Classical Chinese Business

1. What is the meaning of "business" in classical Chinese?

Words should be understood according to the context. The following are common usages

1. Planning and construction. "Book·Zhaogao": "The divination house, once you have the divination, then run it." "African Night Club·": "The exquisiteness of the tomb reflects the ingenuity of the original management."

2. Planning and management . "Poetry·Daya·Jianghan": "Jianghan is full of water, and warriors are struggling. Manage the four directions and succeed with the king

3. Circumstances; exchanges "Tieweishan Congtan" Volume 5: "I saw a monk on the house Firefighting. An urgent order was issued: "It is not advisable to go forward if Jin is to take his life!" ’ The monk didn’t care and was running freely in the house. "

4. Refers to artistic conception. Liang Liu Xie of the Southern Dynasties "Wen Xin Diao Long·Li Ci": "As for poets' occasional chapters and doctor's couplets, they adapt to the odd and even, and do not work hard. "

5. Handling and management. Today it is mostly used in industrial and commercial enterprises. The second poem of "Tian Jia" by Liu Zongyuan of the Tang Dynasty: "If you work hard and prudently, your skin will be a pity. "Awakening Words: Two County Magistrates Compete for the Righteous Marriage Orphan": "Jia Chang did not go out to do business for more than a year because he cared about Miss Shi." "For example: doing business. 2. Find some classical Chinese articles about doing business

Famous businessmen in ancient times: Duanmu, the originator of Confucian businessmen, bestowed wealth with armor, Tao, Zhu Gong, Fan Li, the wise businessman, Bai Gui, the giant businessman who ran the country, Lu Buwei, the agricultural and business genius Sang Hong Shen Wansan, the richest man in the world, Wu Bingjian, the richest man in business, Qiao Zhiyong, a red-top businessman, Hu Xueyan, a generation of money kings, Wang Chi, a hardware king, Ye Chengzhong, Shanxi merchants, the three Xue brothers, an enlightened wealthy businessman, Qu Benqiao, a businessman and an official, Yuquan, a unique path, Fan Shikui, a salt merchant, offering sacrifices to wine Yang Jimei advocates benevolence, Li Mingxing is far-sighted, Li Hongling is the founder of the bank account, Lei Lutai is a talented person, Wang Haifeng is an Hui merchant, and Zhang Xiaoquan can get their deeds by searching their names on Baidu. Books that record business affairs include "Historical Records"

There are records of ancient merchants in books such as "The Biography of Huo Shi", "Yu Li", "Yan Jing Jing Miscellaneous Notes" and "Zhitan". The help of soldiers is the way to defeat the enemy, and to plan for dangers and dangers, both near and far. Those who know this and use war will win, and those who do not know this and use war will lose.

It can be seen that terrain is important to combat, and a general must pay attention to it. Doing business is like fighting, and business is like fighting. Being in business is like a general who commands thousands of troops. A wise general will often occupy favorable terrain and ultimately win the war.

As a great strategist in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Fan Li knew this very well. From a strategist's perspective, he believed that Tao Di was an ideal commodity for all the princes in the world. A place for trade.

So he chose Tao Di as a marketing point. Sure enough, in nineteen years, he made three fortunes and became a wealthy man. From this, his reputation as Tao Zhugong became famous throughout history. It is recorded in "Historical Records: Biography of Huo Shi" that after the Qin State destroyed the Zhao State, it implemented an immigration policy. At that time, many people bribed officials and were unwilling to move and asked to stay where they were. Only the wealthy businessman Zhuo asked to move to the distant Wenshan Mountain. As a result, he took a fancy to the fertile land, rich products, honest folk customs, and easy business development.

A few years later, the Zhuo family became famous far and wide. At that time, the concept of choosing a place had been accepted by later generations of merchants.

The famous capital of Huaizuo, Yangzhou in Jiangsu Province, is located in the north-south hub, with developed transportation, convenient water transportation, and frequent goods flow. The land was fertile and rich in tea, salt, silk, and silk. Many merchants came here, and merchants from Qin and Shanxi settled here.

