan.

Faced with numerous pressures and challenges, human beings are still planning to land on Mars without hesitation.

Behind every great action, countless people have made sacrifices. Scientists and astronauts are making contributions to the progress of human society with their own actions. I hope that one day, our dreams will come true.