What was the Qing Dynasty's ethnic policy towards foreigners? Especially for the Han people.

The main contents of the Qing dynasty's policy towards the Han nationality:

Qing dynasty's policy towards Han nationality is an important part of Qing dynasty's ethnic policy system. The main contents of the Qing dynasty's policy towards the Han nationality probably include the following aspects.

(a) the implementation of the "China law"

Before Manchu entered the customs, a set of distinctive political systems with the meeting of ministers of state affairs as the core and the Eight Banners system as the backbone had been established. After entering the customs, in order to adapt to the ever-expanding ruling area and the more complicated ruling situation, the Manchu actively imitated the Ming system, and on the basis of the original regime, further "participated in the money and served as a judge", constantly carried out reforms, formulated a series of corresponding laws and regulations, and created a set of ruling institutions from the central government to the local government, forming a union with Manchu nobles as the main body. For example, the imitation system set up six departments, namely, the household department, the official department, the ritual department, the military department, the criminal department and the Ministry of Industry, to uniformly manage the military, civil affairs and criminal prisons throughout the country. Imitating the Ming Dynasty, the Cabinet changed the museum into three internal hospitals (internal national history hospital, internal secretariat hospital and internal Hong Wen hospital). Local officials also set governors, magistrates and county officials according to the Ming system. Before entering the customs, the function of the state conference was weakened until it was finally cancelled. Although the Eight Banners system was retained, it weakened the production function of the Eight Banners, and the Eight Banners organization gradually evolved from a military and political organization to a purely military organization.

(B) Advocating Confucianism

Confucianism is the core of the traditional culture of the Han nationality, and it is the theoretical basis and main ideology for maintaining the autocratic rule of feudal monarchs. It created a theoretical and ideological system for the feudal ruling class to govern the country and society, which was conducive to the strengthening of feudal centralization and the consolidation of the country. Before the Manchu entered the Central Plains, that is, during the post-Jin regime, it began to attach importance to the study of Chinese culture and reused a number of Han officials and scholars such as Fan Wencheng and Hong Chengchou. After the establishment of the Central Plains, I have more contact and understanding of China culture, and more actively learn and absorb China culture. Organize manpower to translate, sort out and compile China traditional cultural classics such as Ancient and Modern Books Integration, Sikuquanshu and Zishi Essence. In addition, let the children of the Eight Banners receive cultural education in China. The learning content of Eight Banners Official School is mainly China culture, and the examination content is mainly the four books and five classics of Han nationality.

(3) Win over landlords and intellectuals

Manchu rulers know that in order to break national boundaries, Manchu nobles and Han landlords must establish the same interest subjects to maintain their own rule. In addition to relying on the strength of Manchu nobles and Mongolian nobles, they also rely on the support of Han landlords and intellectuals to continuously enhance their dominance. Before entering the customs, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty actively sought the support of the Han bureaucratic landlords and paid attention to giving play to the role of the Han ruling class. After entering the customs, he advocated "Manchu-Chinese integration" and took various measures to win over the landlord class and intellectuals of the Han nationality. For the imperial clan and bureaucrats in the pre-Ming dynasty, it was clearly stipulated: "All officials are still employed. ..... is also famous for avoiding thieves and returning home to live in seclusion in the mountains! Still employed by the original official. " In the second year after entering the Shanhaiguan Pass, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty formally implemented the system of selecting officials by imperial examination and gave it to the Han nationality.

Scholar's entry into the official career was a precedent and won the support of most Han intellectuals. Han landlords can be officials through imperial examinations, donations and other means, so that the Han landlord class and intellectuals can return to their old jobs and form interests consistent with the Qing government. Through these measures, the contradiction between the landlords and intellectuals of the Han nationality and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty was alleviated to a certain extent, and the landlords and intellectuals of the Han nationality were won over, and the cooperative forces of the Han nationality were won over, thus expanding the ruling foundation of the Qing Dynasty.

(4) Divide the flag and divide the people.

In order to avoid the conflict between Manchu and Han, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty carried out the policy of "flag and people were divided into two parts", but all the provisions of "flag and people were superior to the people. The salary of the flag militia is different. The salaries of soldiers in the Eight Banners are higher than those of Han soldiers in the Green Banner. Those soldiers of the Eight Banners who have made military achievements will be awarded a medal. "The Ministry of War plans to contribute to the world." However, people in green camp are far behind. "Twenty-four times counted the merits, and started to drive a captain. Compared with the Eight Banners, it is extremely frustrating. " The flag and the people were separated, the inner city was garrisoned by the Eight Banners, and the Han people moved to the outer city to avoid ethnic conflicts caused by the mixed residence of Manchu and Han. The flag bearer lawsuit is different. Banners are not subject to the jurisdiction of ordinary judicial organs, and should be tried by the yamen under the command of Bujun and the criminal department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Banners have different punishments. Banners can use flail instead of punishment. "Every flag bearer who commits a crime shall be punished according to the number of whips, and the army, the stream and the prisoners shall be given free whipping." Banners are locked up in prison, which is different. Banners commit as many crimes as ordinary prisons, but they go to the prison of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, or are enclosed in the high walls of the Eight Banners, and the nobles of the imperial clan enter the "empty house of the imperial clan".

(5) Governing Han with Han.