This is where the famous Hui merchants began. Start and dominate the world. 2. Buy when it is cheap, sell when it is expensive. Fan Li and Shang Zu Bai Gui believe that if you buy when it is cheap, it will be expensive even if it is expensive; > Emphasize that businessmen should be good at seizing business opportunities, seizing the opportunity, and buying and selling without losing the opportunity. Business profits come from the difference between buying and selling.

Once the opportunity to buy or sell comes, they must follow the trend like a beast of prey. To make a decision when the opportunity arises. During the reign of Wei Wenhou, the people of the country focused on farming, but Bai Gui was willing to wait and see the changes in time.

He bought grain and sold silk paint when the grain harvest was good. When silk became available, he purchased large quantities of silk and sold grain.

He once said: In business, I am as strategic as Yi Yin and Jiang Taigong, as good at judgment as Sun Bin and Wu Qi, and as good as Shang Yang in law enforcement. Some people are too wise to adapt to circumstances, their bravery cannot make prompt decisions, their benevolence cannot make appropriate choices, and their stubbornness cannot adhere to principles.

Therefore, if such a person comes to me to learn how to run a business, I will not teach him. This passage clearly explains his decisiveness and wisdom in grasping the opportunity to buy at low prices and sell at high prices.

Bai Gui's business principles and experience were praised by later generations of businessmen. With his own business strategy and careful management, he made his family rich.

3. See the clues and predict the future to make money. Gou Jian, the king of Yue in the Spring and Autumn Period, was ashamed of his country's subjugation by snow. He worked hard to govern the country all day long. When he learned that the state of Wu was suffering from a severe drought, he purchased a large amount of grain from the state of Wu. In the second year, the state of Wu was severely short of food. The people were in dire straits. The hungry people had no food to eat, and there were many complaints. The state of Yue took the opportunity to raise troops to destroy the state of Wu.

God will not let you down if you work hard.

The King of Yue finally became a hegemon and became one of the five hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period.

What King Gou Jian of Yue did here was a big deal. The fortune he made was not gold and silver, but a country and the hegemony that dominated the world. It is a successful example of the application of merchant methods in politics.

"Yi Jian Zhi" records that during the Song Dynasty, there was a fire in Lin'an City, which affected the fish pond. The shop of a businessman named Pei also caught fire. However, he did not go to put out the fire, but took the fire with him. With two taels of silver, they recruited manpower to go out of the city to purchase bamboo, wood, bricks, tiles, reeds, rafters, rafters and other building materials. After the fire, everything was in ruins, and building materials were in hot demand on the market. At this time, Pei's merchants took advantage of the opportunity to make a fortune, earning dozens of times the value of the shop. At the same time, they also satisfied the needs of the market and the market. the needs of the people.

You can catch a glimpse of a leopard in a tube. Keen observation and accurate judgment are the never-ending source of wealth for businessmen, and they are also one of the necessary abilities for businessmen. 4. Small profits but quick turnover, no one dares to be noble. Ji Ran, a great business theorist of the pre-Qin Dynasty, believed that "the most noble will turn against the low, and the low will turn against the noble." He advocated that "the noble is like dung, and the cheap is like pearls and jade."

Sima Qian once said: "Buy for three yuan if you are greedy, and buy if you are cheap for five yuan." This means that a businessman who is greedy for high profits can only make a profit of 30%, while a businessman who makes small profits but quick turnover can make a profit of 50%. "Yu Ion" records: There were three businessmen selling the same product in the market. One of them lowered the price and sold it to many buyers. He made a fortune within a year. The other two refused to lower the price and made a huge profit. Far less than the former.

Zhang Liang, a counselor of Liu Gang, the founder of the Han Dynasty, was a student of Huang Shigong in his early years. He sold scissors to people during the day and came back to study at night. Later, he felt that there was not enough time to study, so he divided the scissors into upper, middle and lower parts. Wait, the price of the high-grade ones remains the same, the price of the medium-grade ones is one penny less than the original price, and the low-grade ones are two cents less. As a result, it only took half a day to sell twice as many scissors as usual, earn twice as much money as before, and spend more time studying than before. Therefore, there is a folk proverb: Zhang Liang sells scissors. ——High and low are the same thing.

5. Carved red and green to keep customers company. "Miscellaneous Notes of Yanjing" contains: The store in the capital city is plain and simple, carved red and green, with brocaded windows and embroidered doors. Some shop signs hang high, and at night, colorful brocade lanterns are lit at the door of every house, illuminating the street as if it were daytime.