The policy of "ruling Han by Han" is basically the same as the policy of "ruling foreign countries by foreign countries" adopted by the kings of the Han Central Dynasty in previous dynasties. In areas where the Han people live in concentrated communities, using Han officials to manage the Han people can reduce the resistance and cost of ruling, alleviate the contradiction between Manchu and Han to a certain extent, coordinate the relationship between Manchu and Han, and consolidate the rule. Because Han officials are more familiar with the language and customs of the Han people, it is convenient and advantageous to work in places where the Han people live in concentrated communities, which can narrow the psychological distance with the Han people. Han officials are the bridge and link between the Qing government and the Han people. According to statistics and textual research, during the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), there were 26 governors in China, including Manchu governors 1 person, Han governors 6, and other Han governors 19, accounting for 73%. At the beginning of the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897), there were 15 governors in China. Except for two Manchu governors, all the other 13 governors are Han, accounting for 87%.

(6) Manchu-Chinese official system

The official system of the Qing Dynasty was the restoration of Manchu, but in fact the classes of Han members were all below that of Manchu. The Qing dynasty implemented the system of official vacancies, and different official vacancies could only be filled or supplemented by one's own people. There are more vacancies in Manchu than in Han nationality, and they are all important positions in key departments. The vacancies in Korea are all secondary positions. It is forbidden for Han people to fill vacancies, and Manchu people can use Han people to fill vacancies. The same is true for local governments. Most of the governors are Manchu, and most of the prefectures and counties are Han Chinese. On the other hand, frontier officials, such as generals stationed in the garrison, deputy commanders, counsellors and ministers in charge of affairs, are all appointed by Manchu full-time. As far as the total number of officials in the country is concerned, there are more Han people than Manchu, but if there is a shortage of civil and military personnel inside and outside the capital, there will be more Manchu than Han people, which ensures that the small Manchu central government controls important positions in the central and local governments. According to the general examination of literature in Qing Dynasty, there were 275 vacancies in central organs, 253 vacancies in Eight Banners Mongolia, 42 vacancies in Eight Banners Han Army and 558 vacancies in Han Dynasty in the fifty years of Qianlong (1785). By the end of the Qing dynasty, the rule of the Qing dynasty was declining, and more and more Han officials were in power.

(7) Manchu-Chinese intermarriage

Kissing, marriage and intermarriage were the common strategies to deal with ethnic relations in ancient China. Through marriage, kissing or intermarriage, the contradictions between ethnic groups can be alleviated and the relations between ethnic groups can be mediated. Before entering the customs, Manchu married the Han people out of political needs, and provided their wives to surrendered Han officials and officers to stabilize the military and the people's hearts. Nurhachi married his granddaughter to Li Shoujiang Yong Fang of Fushun and his imperial daughter to Li Yanling. The emperor shunzhi chose the daughter of a Han official as his concubine and allowed Manchu officials and people to marry. In August of the fifth year of Shunzhi, the ancestors told the Ministry of Rites: "There is only one family today, and the Manchu and Han officials and people are all my courtiers. If they want to be close to each other, they shouldn't get married. From then on, Manchu and Han officials and people wanted to get married well, so they listened to them. "

(eight) enclosure, investment and waste evasion law

1644, a large number of Manchu, Mongolian and other ethnic members entered Beijing, and the first thing they faced was how to solve the livelihood problem. After the Manchu nobles entered the customs, in order to solve the livelihood problem and supply the flag soldiers, they occupied the Han people's ownerless land and wasteland as the fields of the nobles such as Huangzhuang, Wang and Qi. In December of the first year of Shunzhi, Shen Jia, Ding Chou ordered: "All the people in counties and counties near Gyeonggi, as well as the Ming royal relatives, husbands, princes, uncles and eunuchs who died in the rebellion, have a large amount of ownerless land, and will try their best to distribute it to the princes and soldiers from the east." However, in the actual process of enclosure, not only the main wasteland is occupied, but also the main wasteland, which leads to the displacement of the people occupying the land. At the same time, the Manchu rulers also implemented the policy of "granting", forcing Han farmers to be "coats" of Manchu nobles in order to increase the labor force in the manor. In order to prevent slaves from escaping, the Qing court also formulated the "Escape Law". Although the Manchu nobles seized a lot of land and labor through the laws of enclosure and escape, they deeply intensified the ethnic contradictions between Manchu and Han and made the social order turbulent. Therefore, the above disadvantages were gradually abolished.

(9) Shaving and changing clothes

Before and at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the rulers forced the surrendered Han people to imitate Manchu hairstyles and dress customs. /kloc-when Huang taiji proclaimed himself emperor in 0/636, he clearly declared that "all Han people, both men and women, must wear full clothes, and men are not allowed to wear big collars, big sleeves and velvet hats, but must gird their waists; Women are not allowed to comb their hair or bind their feet. " In May of the first year of Shunzhi, it was required that "all officers, soldiers and civilians who defected should shave their hair and wear uniforms." Officials have changed their old habits and are loyal and honest. "The purpose of the Qing rulers to implement the policy of shaving and changing clothes is to judge whether to submit to the Qing rule by shaving and changing clothes. In May of the first year of Shunzhi, Dourgen said, "For those who submit to their ancestors, there is no difference. Be obedient." The implementation of the tonsure order aroused the dissatisfaction and resistance of the Han people, and some places set off a struggle against tonsure.