Some shops display calligraphy and paintings to promote products, as well as paintings and calligraphy by celebrities, which is arty. In this way, we can sublimate the taste of the store and increase the customer's return rate.

There are also some teahouses, restaurants, and hotels that specially arrange musical instrument performances and storytelling to entertain guests. In a noodle shop in Hangzhou, Kyoto in the Song Dynasty, as soon as a customer entered the shop and sat down, the waiter immediately came to ask the customer what he wanted, in compliance with the customers' calls and instructions. 3. What does manager mean in classical Chinese?

1. Common sense. "Xunzi · Correcting Names": "The Dao is the manager of governance." Yang Liang's note: "The classics are constant; Li is the consistent rules. The Tao is the common law and consistent rules for governing the country." Song Shen Kuo's "Hangzhou Xinzuozhou" "Xue Ji": "If you look up and look at it, you will see that the palaces, temples and houses are the dharma images of the previous kings; if you bend down and walk below them, you will be able to master the skills of wells and calibers, and they can't be the managers of the previous kings."

2. The meaning of the scriptures. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Second Chronicle of Emperor Guangwu": "Every time you look at the court, the day is flat. I quote the ministers, ministers, and generals several times to talk about the manager, and I sleep at night." Volume 4 of "The Chronicles of the West Chamber" by Jin Dong Jieyuan: "Concubine" I am a mediocre person who doesn’t know the meaning of the four lines of the poem. I only call him a teacher to explain the meaning of the poem. The meaning of the explanation is poor. I want to solve the mystery of the poem. ”

3. Management. "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the First Emperor of Qin": "The emperor was wise and virtuous, and he was in charge of the affairs of the country. He was not neglectful of audio-visual matters." Tang Wu Jing's "Zhenguan Politicians·Du Slander": "I am here to occupy the throne and manage the world. Although I am not as bright as Yao and Shun, I am a commoner." To avoid the violence of Sun Hao and Gao Wei. "Yuan History: Biography of Yelu Chucai": "In Taizu's time, he was busy in the Western Regions and had no time to manage the Central Plains. Many officials were selfish, earning up to tens of thousands, but the officials had no reserves. "Volume 42 of "Records of Emperor Xizong of the Ming Dynasty": "In the twelfth month of the third year of Tianqi (the seventh day of the lunar month), Sun Chengzong, the superintendent of military affairs, said: "Emperor Fuqi ordered the two towns of this department to be flooded. The soldiers of the town (Shen Yourong) ordered Denglai Fuchen (Yuan Keli) to take care of them and still control the two towns. All the money and food for the soldiers, the collection and dispatch, and the crime of prevention and suppression should be attributed to the manager. ": "Only I, the handsome Hou Gong, have both wisdom and courage, can manage the Central Plains to the best of my ability."

4. Management; processing. Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty wrote in his "Reply to the Yingshu of the State of Gao": "If you manage the affairs of the world and discuss the past and present, I'm afraid that today's power will not be easily matched." "Warning to the World: Gui Yuan's Confession for Traveling Abroad": "﹝Alms return﹞Since then, all the land has been redeemed." , and he was appointed as the manager, and he became a rich man. "The Anecdotes of Zhang Qinguo" by Huang Xuanzu of the Qing Dynasty: "Please ask a certain prisoner from the same town to manage the records."

5. Take care of it. . "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Cao Bao Biography": "When there is an epidemic, he patrols the sick to provide medicine, manage porridge, and help the monks live." Song Suzhe's "Ouyang Wenzhong Gong's Divine Stele": "The public is devoted to his friends. Do not change your mind based on life or death. Yin Shilu, Shi Shoudao, Sun Mingfu, and Mei Shengyu are all dead, and they all manage their families, or in other words, the court, and their children.

"Xiaoting Miscellaneous Records·Gu Zonghe" by Zhaoyi of the Qing Dynasty: "My brother-in-law serves the emperor and his father, which is no different from Kun Zhong. Is there a brother who is sick and the brother does not take charge of it?" "Lu Xun's "Collected Letters: To Xu Shouchang": "But as a manager, the first thing is important. I don't know how to take care of the rest? ”